Army Aviation Is an Important and Vital Component of All

AVAIL YOUR COPY NOW! October-November 2019 Volume 16 No. 5 `100.00 (India-Based Buyer Only) SP’s Military Yearbook 2019 SP’s AN SP GUIDE P UBLICATION

For details, see page 9-10 www.spslandforces.com ROUNDUP The ONLY magazine in Asia-Pacific dedicated to Land Forces

In This Issue >> EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW

Page 4 Future Infantry Combat Vehicle (FICV) Needs a De Novo Look Photograph: Indian Army

Closing in on the Apaches: Lt General Kanwal Kumar, Director General Army Aviation, standing in front of an Apache – “tank in the air” – as the Army preps for the attack helicopter role

FICV, a key spearhead of the restructured Integrated Battle Groups, cannot be put in a limbo and such a critical capability programme must be classified as project of ‘National Strategic Security Importance”. Lt General A.B. Shivane (Retd) Page 7 Equipment and Weapons for Urban Warfare

Combat in urban areas can be the most destructive due to densely populated terrain, military weapons not suitable for urban warfare, close quarter battle (CQB), hand to hand combat and ruthless behaviour of non-state forces who do not believe in rules of engagement. SP’s Correspondent Page 8 Special Forces-Challenges and Solutions Majority of the Special Forces have to operate by stealth, in small groups and in enemy territory, involving covert operations. “Army Aviation is Lt General Naresh Chand (Retd) Page 11 Counter-Terrorism an important and vital component of all

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), arms combat force” in their first ever open acknowledgement in 2011 in US Court, said that the Inter- Services Intelligence (ISI) sponsors Interaction of Jayant Baranwal, Editor-in-Chief of SP’s Land Forces with terrorism in Kashmir and it oversees terrorist separatist groups in Kashmir. Lieutenant General Kanwal Kumar, Director General and Colonel Commandant Lt General Naresh Chand (Retd) of Army Aviation

5/2019 SP’s Land Forces 1 >> interview

Recently, the President’s Colours combat and violent behaviour raid on Islamic State leader Abu so critical that it is being raised in were awarded to Army Aviation of non-state forces who do not Bakr al-Baghdadi. Indian Army every fora from UNO to all multi- Corps in recognition of their contri- believe in rules of engagement. may have carried out many co- lateral/bi-lateral talks. India is bution. Our lead story in this issue The current terrorism is mostly vert operations in the past but the thus no exception. The Federal is an interview with DG, Army Avi- fought in urban terrain. The ex- 2016 Surgical Strike has been well Bureau of Investigation (FBI), ation Lt. General Kanwal Kumar amples of Iraq, Syria and Jammu publicised. This article on ‘Special in their first ever open acknowl- on this achievement as well as the & Kashmir are very current. The Forces’ covers only army SFs like edgement in 2011 in US Court, role and future of the Corps. situation becomes more com- the US Army SFs (popularly called said that the Inter-Services Intel- The fate of the Future Infan- plex when own citizens are in- Green Beret) and India’s Para ligence (ISI) sponsors terrorism try Combat Vehicle (FICV) has volved and it is difficult to avoid Commandoes. In India the SFs of in Kashmir and it oversees terror- undergone many twists and turns collateral damage. A quote from the Armed Force are also grouped ist separatist groups in Kashmir. since 2004 without seeing the light Vietnam War indicates the na- under a single command. Their Thus an article is included in this at the end of a long tunnel. Thus ture of urban warfare, “it became broad role can include unconven- issue which gives an overview of the lead story gives an overview of necessary to destroy the town to tional warfare; counter-insurgency; counter terrorism operations. the project by commenting that the save it.” It has also given birth to special reconnaissance; counter- Read on dear readers and FICV is yet another case history of a new genre of tactics and weap- terrorism; information operations; wish you all a Merry Christmas! self-inflicted injury, creating a ca- ons which the article on Urban counterproliferation of weapon of

EDITORIAL pability gap with no effort to seek Warfare amply explores. mass destruction; security force its accountability and responsibil- Special Forces (SF) have assistance; hostage/POW /civilian ity thus taking back the project to started playing a key role espe- rescue and many more. its date of birth in 2004. cially in counter insurgency and Acts of terrorism by non -state Combat in urban areas can counter terrorism operations thus actors against a legally appointed be the most destructive due their role is more topical. US’ oper- government has become a global to densely populated terrain, ations in Iraq and Afghanistan has issue and majority of the nations military weapons not suitable highlighted their role and impor- are carrying out counter terror- for urban warfare, close quar- tance. The recent example is the ism operations in some form or Jayant Baranwal ter battle (CQB), hand to hand Delta Force Commandoes of US’ the other. This issue has become Publisher & Editor-in-Chief

Photographs: Indian Army SP’s Land Forces (SP’s): What is the signif- SP’s: Do you envisage expansion in the icance of the Colour Presentation to Army role of women in Army Aviation? Aviation? DGAA: Army Aviation already has women Director General of Army Aviation (DGAA): officers, who are being directly commis- The President’s Colours is a visible symbol sioned as Air Traffic Controllers (ATC) of excellence and are earned through dedi- officers. Besides this, women Engineering cation and worthy contribution both dur- Officers are also being posted in Army Avia- ing war and peace. Award of the Colours tions units for maintenance of the helicop- to Army Aviation Corps is an apt recogni- ter fleet. The proposal for inducting women tion of its ceaseless operational involve- officers as aviators is also under examina- ment across diverse terrain, in demanding tion and is being viewed positively. weather and climate conditions in a variety of challenging situations from the icy SP’s: Capability development and mod- heights of Siachen Glacier to the Rann of ernisation constantly come up against Kutch in the past three decades of its rela- fiscal challenges, especially with a tively young existence. shrinking defence budget. What steps are being taken in this context by the Army SP’s: The vintage Chetak-Cheetah is Aviation? believed to have outlived its life. What are DGAA: Army Aviation remains committed the measures being undertaken to ensure to translate its modernisation plans into the flight worthiness and is there a plan to action in a time-bound and effective man- phase out these helicopters? ner. More emphasis is being laid on priori- DGAA: Maintenance and overhaul proce- tisation, rationalisation and economy of dures of the fleet are well established. Every expenditure. Greater value for money is aircraft that is flying is fully airworthy. being achieved by encouraging procure- Timely servicings and overhauls are being ments from indigenous sources in sup- carried out meticulously to ensure service- port of the ‘Make in India’ initiative of the ability and availability of the helicopter for Government. all operations. As it is an ageing fleet, management of spares remains work at hand. SP’s: You have been part of Army Aviation The Cheetah/Chetak helicopter will be since it got the status of a independent phased out with the induction of Ka-226T arm and your military career is culminating and LUH manufactured by HAL which is with the Colour Presentation to Army Avia- likely over the next few years. tion by President of India. Your thoughts on this historic occasion and the changes SP’s: Could you elaborate more on acquisi- you have seen with respect to the capabil- tions and their progress for Army Aviation? ity of Army Aviation? DGAA: Army Aviation is an important and DGAA: This arm has grown from limited (Top) President Ram Nath Kovind presents colours to the Army Aviation Corps on October 10, 2019, in a vital component of all arms combat force. ceremonial parade, held at Army Aviation Base, Nashik; (above) DG in the cockpit of Apache. R&O assets to a potent arm with a variety It undertakes combat and combat support of equipment already inducted and in the tasks. The acquisitions and design and DGAA: The ‘Dhruv’ is steadily emerging systems can perform multiple tasks in offering. I am fortunate to have been a part development projects of Army Aviation Army Aviation’s workhorse and force multi- the entire spectrum of conflict in varied of the complete journey of the Corps since have been focused to enhance the combat plier for the Indian Army. The helicopter has and inhospitable terrain including high its raising and have witnessed its qualita- and combat support capability. Towards proved its mettle in all types of terrain of the altitude areas. Rudra is a potent combat tive and quantitative growth. Capability this, ALH ‘DHRUV’ has been in service country ranging from super high altitude helicopter with an array of armaments development of an arm entails acquisi- since 2001 and its armed variant ‘RUDRA’ areas to extremely hot and dusty environ- including multiple types of rockets, tur- tions, training, evolving employment phi- got inducted in year 2013. These assets are ments. It would suffice to say that ‘Dhruv’ ret gun and capability to mount anti-tank losophies and most importantly assimilate now available in sufficient number to the has been successfully inducted into the field guided missiles besides state of the art avi- the required capability into the combat field forces and are totally integrated with formations and is performing all the envis- onics. It can perform a multitude of roles arms environment. In future battle space the field formations. In near future, we will aged operational roles. ‘Rudra’ is presently raging from armed escort for heli-borne major asymmetry against enemy com- induct more potent combat helicopters being exploited in various terrains and get- operations to intimate firepower for vari- bat forces can be achieved by integrated like LCH and Apache AH 64E in addition ting integrated into the operational role. The ous offensive and defensive operations. The employment of third dimension capabil- to Ka-226T and LUH for replacing Chetak/ heptr would provide the much needed inte- LCH has a similar armament profile with ity. In its relatively short journey, the Arm Cheetah fleet. gral aerial combat fire power. enhanced manoeuvrability and armour has been fully supported by the organisa- protection, and is primarily meant for the tion and we are now poised to be a game SP’s: India has acquired the status of a SP’s: What would be the role of Rudra, mountains. The Apache is one of the best changer in future conflicts. I have no doubt helicopter manufacturing country by the Light Combat Helicopter and Apache in the attack helicopters in the world, and will in my mind that this arm will prove to be development of ALH family of helicopters. Army Aviation Corps? be fully integrated with the mechanised a decisive war winning conflicts in all the How is the performance of Dhruv and its DGAA: Combat aviation assets with mod- forces, providing unmatched fire power future wars. It has been a honour to have

SP www.spslandforces.com armed version Rudra? ern avionics, electro-optics and weapon and manoeuvrability. served and headed Army Aviation.

2 SP’s Land Forces 5/2019

>> Mechanised Infantry Future Infantry Combat Vehicle (FICV) Needs a De Novo Look FICV, a key spearhead of the restructured Integrated Battle Groups, cannot be put in a limbo and such a critical capability programme must be classified as project of ‘National Strategic Security Importance”, for its national security sensitivity and multi spectrum operational capability and to address the future operational requirements and envisaged force profile with a de novo concept, design and technologies.

