SUMMARY of Marten Huldermann, a member of a Livonian fam- ESSAY ily of clerics and merchants, has been recorded only because of his property problems. György Kádár. The lifework of Bartók and Kodály The son of Tallinn merchant Sorgies Huldermann, the in the light of cultural conquests. Examinations in half-brother of the wife of Helmich Fick and the the era of mass culture regarding central- nephew of bishop Christian Bomhower and Europeanness and related comparative studies. Franciscan Antonius Bomhower, ended up – a minor – One of the most puzzling of the problems of our world, after his father’s death, in the Aizpute Franciscan mon- both from a human and a cultural scholar standpoint, astery. In his complaint to the Tallinn town council we is how humanity, in addition to the results of environ- can read that he was placed in the monastery against mental and air pollution, can cope with the Anglo- his will due to his mother’s and uncle’s influence, and Saxon mass culture which during the last century and his guardians did nothing to prevent this. They also today is attempting to conquer the world, and is as- made no attempt to ensure that Marten would retain piring to supra-national status. the right to a part of his father’s inheritance. What Over many centuries the peoples of Central Europe were the real motives in Marten’s going to, or being have had experiences in attempted cultural conquest. put in the monastery – in this watershed period of late Central Europe is the place where over the centuries Middle Ages piety versus encroaching Reformation battles have been fought, not only with the aid of weap- ideas? How to explain the behavior of his mother, rela- ons, but also with art, culture and cultural policy, over tives and guardians? What internal family relationships mere existence, as well as the unity of people and in- are reflected by this trouble? There are no final an- dividuals. swers to these questions in Marten Huldermann’s com- As opposed to the Anglo-Saxon mass culture, the cen- plaint nor in the few other available sources, but we turies-long Austrian-based German culture was in no can still say that with the aid of superficially dry legal way superficial. For this reason, it was not simple for documents, we are nevertheless able to examine the the conquered people to adopt it. Hungary, from a cul- values and motives of people from the Middle Ages – tural history point of view, is located in Central Eu- or in other words, examine those areas for which we rope. The most central and fatal problem for its cul- have no direct sources. (p. 18) tural life is that it had not yet been able to recover from the consequences and wounds caused by the Jaak Valge. Breaking the Bank of Habsburg era, the national western superpower, nor At the end of 1922 and the start of 1923 there was a from German cultural imperialism, when the next, radical change in Estonian-Soviet Russian economic supra-national entertainment mass culture was already relations. The Bolsheviks reduced the sale of gold underway. Such problems are characteristic not only through Estonia, the import of valuables which accom- of Hungary but of all those European countries, which panied the return of from Russia was re- have lived for the duration of their histories between duced, as was border trade, and Estonia’s official ex- two major powers. From a cultural history point of ports to Russia. But the prior activity had left its mark, view, Bulgaria, Serbia, Slovenia, Hungary, the Czech forming an eastern-business fever, and this had a ma- Republic, Poland, the Baltic states and even Finland, jor effect on the picture that Estonian political and belong to Central Europe. economic circles had regarding Estonia’s position and The Hungarian upper class and the so-called sopho- future. The key figures in forming Estonia’s economic cracy lived in the spirit of Viennese and western Eu- policy in 1920–1923 were Konstantin Päts, Georg ropean music. The lower classes did practice genuine Westel, also to a degree Madis Jaakson. Hungarian culture and music, but its development was The Bank of Estonia had lent out most of its credits to stuck in the 17th century. In the name of Hungarian businesses with an eastern orientation. All companies ethnic music, elements of gipsy music started to be who received the largest loans had associations with used (Liszt’s rhapsodies, etc), which were far removed leading figures in the Bank of Estonia or with top poli- from Hungary’s own ethnic music. The sophocracy was ticians. The grouping who received the biggest loan very critical of Bartók and Kodály, because they de- consisted of companies associated with Päts-Westel- manded a return to original ethnic music. Jaakson. Farmers’ Party members were the most preva- Cultural conquests have many different features – in lent amongst loan receivers. the past and today, but the end result is always one Emptying the Bank of Estonia by lending out all its and the same – they result in a change of culture and money could have been influenced by the fact that in- the victory of supra-national mass culture over na- fluential people had no faith in the independence of tional, ethnic cultures. (p. 4) Estonia or the future of an independent Estonia. Dis- tributing the gold to friends could also have been an attempt to create an ethnic Estonian middle class. But ARTICLES laws were being broken. According to the statutes, it was the Board of the Bank who was obligated to su- Tiina Kala. A 16th century family dispute pervise banking practices. The members of the board, Examining the private life of a person from the Mid- controlled by Westel, were also unfortunately the main dle Ages is often based on conflict situations as re- loan receivers, as were the Minister of Finance and corded by various sources. So it is in this case: the fate the State Elder. It was not until the resources of the

