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SUMMARY of Marten Huldermann, a Member of a Livonian Fam- ESSAY Ily of Clerics and Merchants, Has Been Recorded Only Because of His Property Problems

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SUMMARY of Marten Huldermann, a Member of a Livonian Fam- ESSAY Ily of Clerics and Merchants, Has Been Recorded Only Because of His Property Problems SUMMARY of Marten Huldermann, a member of a Livonian fam- ESSAY ily of clerics and merchants, has been recorded only because of his property problems. György Kádár. The lifework of Bartók and Kodály The son of Tallinn merchant Sorgies Huldermann, the in the light of cultural conquests. Examinations in half-brother of the wife of Helmich Fick and the the era of mass culture regarding central- nephew of Tartu bishop Christian Bomhower and Europeanness and related comparative studies. Franciscan Antonius Bomhower, ended up – a minor – One of the most puzzling of the problems of our world, after his father’s death, in the Aizpute Franciscan mon- both from a human and a cultural scholar standpoint, astery. In his complaint to the Tallinn town council we is how humanity, in addition to the results of environ- can read that he was placed in the monastery against mental and air pollution, can cope with the Anglo- his will due to his mother’s and uncle’s influence, and Saxon mass culture which during the last century and his guardians did nothing to prevent this. They also today is attempting to conquer the world, and is as- made no attempt to ensure that Marten would retain piring to supra-national status. the right to a part of his father’s inheritance. What Over many centuries the peoples of Central Europe were the real motives in Marten’s going to, or being have had experiences in attempted cultural conquest. put in the monastery – in this watershed period of late Central Europe is the place where over the centuries Middle Ages piety versus encroaching Reformation battles have been fought, not only with the aid of weap- ideas? How to explain the behavior of his mother, rela- ons, but also with art, culture and cultural policy, over tives and guardians? What internal family relationships mere existence, as well as the unity of people and in- are reflected by this trouble? There are no final an- dividuals. swers to these questions in Marten Huldermann’s com- As opposed to the Anglo-Saxon mass culture, the cen- plaint nor in the few other available sources, but we turies-long Austrian-based German culture was in no can still say that with the aid of superficially dry legal way superficial. For this reason, it was not simple for documents, we are nevertheless able to examine the the conquered people to adopt it. Hungary, from a cul- values and motives of people from the Middle Ages – tural history point of view, is located in Central Eu- or in other words, examine those areas for which we rope. The most central and fatal problem for its cul- have no direct sources. (p. 18) tural life is that it had not yet been able to recover from the consequences and wounds caused by the Jaak Valge. Breaking the Bank of Estonia Habsburg era, the national western superpower, nor At the end of 1922 and the start of 1923 there was a from German cultural imperialism, when the next, radical change in Estonian-Soviet Russian economic supra-national entertainment mass culture was already relations. The Bolsheviks reduced the sale of gold underway. Such problems are characteristic not only through Estonia, the import of valuables which accom- of Hungary but of all those European countries, which panied the return of Estonians from Russia was re- have lived for the duration of their histories between duced, as was border trade, and Estonia’s official ex- two major powers. From a cultural history point of ports to Russia. But the prior activity had left its mark, view, Bulgaria, Serbia, Slovenia, Hungary, the Czech forming an eastern-business fever, and this had a ma- Republic, Poland, the Baltic states and even Finland, jor effect on the picture that Estonian political and belong to Central Europe. economic circles had regarding Estonia’s position and The Hungarian upper class and the so-called sopho- future. The key figures in forming Estonia’s economic cracy lived in the spirit of Viennese and western Eu- policy in 1920–1923 were Konstantin Päts, Georg ropean music. The lower classes did practice genuine Westel, also to a degree Madis Jaakson. Hungarian culture and music, but its development was The Bank of Estonia had lent out most of its credits to stuck in the 17th century. In the name of Hungarian businesses with an eastern orientation. All companies ethnic music, elements of gipsy music started to be who received the largest loans had associations with used (Liszt’s rhapsodies, etc), which were far removed leading figures in the Bank of Estonia or with top poli- from Hungary’s own ethnic music. The sophocracy was ticians. The grouping