PhotographS: Indian Army, KMW  Lt General A.B. Shivane (Retd)

The Elusive Capability FICV is yet another case history of self- inflicted injury, creating a capability gap with no effort to seek its accountability and responsibility. The Make 1 project seems to be a snakes and ladder game with more snakes than ladders, so the FICV is likely to be back at the starter block of discus- sion stage, that it was in 2004. Thus, FICV remains an illusion marred by frequent changes in procedural stance, bureaucratic apathy, cold feet for honouring promised financial support inspite of an AoN (Octo- ber 2009) and disregard for the last EoI of July 2015 immaculately evaluated and sent to Ministry of Defence (MoD) in November 2016. Termed as a game changer and the biggest catalyst for an indigenous Integrated Defence Eco System and Defence Industrial Base, it has failed as a test case for ‘Make in India’, creating a glaring gap between expectations and outcomes. Resultantly, it has created disillusion in the nascent, yet vibrant indigenous private defence industry. A detailed analysis of the quagmire and way forward was penned in the article appeared in SP’s Land Forces 5/2018 on page number 1. Its time now to find a way ahead with a de novo look in the light of all options of Make1/Make2/SP not making a headway. Given our fragile security matrix, intentions (Above) Armoured Assault using BMP-II Sarath; can change fast, but capability building (left) IFV Puma is the most advanced system of takes time. Thus FICV, a key spearhead of its kind worldwide. the restructured Integrated Battle Groups, cannot be put in a limbo and the impasse needs a fresh resolution. gic imperative in promoting India as global Global Fire Power Index and Armoured hub of manufacturing, particularly in the Fighting Vehicle Ranking strategic sectors such as defence. As of now 2019 Global Fire Power Index recently the domestic defence industry lacks critical unrevealed, rates India 4th (after USA, technologies, manufacturing ecosystems for Russia and China) among 137 nations integration of large platforms, supply chain based on 55 individual factors. The criteria and logistics. Ironically, India is the largest used in the rankings to determine military arms importer, accounting for close to 15 strength, included natural resources, local per cent of the global arms trade. No Indian industry, geographical features and avail- defence manufacturing company figures in able manpower, besides military capabil- the top 30 global companies. The closest is ity in each of the military specific sector. the Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) What is revealing is in some hidden analy- ranked 35th and Bharat Electronics Limited sis. While China stood third in the overall (BEL) ranked 59th. This gap and balance ranking, it was second in Armoured Fight- between military might, growing economic ing Vehicle (AFV) Sector, which primarily resilience and a nascent defence industrial includes ICV and APC’s, while India was base needs to be addressed for national overall 4th, it ranks 25th in the AFV sec- development of these vehicles in countries security and strategic autonomy. tor and Pakistan overall 15th ranked 19th such as China, and India (FICV). However The driver for a vibrant The recent defence policy reforms and in the AFV sector. Thus, not only has India with FICV been put in a loop, the market speeding up of acquisition process as part slipped 21 ranks in AFV sector as compared trend will need to be reviewed impacting ‘Make in India’ will of ‘Make in India’ strategy, are most com- to its overall standing, it ranks below Paki- not only the indigenous defence industry mendable but have commensurately not stan and the gap with China has widened. but also induction of advance technolo- be the presence of paid off in terms of their potential and out- While it may be argued that numbers can gies in defence sector. Internally we need to a robust ecosystem, comes. There exists a gap between expec- be manipulated but we cannot adopt an introspect the foundational need to energise tations and deliverance due to a myriad of ostrich approach to this widening capability ‘Make in India’ in the defence sector, which energised and driven reasons including budgetary constraints, gap by the FICV quagmire. Further, in the in turn could resuscitate the FICV. lacklustre implementation of policies, per- Global Armoured Vehicles Market Report, by the industry friendly vasive technological backwardness, delayed Armoured Personnel Carrier (APC) market Energising Make in India – A Driver implementation of projects, skewed offset is estimated to register a CAGR of nearly 6 for FICV policies, time stipulated policies and evasive foreign direct invest- per cent during the forecast period of 2018 As a self-respecting nation with increasing ment (FDI), among other issues. The driver to 2023. Asia-Pacific is projected to be the recognition in regional and global world outcomes, with clearly for a vibrant ‘Make in India’ will be the pres- fastest-growing regional market during order, India can ill afford to be dependent on defined accountability ence of a robust ecosystem, energised and the review period. This growth was attrib- imported weaponry. ‘Make in India’ is not driven by the industry friendly policies, time

www.spslandforces.com uted to the procurement and indigenous just a sound economic option but a strate- stipulated outcomes, with clearly defined

4 SP’s Land Forces 5/2019 We RESPECT the Army The ARMY values our weaponry

Artillery Systems | Armored Vehicles | Precision Ammunition Military Vehicles | Missile Systems |Defense Electronics >> Mechanised Infantry

PhotographS: Narendra Modi/Twitter, Tata the present capabilities. Public-private partnerships (PPP) could meet this challenge. Private defence manufacturers could use the PPP route to build critical defence equipment like FICV for the country. The private sector defence firms which evinced interests in the ambitious FICV project included L&T, Tata Motors and Bharat Forge Ltd. According to the original proposal, the FICV were to be manufactured under the ‘Make (high tech) category’ of the Defence Procurement Procedure (DPP). Under this plan, the government was to select state-run Ordnance Factory Board and two other private firms for separately developing prototype of the FICV. Larsen and Toubro Armoured Systems, recently inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in Gujarat, showcased the first glimpses of its Futuristic Infantry Combat Vehicle (FICV) as a fully indigenously developed Infantry armored fighting vehicle which aims to replace the old BMP-2/2K infantry combat vehicle (ICV) fleet in the Indian Army. Tata Motors led consortium’s Futuristic Infantry Combat Vehicle (FICV) is aimed at providing a fully indigenous ICV as a replacement to Indian Army’s existing fleet of BMP-2s. Similarly, Bharat Forge is prepared to come out with Future Infantry Combat Vehicle (FICV). Rajinder Singh Bhatia, the President and CEO of Defence and Aerospace Division of (Kalyani Group’s) Bharat Forge said, “We are fully prepared to come out with FICV, which will meet all the requirements of the customer and the aspirations of the future of Indian Army”. Public-private is the principal way in which the private sector through financial investment, talent sharing, management skill transfer, joint ventures and provision of additional resources can join hands, optimising government assets like OFB, wherein infrastructure and experience already exists. Even cost sharing could be (Top) Prime Minister Narendra Modi at the L&T Armoured Systems Complex in Hazira, Gujarat; (above) An artist’s impression of FICV from Tata. based on a mutually agreed arrangement of risk sharing and gain sharing. However, accountability. Greater focus is also required spread over the development cycle. Third, a pragmatism demands that the develop- it must be ensured that the levers of com- on an innovative and collaborative ecosys- de novo look is only required if there is no ment be based on the Hybrid option, where prehensive ToT and IPR rests with Indian tem that includes academia, corporate and scope to carry forward the last EoI based on in the programme is user-driven, involving firm. In general, PPP model for FICV will governmental partners, with user as the Make 1 of DPP 2016. Keeping in mind the leading AFV design agencies of the world, provide a strong impetus for technological primary driver. Such a vibrant, interlock- national objective of self-reliance and focus duly incorporating the experience and innovation and outcome oriented arrange- ing ecosystem of diverse collaborators will on ‘Make in India’, the options of ‘Buy and expertise of DRDO as technology partner, ment, where in competition and associated prove to be a nurturing environment for Make’, ‘Buy Global’ or ‘G to G’, can only be the Indian Academia (IITs, IIS, NIAS, etc) negative trends, give away space for hand the intense creativity in defence technology. a fall back option should all other avenues and other private defence industries to holding collaboration and cooperation. ‘Make in India’ is also dependent upon indig- fail. Therefore, the design and development design and develop the FICV. The selected Implementation of PPP model will thus enous R&D in military technology induc- of FICV has to done in India. design can be developed and produced by contribute to the evolution of a domestic tion, manufacturing and product-technol- Such a critical capability programme select agency(s) in India. The key would, ‘techno-industrial’ capability for the pro- ogy & engineering, hence the need to focus must thus be classified as project of of course, be evolution of a design capable duction of FICV. PPP arrangements will on industry-driven R&D. In China nearly ‘National Strategic Security Importance”, of being developed, and thus, the inter- also offer distinct advantages both to the 25 per cent of the staff is deployed for R&D. for its national security sensitivity and face and ownership of both the design private sector and DPSU/OFB, leading to Indian businesses deploy less than 10 per multi spectrum operational capability. It and development agency. The design and win-win situations with mutual benefit for cent. We also need to constitute an Indian will also lead to an infusion of critical and development of FICV and the management all participants. For the FICV, the partner- equivalent DARPA agency as in USA, to emerging technologies for which we are programme must include an “Empowered ship model could be OFB as the principle identify current or future advances that presently import dependent. The need of Apex Project Management Committee”. integrator, with active participation in have the potential to bend today’s security the hour, therefore, is to look at a de novo This approach must ensure short and design and development by private defence trajectories with transformational and dis- approach, which will be based on collab- quick decision cycles with adequate finan- industry/DPSUs and their JVs, and DRDO ruptive technologies. The focus must be on orative convergence and a “Risk Sharing cial support, oversight measures, flexibility as technology partner, all collaborating creating an environment that makes Indian – Gain Sharing” formula. It also must not to review and refine at each stage, spiral together. The necessary integration of firms to be world competitive and where all necessarily be restrained by the DPP, and approach based on mature technologies academia could also be done. The govern- enterprises can flourish. ‘Make in India’ is achieve the design and development pro- initially and subsequent development pro- ment could play the role of a catalyst. Such indeed the enlightened strategic path which cess at the desired pace. cess to incorporate the latest and emerging a model has several success stories world requires hand holding, patience, resilience The first criteria is to demystify technologies. The project must visualise over. Of course, it entails the risk of putting and energisation by all stake holders. It may the developmental approach of FICV, and be institutionalised based on a “womb all your eggs in one basket, and thus, must well have to traverse the transitory path of based on an evolutionary or revolution- to tomb” concept. The project being on have a fall back option inbuilt. ‘Make for India’ (Buy and Make), Design for ary approach. While the evolutionary national strategic security importance India and finally reach its true destination approach will be based on essentially an must not be bound by DPP regulations but Concluding Thoughts of an Indigenously Designed, Developed and upgrade plus capability, the final product shaped by an “Apex Project Management FICV programme must not be allowed to fig- Manufactured (IDDM) capability. Indeed, will be a modernised version of the existing Team,” with responsibility, delegation of ure in the obituary columns. Indian Army ‘Make in India’ must drive the enlightened BMP-2 within its design constrains. Thus, authority and accountability dovetailed restructuring, particularly the Integrated path for FICV. Thus FICV programme in not the best option for a long term solu- and clearly defined. This would ensure it Battle Groups, mandate matching platform turn merits an apex level review, to arrive at tion for FICV and at best can be an interim to be outcome oriented under an enabling capabilities like the FICV. We need to be a alternate approaches for its revival. solution to bridge the existing capability mechanism and broad guidance, with del- part of the solution and not the problem, gap with upgradation of BMP-2. The revo- egated powers to make informed decisions, to stymie the present status quo. If Make Alternate Approach 1: De Novo Model lutionary approach as opposed to above is for timely delivery of the desired FICV. 1, inspite of all the progress and merit, is The first and foremost critical aspect for ordained to address the future operational doomed to be meet its death knell, then progressing FICV is to have a demonstrated requirements and envisaged force profile Alternate Approach 2: Public-Private other options including a De Novo approach intent at the apex level, to develop the capa- with a de novo concept, design and tech- -Partnership (PPP) Model merits consideration. SP bility by all stake holders. Second, the intent nologies. Again, the option under revolu- If India is to attain self-reliance in the must be matched by an assured budgetary tionary approach is either to have a ‘Green- defence industry, better infrastructure is The author recently retired as Director General,

www.spslandforces.com support based on benchmarks achieved and field’ option or a ‘Hybrid’ option. However, needed to build, sustain and improve upon Mechanised Forces, Indian Army.