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Bank of Estonia were completely used up, and the ex- Research work was restarted, but only partially, in change rate for the Mark started to drop, and the so- 1959. Plans were made for publishing numerous col- called gold scandal broke, that there were changes lections and the history of the rural population. The made to loan policy. (p. 28) tempo slowed in the 1960s and the situation before the rise in activity was restored. The situation changed DOCUMENTS AND COMMENTARIES again in the 1970s. There were 11 publications be- tween 1952 and 1980. The reason for the low activity Sirje Annist. The Historical Museum court case, was the shortage of people working on publications. 1945–1946 Many of the better people left for the University of The article examines, using ERAF case files, the 1945– Tartu, the Historical Institute, etc. In 1981–1990 there 46 court case against 15 Historical Museum workers, were 18 new publications, i.e. more than in the previ- who were accused of planning an armed insurrection ous three decades. Another reason was that thick docu- The article attempts to clarify how much truth there ment collections were no longer published. In the first was in the after-the-fact memories regarding the rea- decades of the soviet occupation publishing activity sons for the court case. The version that the process was restricted by direct ideological requirements, so was directly initiated by the director of the Museum mostly only so-called topically themed material could cannot be substantiated on the basis of the documents, be published, but later on there were more possibili- but the interest of the security authorities was appar- ties. The article also touches on the staff problem in ently awakened by the statements of an ordinary spy various decades and issues related to ideological amongst the Museum’s technical staff, saying that in management. (p. 58) the Museum people were listening to radio broadcasts, making anti-soviet statements, and that the weapons LITERARY ARCHIVE in the Museum were usable. The subsequent charge was cleverly constructed using the interrogation state- Sirje Olesk. Exiles and the “Red Literary History” ments. The reason for the director’s amnesty was his The publication illustrates the relationship of exiles agreeing to become a cell spy. Examining the archive with the occupied homeland. In the 1960s and 1970s, material demonstrates their varying levels of reliabil- information regarding literary activity in the exile ity: arrest warrants are often compiled after the fact, centers (, Canada, US) and the homeland was but the right dates are on the protocols of personal moving between relatively freely between the two, al- searches, and the so-called ‘interrogation invitations’ though there was no public relationship. This also re- were also good source materials, since they show the sulted in the exchange of rumor and even complete order in which the accused were brought to the inves- falsehoods. tigators and how their statements are used against the Included are some of the letters by and others. It also became clear, which documents were Artur Adson in Sweden to Ants Oras in the US, and destroyed already in the 1950s. his replies to them in 1967–68. These discuss the is- It is characteristic that the security authorities clearly sue of whether the exiles, in their new literary history, work hand in hand with the leading party organs who should also cover the literature in Soviet Estonia, or are informed of the names of intellectuals, in particu- not. According to the publication, the landmark over- lar, against whom measures are being taken. The se- view of exile-Estonian literature (Lund, 1973) was ini- curity authorities, however, are not run by local peo- tially planned as an overview of all Estonian post-war ple, and in the party structures immediately after the literature, but the compilers eventually decided to war there are still some erstwhile local left-wingers, cover only literature in the free world – for both exile- who move in the same circles as the accused. These political as well as technical reasons. (p. 74) are tolerated only temporarily, and are finally cast off during Plenary No. VIII, but the distrust was apparent ETHNOLOGY already then. The article also tries to explain the meth- ods used to get the information from those under in- Anu Kannike. Nature and the home of urban terrogation. Estonians The History Museum process is one of the numerous The end of article which began in Tuna No. 2(15). process of that time against intellectuals. Many prob- (p. 83) lems can only be detailed when the documents regard- ing the workers who were arrested POLEMICS at the same time have also been examined since it seems that there was an attempt to link the two cases. Karsten Brüggemann. Deconstruction of a national (p. 40) enemy figure, or Karl Schirren as the builder of Estonian independence Kersti Lust. Publishing activities in the ESSR State The German historian Karsten Brüggemann in this Central Historical Archive article critically examines the previously published The beginning of the publishing activities for the His- essay by Jaan Undusk “Historical truth and meta-his- torical Archive could be considered to be the 1930s. torical gests or the many morals of Estonia’s history” The soviet occupation did not leave much of the high (Tuna 2000, No. 2), where is a comparison was made reputation of the Archive intact. between Estonian and Baltic-German historiographical