who received the biggest loan very critical of Bartók and Kodály, because they de- consisted of companies associated with Päts-Westel- manded a return to original ethnic music. Jaakson. Farmers’ Party members were the most preva- Cultural conquests have many different features – in lent amongst loan receivers. the past and today, but the end result is always one Emptying the Bank of Estonia by lending out all its and the same – they result in a change of culture and money could have been influenced by the fact that in- the victory of supra-national mass culture over na- fluential people had no faith in the independence of tional, ethnic cultures. (p. 4) Estonia or the future of an independent Estonia. Dis- tributing the gold to friends could also have been an attempt to create an ethnic Estonian middle class. But ARTICLES laws were being broken. According to the statutes, it was the Board of the Bank who was obligated to su- Tiina Kala. A 16th century family dispute pervise banking practices. The members of the board, Examining the private life of a person from the Mid- controlled by Westel, were also unfortunately the main dle Ages is often based on conflict situations as re- loan receivers, as were the Minister of Finance and corded by various sources. So it is in this case: the fate the State Elder. It was not until the resources of the 158 Summary 3 / 2002 Bank of Estonia were completely used up, and the ex- Research work was restarted, but only partially, in change rate for the Mark started to drop, and the so- 1959. Plans were made for publishing numerous col- called gold scandal broke, that there were changes lections and the history of the rural population. The made to loan policy. (p. 28) tempo slowed in the 1960s and the situation before the rise in activity was restored. The situation changed DOCUMENTS AND COMMENTARIES again in the 1970s. There were 11 publications be- tween 1952 and 1980. The reason for the low activity Sirje Annist. The Historical Museum court case, was the shortage of people working on publications. 1945–1946 Many of the better people left for the University of The article examines, using ERAF case files, the 1945– Tartu, the Historical Institute, etc. In 1981–1990 there 46 court case against 15 Historical Museum workers, were 18 new publications, i.e. more than in the previ- who were accused of planning an armed insurrection ous three decades. Another reason was that thick docu- The article attempts to clarify how much truth there ment collections were no longer published. In the first was in the after-the-fact memories regarding the rea- decades of the soviet occupation publishing activity sons for the court case. The version that the process was restricted by direct ideological requirements, so was directly initiated by the director of the Museum mostly only so-called topically themed material could cannot be substantiated on the basis of the documents, be published, but later on there were more possibili- but the interest of the security authorities was appar- ties. The article also touches on the staff problem in ently awakened by the statements of an ordinary spy various decades and issues related to ideological amongst the Museum’s technical staff, saying that in management. (p. 58) the Museum people were listening to radio broadcasts, making anti-soviet statements, and that the weapons LITERARY ARCHIVE in the Museum were usable. The subsequent charge was cleverly constructed using the interrogation state- Sirje Olesk. Exiles and the “Red Literary History” ments. The reason for the director’s amnesty was his The publication illustrates the relationship of exiles agreeing to become a cell spy. Examining the archive with the occupied homeland. In the 1960s and 1970s, material demonstrates their varying levels of reliabil- information regarding literary activity in the exile ity: arrest warrants are often compiled after the fact, centers (Sweden, Canada, US) and the homeland was but the right dates are on the protocols of personal moving between relatively freely between the two, al- searches, and the so-called ‘interrogation invitations’ though there was no public relationship. This also re- were also good source materials, since they show the sulted in the exchange of rumor and even complete order in which the accused were brought to the inves- falsehoods. tigators and how their statements are used against the Included are some of the letters by Marie Under and others. It also became clear, which documents were Artur Adson in Sweden to Ants Oras in the US, and destroyed already in the 1950s. his replies to them in 1967–68. These discuss the is- It is characteristic that the security authorities clearly sue of whether the exiles, in their new literary history, work hand in hand with the leading party organs who should also cover the literature in Soviet Estonia, or are informed of the names of intellectuals, in particu- not.
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