6 SP’s Land Forces 5/2019 >> URBAN WARFARE Equipment and Weapons for Urban Warfare

PhotographS: Cornorshot, US Army  SP’s Correspondent aspects of training are riot control; detect and annihilate snipers; prevention of bank arlier battles were fought robberies; kidnapping and suicide attacks. in open terrain but since World War II, urban warfare (UW) has become Equipment and Weapons for UW increasingly dominant and decisive. As brought out earlier UW will differ from The reasons for this are many like a place to place and whether the UW is tak- Eweak defender’s attempts at overcoming ing place within own country or in another the asymmetric advantage of a more pow- country. Troops now have advanced preci- erful opponent, insurgency (revolution) sion weaponry allowing them to target a and shift of population from rural to urban single floor of a single building of a crowded area. Combat in urban areas can be the block that minimises collateral damage; most destructive due to densely populated drones for aerial surveillance and weapons terrain, all military weapons not suitable delivery; military satellites for signal intel- for UW, close quarter battle (CQB), hand ligence and electronic warfare and even to hand combat and ruthless behaviour of cyber offensive and defensive capabilities. non state forces who do not believe in rules Whaling harpoon gun and winch of engagement. A quote from Vietnam cable. This is to pull away destroyed or inca- War indicates the nature of urban warfare, pacitated vehicles to clear routes. “it became necessary to destroy the town Equipment for opening doors or to save it.” In the Iraq and Afghanistan breaching walls. US forces use picks and war many towns held by ruthless terrorist shovels to rip open doors; ropes with grap- organisations had to be destroyed to save pling hooks and explosives to punch through the innocent population from further harm. walls. Combat engineers would move in Urban fighting increases the attrition rates to destroy key targets and infrastructure, on people and equipment through enemy using bulldozers if required. Vehicles can be action, environmental wear and tear and selectively fitted with ploughs to clear debris non-battle injuries. It includes looting, civil and routes. disturbances, insurgences, and other levels Helicopter-style helmet for Infantry of conflict where military forces may be Fighting Vehicle weapons systems and sent to conduct stability operations, such selected soldiers. This provides instant as counterterrorism, counterinsurgencies situation awareness. and peacekeeping. Industrial foam thrower. Instead of having to enter and clear tunnels and holes Definition prevalent across the urban terrain, soldiers The US census defines an individual urban could seal entrances with a quick-drying area as one with 50,000 or more residents sealing foam. but this will differ from country to country. Communications. Each soldier should No one city is the same and so will be the be able to communicate with each other for tactics required to be followed. Similarly quick response. Building debris will cause equipment may also differ depending on the obstruction in communication thus there type of terrain, opposition and population. should be means to overcome this. Sometimes dictators like Hitler cause geno- EW and Jamming. This is essential cide and urbicide while taking control of Urban Warfare is required to train fighting inside a room as much on the street to jam the opposition’s communications, cities. Aleppo in Syria and Mosul in Iraq are bobby traps and IEDs. two examples of urbicide in modern times. l Mastering the fundamentals of entering open areas, deploying smoke to conceal Robotics. Can save casualties by remov- Mosul, the second largest city in Iraq, was and clearing rooms and buildings. troop movements and providing suppressive ing booby traps and IEDs. Can also assist in reduced to rubble during the nine-month l In difficult situations crossing a street fire to carry out movement. Reaching at the logistic support. battle to reclaim it. safely becomes a major challenge. objective and fighting to get to the building UAVs. Specially designed UAVs, rotary l US experience is that 90 per cent of are often challenging. It is required to train UAVs and disposable UAV swarms can be Brief profile of Urban Warfare urban targets are engaged at a distance in off-loading vehicles under fire and using of immense help in gathering intelligence, l Physical impact of the urban environ- of only 50 yards (about 45 m) or in nar- the vehicles as cover. An essential part of snooping around high rise buildings, dis- ment. row areas. training is clearing bobby traps and IEDs. rupting insurgent operations or indicate l Complex and diverse nature of urban Engineers can be called but infantry should what lies ahead. operations. Training also be trained in this aspect due to critical- Intelligence gathering. Acoustic, seis- l Impacts of war on the environment and Urban terrain differs from city to city. It ity of time. In conjunction with practicing mic, electro-magnetic, and video sensors people. may include well embedded opposition with urban movements, soldiers should train are now small enough and sufficiently rug- l Criticality and challenge of sustainment sympathetic population. It may have air- to conduct hasty obstacle reduction and ged to be deployed in UW. and resilience by leaders. ports, railway stations, utilities like electric breaching. While typically this is a core Protection for the soldier. Suitable gear l Complexity of UW when multiple actors power stations, radio and TV stations which function of engineers, the ability to rapidly should be provided to protect the soldier but are involved. require good planning with prioritisation of reduce obstacles in urban terrain is a skill it should also not impede his mobility. l Expect “confused melees” demanding targets to be cleared and captured. US infan- every soldier should practice. Urban terrain Weapons. US has an expeditionary precision fire and ‘moment-to-moment’ try and platoon levels train in 14 basic drills is uniquely suited to adversaries’ emplace- force thus they have maximum experience decisions by individual soldiers. like ‘entering and clearing a room; clear- ment of street-blocking obstacles; burning in UW spanning from Vietnam to Kosovo l Aggressor is always at a disadvantage. ing a bunker, urban assaults’ and so on. It tires or wood piles; concrete walls or parked to Middle East, however every army has its l Extremely destructive and rudimentary is required to train fighting inside a room vehicles with the aim of impeding move- own requirement. Some examples are: type of operations as seen in Raqqa, as much on the street. Training is required ment or channelising the soldiers into an M16 assault rifle /M4. The US infan- Aleppo, Marawi, and Mosul in the Mid- to overcome and breech the obstacles spe- ambush. The density of cities also means try carries the M16 assault rifle or the M4, dle East. Stalingrad (now Volgograd) cially laid to impede the operations or there that both friendly and enemy artillery and a newer, shorter variation. Like the Iraqis’ was the largest and longest UW con- will just be debris of destroyed buildings or air strikes produce unplanned obstacles in counterpart — the AK-47 – the M16 can frontation between Germany and Russia destroyed tanks. At times in UW it is nec- the form of rubble. Train friendly civilians deliver rapid bursts of automatic fire. It has during World War II from August 23, essary to fight for every step forward and if possible to provide warning, intelligence 1942- February 2, 1943 (164 days). every block. Soldiers are taught to avoid of terrain and any other suitable task. Other Continued on page 14...

5/2019 SP’s Land Forces 7 >> SPECIAL FORCES Special Forces— Challenges and Solutions

Majority of the Special Forces have to operate by stealth, in small groups and in enemy territory, involving covert operations

Photograph: US Army  Lt General Naresh Chand (Retd) vival skills; language and cultural training; unconventional warfare; survival, escape, pecial Forces (SFs) are elite resistance and evasion (SERE) and advanced units who are specially selected, combat survival tactics. During the Mili- and super trained to carry out tary Occupation Speciality (MOS) Qualifi- dirty and dangerous mission in cation Phase (III), training is imparted for enemy territory. SFs can be from the newly assigned SFs role. Training for Sthe army, navy and the air force. More this phase lasts about 16 weeks, and covers than 90 countries have SFs on their order additional language training, SFs common of battle. This article refers to only army tasks, Advanced Special Operations Tech- SFs like the US Army SFs (popularly called niques (ASOT) and interagency operations. Green Beret) and India’s Para Comman- Collective Training (Robin Sage). Robin does. US also has US Rangers which come Sage (Phase IV) is the training phase that directly under the US Army while US Army serves as the litmus test for soldiers hop- SFs come under the US Special Operations ing to earn the Green Beret. Candidates are Command (USSOCOM). In India the SFs of organised into squads and inserted into a the Armed Forces are also grouped under a fictional country known as Pineland which single command. is rife with political turmoil, and soldiers Majority of the SFs have to operate by must navigate the region and complete a stealth, in small groups and in enemy ter- specified mission. ritory, involving covert operations. Their Language and Culture. During this broad role can include unconventional 25-week phase (Phase V), candidates will warfare; counter-insurgency; special fine-tune their skills in the language to reconnaissance; counter-terrorism; infor- which they have been assigned. mation operations; counterproliferation of Graduation Phase. All of the major weapon of mass destruction; security force work and training is completed by phase VI assistance; hostage/POW/civilian rescue which involves a week of out-processing. and many more. Information Operations, Candidates will finally become member of also called influence operations, are the the elite SFs (Green Beret). integrated employment of the core capabilities of electronic warfare, computer Iraqi Special Operations Forces (ISOF) soldiers clear a simulated mine. Operations in Iraq and Afghanistan network operations, psychological opera- The wars in Iraq and Afghanistan saw the tions, military deception and operations l Fire Power. Fire arms which are light, mission. Unclassified training aspects use of several extremely effective SFs units, security in synergy with specified support- quick to aim and fire, have night firing are only covered briefly. Training is car- including ‘Task Force Dagger’ (Task Force ing and related capabilities, to influence, capability and have immense destruc- ried out in the following phases: Dagger Foundation) provided assistance to disrupt, corrupt or usurp the adversar- tive power. May need silencers and Pre-selection. In addition to Basic Com- wounded, ill, or injured US Special Opera- ies. SFs have to be ready to be deployed at selectively have sniper capability. May bat Training, soldiers must have completed tions Command (USSOCOM) members and short notice; train in junior leadership to use various types of grenades including Advanced Individual Training and US Army their families); ‘Task Force K-Bar’ was led by lead small squads and are prepared to use stun grenades. If the situation so war- Airborne School (Para trooper) to be eligible the US and comprised of special operations various means to infiltrate into dangerous rants to be able to call for artillery fire or for SFs training. forces from seven nations which undertook and hostile territory. Most of the coun- air strikes. Special Operations Preparation the first major ground deployment in the tries train them as para commandoes but l Communications. Reliable and inter/ Course. The duration of this course is two War in Afghanistan. In a classic Special some like the US also train them in SCUBA, intra-squad communications. weeks which prepares potential Green Forces Unconventional Warfare operations sniper, jumpmaster (expert para troopers l Exfiltration. This is a critical part of Berets for Special Forces Assessment and ‘Task Force Viking’ joined up with some who train others in para jumping) and for- the operation as the enemy may have Selection (SFAS) and, thus focuses heavily 70,000 Kurdish Peshmerga forces (forces eign languages. Every country designs the already been alerted and launched their on physical fitness and proficiency in land of Kurdish autonomous region of Iraq) and training as per the projected role. reinforcement units including heliborne navigation. took on 13 Iraqi Divisions. troops thus may need to fight back SFs Assessment and Selection. This is Operational Challenges and Solutions into own territory, require aid of back Phase I, which is designed to test survival US Army Rangers The key challenges and solutions for their up forces, heliborne infiltration (sup- skills and places an even stronger emphasis Army Rangers is an elite light infantry unit role are: pression of enemy air defence may be on intense physical and mental training. skilled to carry out missions like direct action l Information about the area of opera- required), call for artillery or air suppres- raids, airfield seizure, special reconnaissance, tions. Precise and accurate informa- sive fire and diversionary operations. SFs Qualification Course personnel recovery, often killing or capturing tion of the projected area of opera- For long term operations like that of the This course consists of five phases (Phase high value targets, clandestine insertion and tions including terrain, obstacles, and Green Berets, marrying up with the con- II-VI) lasting approximately 61 weeks. Each site exploitation. Their training skills are mix strength and deployment of the enemy. ventional forces can be an option. phase is designed to foster an expertise in of infantry and special forces. Green Berets l Infiltration or Insertion. SFs are l Raids. Special operations raids are small unit tactic; advanced SFs tactics; sur- may perform operations or campaigns that trained in parachute operations thus designed to seize, destroy or capture lasts for months or years; Ranger missions they often parachute on to the objective enemy facilities or material and require are usually short and decisive. but they are also trained for other types detailed planning and execution. of infiltration like from water, land or l Training. It is needless to say that the Most of the countries train US Army SFs’ Equipment rappelling from an helicopter. More than special forces should be super fit both A SFs soldier carries the most advanced often the infiltration will be through mentally and physically. They should be SF as para commandos equipment as follows: dangerous and hostile territory. The key crack shots and be proficient in using but some like the US also l The Ground Mobility Vehicle (GMV) is a aspect of SFs’ operation is to carry out a variety of fire arms, explosives and lightweight, all-terrain vehicle that can be their role with surprise and shock. neutralising obstacles like booby traps, train them in SCUBA, used for a variety of missions. It is a modi- l Explosive Obstacles. Training of spe- mines and IEDs. Brief aspects of train- fied High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled cial forces to defang booby traps and ing of US Army SFs is given below to sniper and foreign Vehicle also called Humvee. It has many other forms of explosive obstacles like indicate the high, level physical fitness, variants modified for specific roles. mines, IEDs etc. special skills, handling of a variety of languages. Every country l Sea-Doo SAR water craft is rugged and l Situational Awareness. Continuous arms and explosives, high level of intel- durable which is easy to manoeuvre in situational awareness from infiltration ligence and split second reaction in a designs the training as open water, rivers and floodwaters. to exfiltration. May require aerial recon- dangerous situation. A high standard l M17 Scar is a 7.62mm x 45mm shoul- naissance by aircraft, UAVs or even sat- of selection and good training will con- per the projected role.