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rhetorical clichés, and their hidden ideologies were Estonia’s history, but that was because the focus was noted, which in both cases were completely the oppo- set only on the autonomy strivings of the northern site. This means that in place of seemingly one Esto- Baltic area, which has been borne mainly by Estoni- nian’s history there are actually two separate histo- ans, Latvians and Germans, whereby Russia has pri- ries, which are essentially different. Undusk also of- marily acted as a counterforce to these strivings, i.e. fers new opportunities to overcome the narrowness of in the role of a major power integrationist. In the final national-centered historical recording, taking the so- part of his article, Undusk contemplates on the defi- called land-centered principle, where the formation of nition of post-modern historiography, seeing it as a a geo-cultural and geopolitical mentality (in this case, certain return to the old storytelling (narrative) style Estonia’s territorial-political autonomy consciousness) of history writing, and finding the best Baltic exam- of a certain historical space is observed (in this case, ples of it in the texts by Henry of Latvia (13th century) Estonia), irrespective of its ethnicity. Ideologies that are and B. Russow (16th century). (p. 99) politically opposite may in the longer historical perspec- tive serve the realization of one and the same geo-cul- MEMOIRS tural idea. For example, Undusk claims that the Livonian Order state (1347–1561), which with its 200 year dura- Vello Helk. From exiled student to Danish tion proved for the first time the possibility of state archivist autonomy in the northern Baltic area, is a link in the The renowned Estonian-Danish archivist, in the first some development chain at the end of which stands volume of his soon to be published memoirs, looks at the current Republic of Estonia. his university studies in post-war . (p. 117) Brüggemann admits the novelty of Undusk in the deconstruction of the myths of national historical writ- REVIEWS ings, but also sees in his proposals an attempt to bring Estonian historical writings closer to the traditional Vello Helk examines the latest, the 15th issue of the Baltic-German Landesgeschichte positions, terming it proceedings of the Estonian History Archives, sub-ti- metaphorically as “the late embrace of the Schirrens tled: “Development Perspectives for the Baltic Sea and the Stackelbergs”. Secondly, Brüggemann claims Provinces in Superpower Sweden, 16th–17th Centu- that even though the ideological barrier is removed ries”. Marek Tamm introduces the book “Crusade and from between Estonian and Baltic-German historical Conversion on the Baltic Frontier 1150–1500”, which writings, Undusk does this at the cost of one factor of has a Baltic Sea theme and is edited by V. Murray. Simo local history, i.e. Russia and the Russians, excluding Runnel reviews two books associated with the first the participation of Russia as the imperial other in the president of the Republic of Estonia, Konstantin Päts. history of Estonia and the Baltic area: In deconstructing The first is titled “Konstantin Päts. Estonian State I’” the “meta-historic gests” of Estonian and Baltic-Ger- contains Päts’s own texts. The collection published by man historical writings, Undusk accompanies this with the Konstantin Päts museum, however, looks at the political, anti-imperialistic gests which are primarily activities of the erstwhile Estonian president, in the in accordance with the spirit of the age. Referring to form of presentations and articles. the triple-typology of G. Smith, Brüggemann calls the (pp. 132, 135, 137, 141) process presented by Undusk as post-colonial “totalization”. (p. 93) VARIA Jaan Undusk. Estonian’s history from the perspec- Ants Hein introduces the best history books of 2001. tive of an eagle: My argument with Brüggemann Maie Vihuri writes about the archives of the national In his polemic response, Undusk recognizes Brügge- Archives in conjunction with the completion of the mann’s desire to debate the basic issues of Estonia’s new archives building. Liivi Uuet provides an over- history, because it is precisely this type of fundamen- view of the 6th Finnish archivists’ days held in Mikkeli. tal discussion which has not existed between Esto- Walter Ludwig’s attention has been drawn to the stove nian and German historians. Undusk also decisively tiles from the middle ages which are exhibited in the rejects Brüggemann’s offers of taking the role of me- Tartu City Museum. Jaak Pihlau shares his impres- diator, because one of the major aims of his article sions of the conference in Riga on the results of the was to indeed demonstrate that the current Baltic- Soviet occupation regime. Alar Laats reminds us that German Landesgeschichte has not actually been a land- the number of theological journals has now reached based history, but in its concealed ideology just as eth- 50. Mait Talts has discovered in the Estonian State nic-centered as the Estonian and Larvian history re- Archives library a large number of unique journal is- cordings. For example, treating the Livonian Order sues, which he now introduces to the reader. state and the Republic of Estonia as links in the same (pp. 142, 144, 145, 147, 148, 149, 150) chain of state tradition would not have been conceiv- able in either the Estonian or Baltic-German history recording paradigms. Undusk concedes that he di- rected little attention to the Russian component in

AS Pakett trükikoda, Laki 17, Tallinn