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STRATEGY & PERSPECTIVE CONFLICTS TO WATCH CONFLICTS TO WATCH BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENCE: AFFORDABLE OPTIONS AND TECHNOLOGIES CONTENTS CONTENTS CONTENTS

the face of Pakistan’s military incursions. In December 2007, CHINA carries risks, as unregulated and relatively inexperienced contrac- According to the United States, claimant countries, under UN How the S-400 will defend India the existence of the TTP was officially announced, under the tors may exacerbate security problems. There are indications that Convention of the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), should have freedom leadership of Baitullah Mehsud. In 2014, former Pakistan Prime China’s Marine Corps could become its principal ready response of navigation through EEZs in the sea and are not required to notify 17

AFGHANISTAN

Minister Nawaz Sharif’s attempts to negotiate a peace agreement force in the region. A Marine company is already deployed to the claimants of military activities. In July 2016, the Permanent Court with the TTP failed as they attacked the international airport Kabul Chinese base at Djibouti (which has facilities to accommodate up of Arbitration at The Hague issued its ruling on a claim brought CHINA S-400 Specifications: in Karachi. In Jun 2014 the Pakistan government launched an IRAN Islamabad to 10,000 personnel). There are reports of Chinese security pres- against China by the Philippines under UNCLOS, ruling in favour Role: Long-range anti-access/area offensive against TTP strongholds in North Waziristan. The TTP ence in Pakistan-occupied Kashmir to protect transport infrastruc- of the Philippines on almost every count. While China is a signatory denial Punjab Equipment: Each S-400 battalion has VEHICLES responded with several attacks, including the December 2014 ture and construction units, and there has been speculation about to the treaty, which established the tribunal, it refuses to accept the WEAPONS VEHICLES VEHICLES WEAPONS WEAPONS WEAPONS WEAPONS EQUIPMENT EQUIPMENT attack on the Army Public School in Peshawar that killed nearly future deployments to Gwadar. Several Chinese military exercises court’s authority. EQUIPMENT eight launchers, a command centre, 150 people, mostly school children, in the deadliest terrorist PAKISTAN in the Indian Ocean region are openly focused on using Chinese In recent years, satellite imagery has shown China’s increased two radars, mast and up to 72 missiles attack in Pakistan’s history. Delhi forces to protect BRI projects. But in protecting people and assets, efforts to reclaim land in the South China Sea by physically increas- Jammu & Range: 120 to 400 km, depending on Following the Peshawar school attack, Pakistani political par- Balochistan China may also increasingly find itself drawn into the local secu- ing the size of islands or creating new islands altogether. In addi- Islamabad Kashmir missiles deployed ties agreed on a comprehensive National Action Plan to combat ter- rity affairs. As China’s Global Times recently argued, “China has tion to piling sand onto existing reefs, China has constructed ports, CHINA’S NATIONAL DEFENCE Targets: Hostile aircraft, missiles, rorism and extremist ideology across the country, and Sharif lifted INDIA always adhered to the principle of non-interference in the internal military installations, and airstrips—particularly in the Paracel and Sargodha stealth jets, drones Sindh Himachal the death penalty moratorium to allow the execution of convicted affairs of other countries, but that doesn’t mean Beijing can turn a Spratly Islands, where it has twenty and seven outposts respec- Missile speed: 17,000 kmph. Faster Lahore Pradesh than any aircraft

terrorists. After nearly two years, in June 2016 the Pakistani military deaf ear to the demands of Chinese enterprises in protecting their tively. China has militarized Woody Island by deploying fighter jets, eng.chinamil.com.cn /Hu Jing & Sun Zhenqi Punjab 3 IN THE NEW ERA Reaction time: Vehicle stopping to declared that the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) had overseas investments.” cruise missiles, and a radar system. China’s claims threaten SLOCs, Quetta missile firing is 5 minutes & STRATEGY been cleared of militants. Pakistan Army claimed that roughly 3,500 which are important maritime passages that facilitate trade and the & STRATEGY Haryana & STRATEGY

in Afghanistan. More than $800 million in security assistance was that India was involved in separatist movements in Balochistan. PARACEL ISLANDS The civil war in Syria started in 2011 as protests against President BUSINESS

embarking on a journey of building a modernised socialist coun- to helping the international community better understand China’s BUSINESS China Assad’s regime. It quickly escalated into a full-scale war between suspended or redirected in 2018, and the US has cut off access for He did not consider Pakistan’s accusations against India credible. Sea try in an all-round way. Socialism and Chinese characteristics national defence. Pakistani military officers to US military training and education Holbrooke also strongly rejected the allegation that India was using THAILAND the Syrian government—backed by Russia and Iran — and anti- n LASER program based on a gas-dynamic carbon dioxide LASER BMD development involves high risk and brings a burden on programmes, in an effort to pressure the Pakistani government to its consulates in Afghanistan to facilitate Baloch rebel activity, say- PHILIPPINES government rebel groups—backed by the United States, Saudi that could reach 500 kilowatts. Scaling it up in power while the national exchequer. International collaboration with friendly Scarborough change policy. In June 2018 the Financial Action Task Force placed ing he had “no reason to believe Islamabad’s charges”, and that Shoal Arabia, Turkey, and others in the region. Currently, there are three EXPERT COMMENT maintaining the beam quality would be the challenge. nations which are willing to enter in mutually beneficial agree- Pakistan on the so-called “grey list” of countries not doing enough “Pakistan would do well to examine its own internal problems”. CAMBODIA campaigns driving the conflict; coalition efforts to defeat the Islamic n Feasibility of particle beams for missile defence is yet another ments and to develop ballistic missile shields for the future. India

to stop money laundering and terrorist financing. India too has categorically denied the allegations. VIETNAM State, violence between the Syrian government and opposition forc- promising technology. must identify its envisaged threats, evaluate its own technological Itu Abu Some distinct inferences can be drawn from the 2019 Whitepaper: The withdrawal of US forces from Afghanistan could increase The stakes in Balochistan have gone several notches higher due Island es, and military operations against Syrian Kurds by Turkish forces. n Space based tracking & Surveillance System for detection & constraints to face them and collaborate with international players 1. China is keen to position itself as the pivot for “world peace,” but with clear red lines defined on its core regional instability by allowing militants from Pakistan to estab- to the development of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) Spartly The Islamic State began seizing control of territory in Syria in tracking of ballistic missiles. Interceptors to engage incoming to build a missile defence architecture to enhance its air defence

Oslands INDIAN “sovereignty, security, and development interests.” There is an endeavour to balance peaceful intentions and INDIAN DEFENCE lish safe havens in Afghanistan. Additionally, acute instability in and the Gwadar Port. Resource-rich Balochistan is at the heart 2013. After a series of terrorist attacks coordinated by the Islamic INDIAN missiles earlier in flight than would be possible with other mis- & nuclear deterrence capability and ensure nuclear stability in DEFENCE DEFENCE Pakistan has security implications for neighboring Afghanistan of the Beijing’s ambitious CPEC, which connects Gwadar Port in State across Europe in 2015, the United States, the United Kingdom, great power aspirations sile detection system. the subcontinent. Ballistic missile proliferation poses the greatest and India. The TTP is closely allied with the Afghan Taliban in its Balochistan with China’s Xinjiang province. The BLA is opposed and France—with the support of Turkey, Saudi Arabia, and other 2. China believes that “configuration of strategic power is becoming more balanced”. There is new found threat to regional security and needs an unfailing & perfect missiles battle against Afghan troops, and India fears that anti-state and to the CPEC, alleging that the project was aimed at exploiting the Arab partners—expanded their air campaign in Iraq to include Syria. BRUNEI confidence in China’s military power, consequent to technological advancements, modernisation, structural BMD for India shield against burgeoning nuclear weapons & missiles threats. state-sponsored Pakistani terrorists could be diverted against India. resources of the province. On November 23, 2018, three heavily- MALAYSIA Together, these nations have conducted over eleven thousand air changes in command and control and extensive training of the PLA. Missile defence is an essential component of national secu- The US is offering to sell systems to India. As India is pursuing Moreover, the vulnerability of Pakistan’s nuclear arsenal to attack or armed suicide bombers stormed the Chinese consulate in Karachi. MALAYSIA strikes against Islamic State targets in Syria, while the US-led coalition rity and defence strategies. It contributes to the deterrence of its own BMD, it welcomes any assistance from US and Arrow II

INDONESIA

The attack was claimed by the Baloch Liberation Army (BLA) has continued its support for ground operations by the SDF. Turkish 3. At the same time the paper also highlights China’s perceived risks from technological surprise and growing theft by nonstate actors remains a major concern for US and Indian adversary aggression and assurance to allies. Apropos, bigger system is the most sought after technology. India wanted to buy the 2 policymakers. which said it would not tolerate “any Chinese military expansion- troops have been involved in ground operations against the Islamic technological generation gap. It acknowledges PLA’s lagging mechanisation and it has to develop capabilities nations with expeditionary forces would require these two Israeli Arrow-II System from Israel. MRSAM/Barak-8 is a long-range ist endeavours on Baloch soil”. On May 12, 2019, Baloch militants Territorial Claims State since 2016, and have launched attacks against armed Kurdish moving ahead from ‘informationization’ to ‘intelligent warfare’. China’s rapid progress in developing unmanned kinds of BMD systems where as smaller nation can do it with an anti-air and anti-missile defence system being developed jointly by ASIAN ASIAN ASIAN ASIAN Balochistan Conflict carried out an assault in the heart of CPEC, the luxury Pearl China groups in Syria. Meanwhile, at the request of the Syrian government systems, AI and robotics manifests in its outlook for future wars. ASIAN Integrated Air Defence system capable of neutralising multiple Israel Aerospace Industries and DRDO of India. The Spada 2000

Historically Balochistan covers the southern part of Sistan and Continental hotel in Gwadar. The attackers were killed, but only in September 2015, Russia began launching air strikes against what WHO’S WHO Vietnam WHO’S WHO

WHO’S WHO kind of targets in TBA. Drawing a corollary, it is evident that kill probability is high, even against highly agile crossing targets & Baluchestan Province in Iran, the Pakistani province of Balochistan, after killing five people inside the hotel and a soldier. it claimed were Islamic State targets, while Syrian government forces 4. The paper emphasizes on “intensification of global military competition” and blames US for “undermining global Philippines strategic stability”. India would require two distinct kind of systems, one to protect can engage upto four targets simultaneously with Aspide Missile. and Afghanistan’s Helmand Province. The Gulf of Oman forms Pakistan has raised a special security force of around 15,000 Malaysia achieved several notable victories over the Islamic State, including the population/command and control/economic centers and As offensive missile capabilities continue to proliferate, missile its southern border. Mountains and desert make up much of the troops to protect CPEC and Chinese projects. As this force proves Brunei the reclamation of Palmyra. According to the US-led coalition against 5. Modernisation and restructuring of the armed forces is in line with Xi Jinping’s thinking of China’s future. In second to protect its forces in TBA. System akin to Ground based defense cooperation with allies and partners has gained increas- region’s terrain. Balochistan is the largest province of Pakistan to be inadequate, Chinese companies are expected to rely heavily Reefs built by China the Islamic State, 98 per cent of the territory formerly held by the addition to evolving threats, priority is on loyalty to the Chinese Communist party, with emphasis on core military Mid Course Missile (GMD) can be deployed in hinterland and ing importance to advance missile defence architectures for our

Abbreviations at the end of the yearbook the end at Abbreviations functions, discipline and curbing corruption. Integrated Air Defence system akin to S-400 is required for the protection, deterrence and assurance deepening interoperability in least inhabited, with only 5per cent of total population of Pakistan. employ former PLA personnel. Use of security contractors also reclaimed by Iraqi security forces and the SDF.

India’s Land Border Map Diagrammatic Layout of the Army’s Chain of Command INDONESIA: MoD Organisational Structure JAPAN: MoD Organisational Structure JORDAN Security Environment King Abdullah II of Jordan has had every reason to be pleased with him- Chain of Command self lately. Following the January 2017 inauguration of President Donald

Border with Border with  General Information

Afghanistan: Trump, he was the first Arab Leader invited to Washington to meet with China: the new administration. The visit was hailed a success by all involved— 106 km 3488 km Structure Organisation of Cabinet not only in terms of US-Jordan relations, but also as an opportunity for the King to caution Trump against moving the US embassy from Tel Army Headquarters Defence Ministry of Indonesia Prime Minister VEHICLES VEHICLES WEAPONS WEAPONS WEAPONS WEAPONS Aviv to Jerusalem. EQUIPMENT EQUIPMENT (Integrated Headquarters of the Ministry of Defence-Army) VEHICLES WEAPONS WEAPONS The visit, however, was only a temporary distraction from the ongo- EQUIPMENT National Security Council Border with Border with ing security and political crisis that has been unfolding in Jordan for the last year. Jordan has witnessed a rising number of homegrown terrorist Nepal: Bhutan: attacks and security incidents. Additionally, the king’s apparent inabil- Border with 1751 km 699 km Ministry of Defence Minister of Defense Pakistan: ity or unwillingness to institute substantive socio-economic reform, end Regional Commands Army Training Command (ARTRAC) Army Headquarters Reserves corruption, and increase citizens’ rights has led to spiraling protests. Special Advisers to the Special Advisers to the (up to three people) 3323 km (Northern, Western, Southern, The growing threat of ISIS spillover from the conflicts in Syria and Minister of Defense Minister of Defense South Western, Central and Eastern) Training Establishments Reserve Formations Iraq—as well as evidence of rising militancy at home—has increased con- cerns that Jordan faces new security risks. While Jordan has long faced the & STRATEGY State Minister of Defense & STRATEGY & STRATEGY PERSPECTIVES Inspectorat General Secretariat General PERSPECTIVES threat of terrorism, recent incidents have renewed and heightened fears. HQ Corps HQ Areas/Sub-Areas Some in the Hashemite royal circle fear that Washington may not PERSPECTIVES Parliamentary Vice-Minister of Defense (two) fully appreciate the challenges they face. In 2017, US approved $ 450 Sub-Area HQ/Static Establishments million in military assistance, paling in comparison to $3.8 billion in Administrative Vice-Minister of Defense and Designated Sector HQ military assistance to Jordan’s neighbor Israel. King Abdullah repeat- Border with Vice-Minister of Defense for International Affairs edly clashed with the Obama administration’s narrow focus on ISIS in Myanmar: HQ Divisions HQ Independent Brigade (Armoured/ HQ Sub-Area Director General Director General Director General Director General Syria (and drew Jordan into that part of the strategic plan). However, the INDIA Private Secretary of the Minister of Defense King never appeared to persuade the president to his view for a broader 3323 km (Armoured/Infantry/Mountain/Artillery) Infantry/Mountain/Parachute/Artillery/ Strategic of Defence Planning of Defence Potential of Defence Strength of Defence Air Defence Artillery) Static Establishments push. This is the challenge that Abdullah faces again with the Trump TECHNOLOGY HQ Brigades TECHNOLOGY administration, and it may be that the rise in Jordan’s own domestic security challenges—coupled with the pressures that ISIS is putting on TECHNOLOGY (Armoured/Infantry/Mountain/Artillery) (Internal bureaus)us) Border with Area : 89,342 sq km the border with Syria and Jordan—proves effective. Indeed, the US-led Defense Council Regional Defense Bureaus Logistics Agency Acquisition, Technology and Minister’s Secretariat Bureau of Defense Policy Bureau of Defense Buildup Planning Bureau of Personnel and Education Bureau of Local Cooperation SDF Ethics Review Board Central Council on Defense Facilities Defense Personnel Review Board National Defense Academy National Defense Medical College National Institute for Defense Studies Bangladesh: Chief of Staff, Joint Staff Joint Staff Chief of Staff, Ground Self-Defense Force Ground Staff Office Chief of Staff, Maritime Self-Defense Force Maritime Staff Office Chief of Staff, Air Self-Defense Force Air Staff Office Defense Intelligence Headquarters of Legal Compliance The Inspector General’s Office Coastline: Capital : Amman campaign against ISIS cannot succeed if Jordan’s role as the pivotal 4096.7 km Arab state on the front lines of the crisis in Syria is imperiled. 7516.6 km Department of Research Department of Education Department of Coastline : 26 km Maritime Claims by them before August 5, 1965. In the 1965 War, Pakistan suffered Government of Maldives and while it did not involve much fighting, and Development and Exercise Media Defence Territorial sea : 3 nm ARMY heavily in men and material with an estimate that Pak Army lost it demonstrated to the World the speed and efficiency with which Population : 1,02,48,069 Strength : 74,000 5988 killed and many more wounded. Pakistan also lost 475 tanks. the Indian Armed Forces could react. This period (1989 onwards) (Note: increased estimate reflects revised assumptions about the Force by Role BUSINESS The 1971 war between India and Pakistan was fought both also saw the start of the terrorism and insurgency in Kashmir and BUSINESS net migration rate due to the increased flow of Syrian refugees (July Manoeuvre BUSINESS on the eastern and the western fronts. India adopted aggressive deployment of additional troops in J&K. 2017 est.)) Armoured strategy on the eastern front and a defensive strategy on the west- As indications of Pakistani intrusions came in starting from Islands: Ethnic Divisions : Arab 98 per cent, Circassian 1 per cent, Armd Div : 1 (strategic reserve) (3 armd bde, 1 arty bde, 1 ern front. On the Eastern front the Indian Army ably supported by May 1999, it became clear that India was facing an attempt by the Centre of Finance Centre of Data Centre of Public Centre of Armenian 1 per cent AD Bde) 1197 with the Mukti Bahini defeated four divisions and 30,000 para-military Pakistan to change the LoC using its regular troops. Air and artil- and Information Communication Rehabilitation Religions : Muslim 97.2 per cent (official; predominantly Armd Bde : 1 2094 km forces of the Pakistan Army in the thirteen days’ war. In the west, lery (155mm Howitzers) was employed with devastating effect to Sunni), Christian 2.2 per cent (majority Greek

Mechanised with additional a large area of Pakistani territory was occupied by Indian troops. repel the intrusions and claim back the lost territories. Thereafter, Orthodox, but some Greek and Roman Mech Bdes : 5 coastline On 16 December, Lt General Niazi of Pakistan Army surrendered a massive build-up by Indian Army was ordered in the wake of Catholics, Syrian Orthodox, Coptic Orthodox, Light to Lt General Aurora of Indian Army with 93,000 regular and para- the December 13, 2001, terrorist attack on Parliament House. This Armenian Orthodox, and Protestant denomi- Lt Inf Bdes : 3 INDIAN INDIAN INDIAN INDIAN nations), Buddhist 0.4 per cent, Hindu 0.1 per DEFENCE DEFENCE

military men. War on the Eastern front ended in a complete victory 10-month-long mobilisation along the border with Pakistan gener- INDIAN

Combat Support DEFENCE for India and liberation of Bangladesh. ated high levels of tension, led to some positive changes in India’s cent, Jewish <0.1, folk religionist <0.1, unaffili-

Joint Staff College Self-Defense Force Units and organisations of the Ground Self-Defense Force Units and organisations of the Maritime Self-Defense Force Units and organisations of the Air Arty Bdes : 3 military doctrine and hastened its military modernisation together JAPAN: MoD Contact Details ated <0.1, other <0.1 (2010 est.) The period after 1971 War saw the steady modernisation of Cooperative Cooperative AD Bdes : 3 Source: MHA Annual Report with organizational changes. Units Organizations Languages : Arabic (official), English widely understood the Indian Army with equipment for modern war. The Expert Contact Desiganation Organisation Address MRL Bn : 1 Committee under the Chairmanship of Lt General K.V. Krishna The influx of terrorism from Pakistan continued unabated. On Security Command SDF Intelligence Communication Systems Supervised Units of Self-Defense Forces (SDF) SDF Physical Training School SDF Central Hospitals SDF Regional Hospitals Provincial Cooperation Ofﬁces among upper and middle classes Takeshi IWAYA Minister of Defense Ministry of Defense 5-1 Honmura-cho, Ichigaya, Equipment by Type Rao submitted its report in 1976. Some of its major recommenda- September 18, 2016, four terrorists from Pakistan struck a brigade Literacy : 95.4 per cent Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8801, Japan Government : Parliamentary Constitutional Monarchy Armoured Fighting Vehicles

tions started getting implemented in the eighties. The expansion of headquarters administrative base at Uri and killed 17 unarmed Suffrage : 18 years of age; universal MBTs : 572: 390 FV4034 Challenger 1 (Al Hussein); 182 n major misreading of the prevailing geopolitical climate react was tested in the Rann of Kutch. In the second phase trouble mechanized forces was achieved as a result of this report. and unsuspecting soldiers in their tents. On the night of September Kenji HARADA State Minister of Defense Ministry of Defense 5-1 Honmura-cho, Ichigaya, Administrative M60 Phoenix; (274 FV4030/2 Khalid in store) n 28-29, Indian Army’s Special Forces struck at seven launch pads of Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8801, Japan total disconnect between the military and political leadership was fomented in Kashmir. In the third phase an attempt was made On April 13, 1984, 34 soldiers of the Indian Army landed west Divisions : 12 governorates Lt Tks : (19 FV101 Scorpion; in store) ASIAN ASIAN n the terrorists across the line of control along a frontage of about 200 ASIAN inability of some in the military leadership to see the situation to bottle up the Indian Army in Jammu and Kashmir by sealing of Siachen glacier and occupied the Bilafond La pass. This was the Takako SUZUKI Parliamentary Vice-Minister of Ministry of Defense 5-1 Honmura-cho, Ichigaya, ASLT : 141 B1 Centauro ASIAN WHO’S WHO in the right perspective the supply line in Chhamb-Jaurian sector of Jammu. Pakistan’s opening move in what is referred to as Operation Meghdoot between km in two different Corps Zones thus achieving complete surprise Defense Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8801, Japan WHO’S WHO

Recce : 153: 103 FV107 Scimitar; 50 FV701 Ferret WHO’S WHO n and serious inadequacies in weapons and equipment adventurism was foiled as Indian Army succeeded in making gains India & Pakistan which continues till date. During the period July over the Pakistani military establishment and inflicted considerable Hiroshi YAMADA Parliamentary Vice-Minister of Ministry of Defense 5-1 Honmura-cho, Ichigaya, Defence IFVs : 678: 13 AIFV-B-C25; 31 BMP-2; 321 Ratel-20; The result of Sino-India Conflict of 1962 encouraged Pakistan across the international borders and along the Line of Control 1987 to March 1990, Indian Army saw action in Operation Pawan casualties on the terrorists and military personnel in the area. Defense Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8801, Japan Total Armed Forces : Active: 1,00,500 (Army: 74,000; Navy: 500; Air: 311 YPR-765 PRI to seek a military solution of the Kashmir problem. A modernised (notably Hajipir). A cease-fire was agreed upon with effect from where the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) was deployed in Sri Indian Army continues to face four types of threats and chal- 12,000; Special Operations 14,000) APC : 800+ Pakistan Army with an edge over India in armour, artillery and air- September 23, 1965 with UN efforts. The Tashkent Declaration and Lanka in accordance with the Indo-Sri Lankan accord of July 29, lenges including traditional threats from China and Pakistan; General Koji YAMAZAKI Chief of Staff, Joint Staff Ministry of Defense 5-1 Honmura-cho, Ichigaya, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8801, Japan Reserves: 65,000 (Army: 60,000; Joint: 5,000) APC (T) : 650+: 370: M113A1/A2 Mk1J; 200 M577A2

www.spguidepublications.com www.spguidepublications.com power prompted her to plan aggression on Kashmir in 1965. It was the subsequent agreement between the two countries led to the dis- 1987. On November 3, 1988, the Indian Army launched Operation contemporary threats in the form of terrorism; internal chal- (Excluding temporary or special positions.) Paramilitary Forces : Gendarmerie: 15,000 est, Civil Militia (CP); some Temsah; 77 YPR-765 PRCO (CP); 3 a three-phased programme. In the first phase the Indian capacity to engagement of forces and their withdrawal to positions occupied Cactus in Maldives to prevent mercenaries from overthrowing the lenges; and out of area contingency threats. Indian Army ‘People’s Army’: 35,000 est AIFV-B BALANCE BALANCE REGIONAL REGIONAL REGIONAL REGIONAL

INDIAN DEFENCE ASIAN WHO’S WHO REGIONAL BALANCE Everything there is to know about Indian Armed Forces, Who’s who in 44 countries in Asia and Pacific along with GDP, military expenditure, security environment and Ministry of Defence, Defence Industry, Defence R&D the MoD organisation structures and contacts of listing of current military hardware of 45 countries in Asia and Central Armed Police Forces including Who’s who, 13 largest buyers of defence equipment in the region. and Pacific. organisation structures, profiles and contact details.

CRYSTAL GAZING THE GLOBAL MODERNISATION TECHNOLOGY SECURITY ENVIRONMENT  West Asia – Ticking Time Bomb  IAF Full Replacement by 2035  Cyber Warfare  ASEAN Centrality – In Trap of China  Indian Army Right Sizing  Nuclear Calculus  China’s footprint from Indo-Pacific to Africa  Indian Army Modernisation  Satellites – The Force Multiplier  Challenges Before India’s Maritime  India’s Maritime Interests in the  Hypersonic Weapons AND MORE... Diplomacy Indo-Pacific  Future Super Soldier  Pakistan Factor in India and Afghanistan  India’s Defence Budget  Future Submarines  Indian Navy and Indo-Pacific –  India’s Business Environment  Artificial Intelligence Realism vs Posturing  Strategic Partnership in Defence  Turnaround in India-Russia Relations Production

11-12_SP's Naval Forces 5-2019.indd 11 06/11/19 6:59 PM www.spsmilitaryyearbook.comFor more details, log on to: A Set of Kind Words from Dr S. Radhakrishnan, 2nd President of India, addressed to our >> internal security Founder Editor-in-Chief, in March 1966. Counter-Terrorism

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), in their first ever open acknowledgement in 2011 in US Court, said that the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) sponsors terrorism in Kashmir and it oversees terrorist separatist groups in Kashmir

PhotographS: CRPF  Lt General Naresh Chand (Retd) Nations system in that regard. l Measures to ensure respect for human he terms “terrorist” and rights for all and the rule of law as the “terrorism” originated during the fundamental basis for the fight against French Revolution in the late 18th terrorism. century but became popular due to European Union members are more the conflicts in Northern Ireland, biased towards human rights thus ‘Terror- Tthe Basque Country and Palestine. Counter ism constitutes a serious threat to human terrorism can be defined to prevent and rights and democracy. While action by eradicate terrorism. In the current interna- states is necessary to prevent and effec- tional scenario every country is vulnerable tively sanction terrorist acts, not all means to terrorism. Closer home in South Asia, are justifiable. There is a compelling duty www.spguidepublications.com several countries have been facing terror- for states to protect the general interest of ism, especially India who has got affected by public security and the rule of law without this plague from Pakistan on a daily basis. jeopardising the core of human rights’. In fact Pakistan has made it a state policy to achieve their objectives. Terrorism is an The Four Ps of Counter Terrorism evolving phenomenon, with new terrorist Finally there are the four Ps-‘Prevent, Pur- organisations continuously sprouting and sue, Protect, and Prepare’. Prevent implies

changing their modus operandi. It is an ille- Photograph: US Army long term and short term intelligence, both gal way of waging a war. UN has listed Iran, of which failed in Pulwama where 42 CRPF North Korea, Sudan, Syria, Cuba, Libya, personnel lost their life in suicidal car attack South Yemen and Pakistan as countries on February 14, 2019, 25 km short of Sri- which are the source of terrorism. nagar. Apart from failure of intelligence, protection measures which are routinely taken Pakistan on the Jammu-Srinagar highway failed as A SNEAK PEEK... In the US annual report published in July nobody detected the car or prevented it from 2017, which was mandated by the Congress mingling with the CRPF convoy. titled “Country Report on Terrorism”, the

STRATEGY & PERSPECTIVE CONFLICTS TO WATCH CONFLICTS TO WATCH BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENCE: AFFORDABLE OPTIONS AND TECHNOLOGIES CONTENTS CONTENTS CONTENTS the face of Pakistan’s military incursions. In December 2007, CHINA carries risks, as unregulated and relatively inexperienced contrac- According to the United States, claimant countries, under UN How the S-400 will defend India the existence of the TTP was officially announced, under the tors may exacerbate security problems. There are indications that Convention of the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), should have freedom State Department listed Pakistan among the Financing Terrorism leadership of Baitullah Mehsud. In 2014, former Pakistan Prime China’s Marine Corps could become its principal ready response of navigation through EEZs in the sea and are not required to notify 17

AFGHANISTAN

EQUIPMENT nations and regions providing “safe havens” The terrorist funding cycle is to raise, move, attack on the Army Public School in Peshawar that killed nearly future deployments to Gwadar. Several Chinese military exercises court’s authority. eight launchers, a command centre, 150 people, mostly school children, in the deadliest terrorist PAKISTAN in the Indian Ocean region are openly focused on using Chinese In recent years, satellite imagery has shown China’s increased two radars, mast and up to 72 missiles attack in Pakistan’s history. Delhi forces to protect BRI projects. But in protecting people and assets, efforts to reclaim land in the South China Sea by physically increas- Jammu & Range: 120 to 400 km, depending on Following the Peshawar school attack, Pakistani political par- Balochistan China may also increasingly find itself drawn into the local secu- ing the size of islands or creating new islands altogether. In addi- Islamabad Kashmir missiles deployed ties agreed on a comprehensive National Action Plan to combat ter- rity affairs. As China’s Global Times recently argued, “China has tion to piling sand onto existing reefs, China has constructed ports, CHINA’S NATIONAL DEFENCE Targets: Hostile aircraft, missiles, rorism and extremist ideology across the country, and Sharif lifted INDIA always adhered to the principle of non-interference in the internal military installations, and airstrips—particularly in the Paracel and Sargodha stealth jets, drones Sindh Himachal the death penalty moratorium to allow the execution of convicted affairs of other countries, but that doesn’t mean Beijing can turn a Spratly Islands, where it has twenty and seven outposts respec- Missile speed: 17,000 kmph. Faster to terrorists. It stated that terror groups store and spend money. Money laundering Lahore Pradesh than any aircraft terrorists. After nearly two years, in June 2016 the Pakistani military deaf ear to the demands of Chinese enterprises in protecting their tively. China has militarized Woody Island by deploying fighter jets, eng.chinamil.com.cn /Hu Jing & Sun Zhenqi Punjab 3 IN THE NEW ERA Reaction time: Vehicle stopping to declared that the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) had overseas investments.” cruise missiles, and a radar system. China’s claims threaten SLOCs, Quetta missile firing is 5 minutes & STRATEGY been cleared of militants. Pakistan Army claimed that roughly 3,500 which are important maritime passages that facilitate trade and the & STRATEGY Haryana & STRATEGY

Arabian PERSPECTIVES PERSPECTIVES Numbers ordered: 5 systems militants were killed and 500 Pakistani soldiers had died in the Sea South China Sea movement of naval forces. PERSPECTIVES clearing operations. China claims sovereignty over the South China Sea, estimated to The United States has challenged China’s assertive territorial The tenth Defence Whitepaper was released by China on July 24, 2019. From 1998 to 2010 China has issued a PAKISTAN have 11 billion barrels of untapped oil, 190 trillion cubic feet of nat- Despite Pakistan Govt’s declaration of success; on the one Areas dominated by different major ethnic groups claims and land reclamation efforts by conducting FONOPs and defence white paper every two years. The previous Whitepaper was published in 2015. like the Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) and Jaish-e- is a three-step process consisting of place- hand TTP and other militants continue to carry out major attacks ural gas and fishing areas. Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, bolstering support for Southeast Asian partners. Japan has sold mil- e.g. March 27, 2016, Lahore Gulshan-e-Iqbal Park Easter suicide Taiwan, and Vietnam have competing claims. Since the 1970s, itary ships and equipment to the Philippines and Vietnam in order Lt General Subrata Saha (Retd), Military Expert and Consulting Editor, SP’s Military Yearbook analyses the attack and the 8th August 2016 suicide bombing in the Quetta Govt Rich in natural resources like natural gas, oil, coal, copper, sulphur, countries began to claim islands and various zones in the South to improve their maritime security capacity. The US defense treaty White Paper put out by China. hospital; on the other hand Pakistan Army and ISI provide support fluoride and gold, this is the least developed province in Pakistan. China Sea, such as the Spratly Islands. with Manila could draw them into a potential China-Philippines to the Haqqani network, Lashkar-e-Taiba, and other militant proxy Sunni Islam is the predominant religion. China maintains that under international law, foreign militaries conflict over the substantial natural gas deposits or lucrative fishing groups that carry out attacks in Afghanistan and India. Attacks The conflict in Balochistan is one of “nationalist/self-determi- are not allowed to conduct intelligence-gathering activities, such grounds in disputed territory.4 Karachi TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY claimed by the Islamic State in Pakistan are also a cause of concern nation”. The Balochistan Liberation Army, designated as a terrorist as reconnaissance flights, in its exclusive economic zone (EEZ). India supports freedom of navigation and over flight, unimped- TECHNOLOGY Mohammad (JeM) continue to operate, train, ment, layering and integration. Funds are oday, with their THE STATE COUNCIL INFORMATION OFFICE has entered a new era. INDIA as many fighting under the Islamic State’s banner in Afghanistan organisation by Pakistan and Britain, is the most widely known ed commerce, based on the principles of international law. India interests and securi- The Chinese government are believed to be former TTP militants who fled across the border, Baloch separatist group. Other separatist groups include Lashkar-e- believes that States should resolve the disputes through peaceful ty intertwined, peo- OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA JULY 2019, is issuing China’s National a phenomenon that has raised fears of an Islamic State-inspired Balochistan and the Baloch Liberation United Front (BLUF). means without threat or use of force and exercise self-restraint in CHINA TAIWAN ple across the world FIRST EDITION 2019 Defense in the New Era to campaign of violence inside Pakistan. Pakistan repeatedly alleges involvement of India and the conduct of activities that could complicate or escalate disputes Arabian UN are becoming mem- expound on China’s defensive Sea In 2018 the US administration suspended security assistance Afghanistan in supporting the Balochi movement. The former Convention’s affecting peace and stability. 200 nautical bers of community national defence policy and to Pakistan over their continuing unwillingness to target militants American Af-Pak envoy Richard Holbrooke said in 2011 that LAOS mile limit Twitha shared future. China is at a critical stage of completing the explain the practice, purposes and significance of China’s efforts to organise and fundraise inside the country in raised through donations, self-funding or who receive sanctuary in Pakistani territory and carry out attacks Pakistan had failed to provide any evidence to the United States Civil War in Syria building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects and build a fortified national defence and a strong military, with a view South BUSINESS in Afghanistan. More than $800 million in security assistance was that India was involved in separatist movements in Balochistan. PARACEL ISLANDS The civil war in Syria started in 2011 as protests against President BUSINESS embarking on a journey of building a modernised socialist coun- to helping the international community better understand China’s BUSINESS China Assad’s regime. It quickly escalated into a full-scale war between suspended or redirected in 2018, and the US has cut off access for He did not consider Pakistan’s accusations against India credible. Sea try in an all-round way. Socialism and Chinese characteristics national defence. Pakistani military officers to US military training and education Holbrooke also strongly rejected the allegation that India was using THAILAND the Syrian government—backed by Russia and Iran — and anti- n LASER program based on a gas-dynamic carbon dioxide LASER BMD development involves high risk and brings a burden on programmes, in an effort to pressure the Pakistani government to its consulates in Afghanistan to facilitate Baloch rebel activity, say- PHILIPPINES government rebel groups—backed by the United States, Saudi that could reach 500 kilowatts. Scaling it up in power while the national exchequer. International collaboration with friendly Scarborough change policy. In June 2018 the Financial Action Task Force placed ing he had “no reason to believe Islamabad’s charges”, and that Shoal Arabia, Turkey, and others in the region. Currently, there are three EXPERT COMMENT maintaining the beam quality would be the challenge. nations which are willing to enter in mutually beneficial agree- Pakistan on the so-called “grey list” of countries not doing enough “Pakistan would do well to examine its own internal problems”. CAMBODIA campaigns driving the conflict; coalition efforts to defeat the Islamic n Feasibility of particle beams for missile defence is yet another ments and to develop ballistic missile shields for the future. India 2016. Pakistan was accused by the US, UK, criminal activity which can include drug

Oslands INDIAN “sovereignty, security, and development interests.” There is an endeavour to balance peaceful intentions and INDIAN DEFENCE lish safe havens in Afghanistan. Additionally, acute instability in and the Gwadar Port. Resource-rich Balochistan is at the heart 2013. After a series of terrorist attacks coordinated by the Islamic INDIAN missiles earlier in flight than would be possible with other mis- & nuclear deterrence capability and ensure nuclear stability in DEFENCE DEFENCE Pakistan has security implications for neighboring Afghanistan of the Beijing’s ambitious CPEC, which connects Gwadar Port in State across Europe in 2015, the United States, the United Kingdom, great power aspirations sile detection system. the subcontinent. Ballistic missile proliferation poses the greatest and India. The TTP is closely allied with the Afghan Taliban in its Balochistan with China’s Xinjiang province. The BLA is opposed and France—with the support of Turkey, Saudi Arabia, and other 2. China believes that “configuration of strategic power is becoming more balanced”. There is new found threat to regional security and needs an unfailing & perfect missiles France, and India for supporting external trafficking, kidnapping, robbery etc. Poppy battle against Afghan troops, and India fears that anti-state and to the CPEC, alleging that the project was aimed at exploiting the Arab partners—expanded their air campaign in Iraq to include Syria. BRUNEI confidence in China’s military power, consequent to technological advancements, modernisation, structural BMD for India shield against burgeoning nuclear weapons & missiles threats. state-sponsored Pakistani terrorists could be diverted against India. resources of the province. On November 23, 2018, three heavily- MALAYSIA Together, these nations have conducted over eleven thousand air changes in command and control and extensive training of the PLA. Missile defence is an essential component of national secu- The US is offering to sell systems to India. As India is pursuing Moreover, the vulnerability of Pakistan’s nuclear arsenal to attack or armed suicide bombers stormed the Chinese consulate in Karachi. MALAYSIA strikes against Islamic State targets in Syria, while the US-led coalition rity and defence strategies. It contributes to the deterrence of its own BMD, it welcomes any assistance from US and Arrow II

INDONESIA

Balochistan Conflict carried out an assault in the heart of CPEC, the luxury Pearl groups in Syria. Meanwhile, at the request of the Syrian government ASIAN groups, such as LeT and JeM in 2016, which grown in Afghanistan is a big source of China systems, AI and robotics manifests in its outlook for future wars. Integrated Air Defence system capable of neutralising multiple Israel Aerospace Industries and DRDO of India. The Spada 2000

www.spguidepublications.com (comprising 44 per cent of the country’s total area), but it is the on private security contractors, especially Chinese contractors that group in Iraq and Syria, including Raqqa and Deir al-Zour, has been into artificial islands Abbreviations at the end of the yearbook the end at Abbreviations functions, discipline and curbing corruption. Integrated Air Defence system akin to S-400 is required for the protection, deterrence and assurance deepening interoperability in continued to operate, train, organise, and drug revenue for the Taliban. Nation who least inhabited, with only 5per cent of total population of Pakistan. employ former PLA personnel. Use of security contractors also reclaimed by Iraqi security forces and the SDF.

 Air Defence for field formations. missile defence systems. BALANCE REGIONAL REGIONAL BALANCE BALANCE | | 2019 | | 2019 | | REGIONAL 2 SP's MILITARY YEARBOOK 46TH ISSUE WWW.SPSMILITARYYEARBOOK.COM WWW.SPSMILITARYYEARBOOK.COM SP's MILITARY YEARBOOK 46TH ISSUE 3 REGIONAL WWW.SPSMILITARYYEARBOOK.COM SP's MILITARY YEARBOOK | 2019 | 46TH ISSUE | 75 WWW.SPSMILITARYYEARBOOK.COM SP's MILITARY YEARBOOK | 2019 | 46TH ISSUE | 101 fundraise in Pakistan. Former Pakistan Pres- support terrorism, fund it through their ident General Pervez Musharraf in October covert agencies like Pakistan does through CONFLICTS TO WATCH CHINA’S DEFENCE WHITEPAPER BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENCE 2014 said during a TV interview that, “we Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI). The ten most important global conflicts to watch China’s tenth Defence Whitepaper, released on Ballistic missile proliferation poses great threat to have source (in Kashmir) besides the (Paki- Money laundering is a process for dis- the region. All about BMD and how the S-400 will stan) army… People in Kashmir are fighting guising the proceeds of crime and integrat- particularly from the point of view of India and July 24, 2019, after a gap of nearly 5 years is analysed against (India). We just need to incite them.” ing it into the legitimate financial system. this region. by a Military Expert. defend India. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Before proceeds of crime are laundered, it in their first ever open acknowledgement in is problematic for criminals to use the illicit 2011 in US Court, said that the Inter-Ser- money because they cannot explain where vices Intelligence (ISI) sponsors terrorism in it came from and it is easier to trace it back

INDIAN DEFENCE THE INDIAN ARMY THE INDIAN ARMY ASIAN WHO’S WHO MOD ORGANISATIONS & CONTACTS OF ASIAN COUNTRIES: INDONESIA, JAPAN MOD ORGANISATIONS & CONTACTS OF ASIAN COUNTRIES: JAPAN WEST ASIA AND NORTH AFRICA: JORDAN CONTENTS CONTENTS CONTENTS India’s Land Border Map Diagrammatic Layout of the Army’s Chain of Command INDONESIA: MoD Organisational Structure JAPAN: MoD Organisational Structure JORDAN Security Environment Kashmir and it oversees terrorist separatist In many of the Indian States, Central Armed Police Forces like the CRPF have the main responsibility to the crime. Money laundering term is also King Abdullah II of Jordan has had every reason to be pleased with him- Chain of Command self lately. Following the January 2017 inauguration of President Donald

Border with Border with  General Information

Afghanistan: Trump, he was the first Arab Leader invited to Washington to meet with China: the new administration. The visit was hailed a success by all involved— 106 km 3488 km Structure Organisation of Cabinet not only in terms of US-Jordan relations, but also as an opportunity for to fight terrorists with the support of the local police. the King to caution Trump against moving the US embassy from Tel Army Headquarters Defence Ministry of Indonesia Prime Minister VEHICLES VEHICLES WEAPONS WEAPONS WEAPONS WEAPONS Aviv to Jerusalem. EQUIPMENT EQUIPMENT (Integrated Headquarters of the Ministry of Defence-Army) VEHICLES groups in Kashmir. loosely used when undisclosed funds are WEAPONS WEAPONS The visit, however, was only a temporary distraction from the ongo- EQUIPMENT National Security Council Border with Border with ing security and political crisis that has been unfolding in Jordan for the last year. Jordan has witnessed a rising number of homegrown terrorist Nepal: Bhutan: attacks and security incidents. Additionally, the king’s apparent inabil- Border with 1751 km 699 km Ministry of Defence Minister of Defense Pakistan: ity or unwillingness to institute substantive socio-economic reform, end Regional Commands Army Training Command (ARTRAC) Army Headquarters Reserves corruption, and increase citizens’ rights has led to spiraling protests. Special Advisers to the Special Advisers to the (up to three people) transferred to tax havens. 3323 km (Northern, Western, Southern, The growing threat of ISIS spillover from the conflicts in Syria and Minister of Defense Minister of Defense South Western, Central and Eastern) Training Establishments Reserve Formations Iraq—as well as evidence of rising militancy at home—has increased con- cerns that Jordan faces new security risks. While Jordan has long faced the & STRATEGY State Minister of Defense & STRATEGY & STRATEGY PERSPECTIVES Inspectorat General Secretariat General PERSPECTIVES threat of terrorism, recent incidents have renewed and heightened fears. HQ Corps HQ Areas/Sub-Areas Some in the Hashemite royal circle fear that Washington may not PERSPECTIVES Parliamentary Vice-Minister of Defense (two) fully appreciate the challenges they face. In 2017, US approved $ 450 Sub-Area HQ/Static Establishments million in military assistance, paling in comparison to $3.8 billion in Terrorism Threat to India Kashmir with Pakistan as an Islamic state. Administrative Vice-Minister of Defense and Designated Sector HQ military assistance to Jordan’s neighbor Israel. King Abdullah repeat- Border with Vice-Minister of Defense for International Affairs edly clashed with the Obama administration’s narrow focus on ISIS in Myanmar: HQ Divisions HQ Independent Brigade (Armoured/ HQ Sub-Area Director General Director General Director General Director General Syria (and drew Jordan into that part of the strategic plan). However, the INDIA Private Secretary of the Minister of Defense King never appeared to persuade the president to his view for a broader 3323 km (Armoured/Infantry/Mountain/Artillery) Infantry/Mountain/Parachute/Artillery/ Strategic of Defence Planning of Defence Potential of Defence Strength of Defence National Investigation Air Defence Artillery) Static Establishments push. This is the challenge that Abdullah faces again with the Trump TECHNOLOGY HQ Brigades TECHNOLOGY administration, and it may be that the rise in Jordan’s own domestic TECHNOLOGY The main threat is in J&K from terrorists Al-Badr. Al-Badr is an Islamic militant Financial Action Task Force (FATF) security challenges—coupled with the pressures that ISIS is putting on (Armoured/Infantry/Mountain/Artillery) (Internal bureaus)us) Border with Area : 89,342 sq km the border with Syria and Jordan—proves effective. Indeed, the US-led Defense Council Regional Defense Bureaus Logistics Agency Acquisition, Technology and Minister’s Secretariat Bureau of Defense Policy Bureau of Defense Buildup Planning Bureau of Personnel and Education Bureau of Local Cooperation SDF Ethics Review Board Central Council on Defense Facilities Defense Personnel Review Board National Defense Academy National Defense Medical College National Institute for Defense Studies Chief of Staff, Joint Staff Joint Staff Chief of Staff, Ground Self-Defense Force Ground Staff Office Bangladesh: Chief of Staff, Maritime Self-Defense Force Maritime Staff Office Chief of Staff, Air Self-Defense Force Air Staff Office Defense Intelligence Headquarters of Legal Compliance The Inspector General’s Office Coastline: Capital : Amman campaign against ISIS cannot succeed if Jordan’s role as the pivotal 4096.7 km Arab state on the front lines of the crisis in Syria is imperiled. 7516.6 km Department of Research Department of Education Department of Coastline : 26 km Maritime Claims by them before August 5, 1965. In the 1965 War, Pakistan suffered Government of Maldives and while it did not involve much fighting, and Development and Exercise Media Defence Territorial sea : 3 nm ARMY heavily in men and material with an estimate that Pak Army lost it demonstrated to the World the speed and efficiency with which Population : 1,02,48,069 Strength : 74,000 across the border. Left Wing Extremists (LWE) group operating in the Jammu Kashmir FATF is an inter-governmental body estab- 5988 killed and many more wounded. Pakistan also lost 475 tanks. the Indian Armed Forces could react. This period (1989 onwards) (Note: increased estimate reflects revised assumptions about the Force by Role BUSINESS The 1971 war between India and Pakistan was fought both also saw the start of the terrorism and insurgency in Kashmir and BUSINESS net migration rate due to the increased flow of Syrian refugees (July Manoeuvre BUSINESS on the eastern and the western fronts. India adopted aggressive deployment of additional troops in J&K. 2017 est.)) Armoured strategy on the eastern front and a defensive strategy on the west- As indications of Pakistani intrusions came in starting from Islands: Ethnic Divisions : Arab 98 per cent, Circassian 1 per cent, Armd Div : 1 (strategic reserve) (3 armd bde, 1 arty bde, 1 Agency is a central ern front. On the Eastern front the Indian Army ably supported by May 1999, it became clear that India was facing an attempt by the Centre of Finance Centre of Data Centre of Public Centre of 1197 with Armenian 1 per cent AD Bde) the Mukti Bahini defeated four divisions and 30,000 para-military Pakistan to change the LoC using its regular troops. Air and artil- and Information Communication Rehabilitation Religions : Muslim 97.2 per cent (official; predominantly 2094 km Armd Bde : 1 are in a few states like Chhattisgarh, Odi- region. The group was allegedly formed by lished in 1989 by the Ministers of its Member forces of the Pakistan Army in the thirteen days’ war. In the west, lery (155mm Howitzers) was employed with devastating effect to Sunni), Christian 2.2 per cent (majority Greek

military men. War on the Eastern front ended in a complete victory 10-month-long mobilisation along the border with Pakistan gener- INDIAN

Combat Support DEFENCE for India and liberation of Bangladesh. ated high levels of tension, led to some positive changes in India’s cent, Jewish <0.1, folk religionist <0.1, unaffili-

Joint Staff College Self-Defense Force Units and organisations of the Ground Self-Defense Force Units and organisations of the Maritime Self-Defense Force Units and organisations of the Air Arty Bdes : 3 military doctrine and hastened its military modernisation together JAPAN: MoD Contact Details ated <0.1, other <0.1 (2010 est.) The period after 1971 War saw the steady modernisation of Cooperative Cooperative AD Bdes : 3 sha, Bihar, West Bengal, Andhra, Telengana the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence in jurisdictions. The objectives of the FATF are Source: MHA Annual Report with organizational changes. Units Organizations Languages : Arabic (official), English widely understood the Indian Army with equipment for modern war. The Expert Contact Desiganation Organisation Address MRL Bn : 1 Committee under the Chairmanship of Lt General K.V. Krishna The influx of terrorism from Pakistan continued unabated. On Security Command SDF Intelligence Communication Systems Supervised Units of Self-Defense Forces (SDF) SDF Physical Training School SDF Central Hospitals SDF Regional Hospitals Provincial Cooperation Ofﬁces among upper and middle classes Takeshi IWAYA Minister of Defense Ministry of Defense 5-1 Honmura-cho, Ichigaya, Equipment by Type Rao submitted its report in 1976. Some of its major recommenda- September 18, 2016, four terrorists from Pakistan struck a brigade Literacy : 95.4 per cent Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8801, Japan Government : Parliamentary Constitutional Monarchy Armoured Fighting Vehicles

agency created by the tions started getting implemented in the eighties. The expansion of headquarters administrative base at Uri and killed 17 unarmed Suffrage : 18 years of age; universal MBTs : 572: 390 FV4034 Challenger 1 (Al Hussein); 182 n major misreading of the prevailing geopolitical climate react was tested in the Rann of Kutch. In the second phase trouble mechanized forces was achieved as a result of this report. and unsuspecting soldiers in their tents. On the night of September Kenji HARADA State Minister of Defense Ministry of Defense 5-1 Honmura-cho, Ichigaya, Administrative M60 Phoenix; (274 FV4030/2 Khalid in store) n 28-29, Indian Army’s Special Forces struck at seven launch pads of Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8801, Japan total disconnect between the military and political leadership was fomented in Kashmir. In the third phase an attempt was made On April 13, 1984, 34 soldiers of the Indian Army landed west Divisions : 12 governorates Lt Tks : (19 FV101 Scorpion; in store) ASIAN ASIAN ASIAN ASIAN and Maharashtra. Currently it is very much June 1998. to set standards and promote effective imple- n the terrorists across the line of control along a frontage of about 200 inability of some in the military leadership to see the situation to bottle up the Indian Army in Jammu and Kashmir by sealing of Siachen glacier and occupied the Bilafond La pass. This was the Takako SUZUKI Parliamentary Vice-Minister of Ministry of Defense 5-1 Honmura-cho, Ichigaya, ASLT : 141 B1 Centauro ASIAN WHO’S WHO in the right perspective the supply line in Chhamb-Jaurian sector of Jammu. Pakistan’s opening move in what is referred to as Operation Meghdoot between km in two different Corps Zones thus achieving complete surprise Defense Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8801, Japan WHO’S WHO

www.spguidepublications.com www.spguidepublications.com power prompted her to plan aggression on Kashmir in 1965. It was the subsequent agreement between the two countries led to the dis- 1987. On November 3, 1988, the Indian Army launched Operation contemporary threats in the form of terrorism; internal chal- (Excluding temporary or special positions.) under check. Some of the key Islamic terror- Harakat ul-Jihad-I-Islami (HUJI) was mentation of legal, regulatory and opera- Paramilitary Forces : Gendarmerie: 15,000 est, Civil Militia (CP); some Temsah; 77 YPR-765 PRCO (CP); 3 lenges; and out of area contingency threats. Indian Army a three-phased programme. In the first phase the Indian capacity to engagement of forces and their withdrawal to positions occupied Cactus in Maldives to prevent mercenaries from overthrowing the ‘People’s Army’: 35,000 est AIFV-B Government of India BALANCE BALANCE REGIONAL REGIONAL REGIONAL REGIONAL

2018– BALANCE 150 | SP's MILITARY YEARBOOK | 2019 | 46TH ISSUE WWW.SPSMILITARYYEARBOOK.COM WWW.SPSMILITARYYEARBOOK.COM SP's MILITARY YEARBOOK | 2019 | 46TH ISSUE | 151 314 | SP's MILITARY YEARBOOK | 2019 | 46TH ISSUE WWW.SPSMILITARYYEARBOOK.COM WWW.SPSMILITARYYEARBOOK.COM SP's MILITARY YEARBOOK | 2019 | 46TH ISSUE | 315 REGIONAL WWW.SPSMILITARYYEARBOOK.COM SP's MILITARY YEARBOOK | 2019 | 46TH ISSUE | 491 ist organisations operating in Kashmir are: founded in 1980 to fight Soviets in Afghani- tional measures for combating money laun- Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT), whose name following the terror attack stan but has since concentrated its efforts in dering, terrorist financing and other related INDIAN DEFENCE ASIAN WHO’S WHO REGIONAL BALANCE means “Army of the Pure,” is a militant Jammu and Kashmir. threats to the integrity of the international Everything there is to know about Indian Armed Forces, Who’s who in 44 countries in Asia and Pacific along with GDP, military expenditure, security environment and Islamist group operating in Pakistan as well in Mumbai on December Jamiat ul-Mujahadeen is a small group financial system. The FATF’s decision mak- Ministry of Defence, Defence Industry, Defence R&D as in Jammu and Kashmir. of pro-Pakistan Kashmiri separatists oper- ing body, the FATF Plenary, meets three times the MoD organisation structures and contacts of listing of current military hardware of 45 countries in Asia Jaish-e-Muhammad, meaning “Army 26, 2008. It was created ating in or near Pakistan. per year. ATF sub-group held a review meet- and Central Armed Police Forces including Who’s who, 13 largest buyers of defence equipment in the region. and Pacific. of Mohammed,” is another Pakistan-based ing with Pakistani officials on issues of anti- organisation structures, profiles and contact details. terrorist group operating in Jammu and mainly to specialise Counter-Terrorism money laundering and combating financ- Kashmir. The UN Global Counter-Terrorism Strat- ing of terrorism (AML/CFT) regimes. Of the Harakat ul-Mujahadeen (HuM), or in investigations into egy is in the form of a resolution and an 27-point action plan of the FATF, Pakistan CRYSTAL GAZING THE GLOBAL MODERNISATION TECHNOLOGY the “Islamic Freedom Fighters’ Group,” was annexed Plan of Action (A/RES/60/288) has cleared only six. Pakistan is currently SECURITY ENVIRONMENT founded as an anti-Soviet group fighting in innumerable incidents of composed of 4 pillars(2006)as follows: answering a 125 point questionnaire. Afghanistan but when the Soviet withdrew, l Addressing the conditions conducive to  West Asia – Ticking Time Bomb  IAF Full Replacement by 2035  Cyber Warfare the Pakistan-based HuM shifted its focus to terrorist attacks and bomb the spread of terrorism. Indian Anti-Terrorist Organisation  ASEAN Centrality – In Trap of China  Indian Army Right Sizing  Nuclear Calculus Jammu and Kashmir. HuM seeks to battle l Measures to prevent and combat ter- Ministry of Home Affairs deals with all  China’s footprint from Indo-Pacific to Africa  Indian Army Modernisation  Satellites – The Force Multiplier “anti-Islamic forces.” blasts in various parts of rorism. aspects of internal security including coun-  Challenges Before India’s Maritime  India’s Maritime Interests in the  Hypersonic Weapons Hizb-ul-Mujahideen. Hizb-ul-Mujahi- the country. l Measures to build states’ capacity to ter-terrorism. AND MORE... Diplomacy Indo-Pacific  Future Super Soldier deen is a pro-Pakistani militant organisation prevent and combat terrorism and Department of Internal Security is part that seeks for the integration of Jammu and to strengthen the role of the United of the Ministry of Home Affairs. It deals  Pakistan Factor in India and Afghanistan  India’s Defence Budget  Future Submarines  Indian Navy and Indo-Pacific –  India’s Business Environment  Artificial Intelligence Realism vs Posturing  Strategic Partnership in Defence 5/2019 SP’s Land Forces 11  Turnaround in India-Russia Relations Production

11-12_SP's Naval Forces 5-2019.indd 11 06/11/19 6:59 PM >> internal security

with the Indian Police Service, Central Equipment for Counter-Terrorism – ment which includes tear gas, tasers etc. Police Forces, internal security and law Terrorism is an evolving A Snapshot The firearms are 7.62 1A Self Loading and order, insurgency, ‘terrorism, Naxal- phenomenon, with new Equipment for counter-terrorism can be Rifles, and SAF Carbine 2A1s which ism, activities of inimical foreign agencies, divided under the following categories: now have been replaced by AK-47 and terrorist financing’, rehabilitation, grant terrorist organisations l Surveillance and intelligence gather- INSAS rifles. Some special units in the of visa and other immigration matters, ing. Electronic intelligent (ELINT); night state and CAPF use automatic weapons security clearances, “Protection of Human continuously sprouting vision systems; UAVs and quadcop- such as AK-47, AKM, INSAS assault Rights Act and also matters relating to ters (the stealth and reach of the UAVs rifles and Bren guns. Police Special National integration and Communal Har- and changing their modus is phenomenal); electronic jamming Forces and SWAT units use Heckler mony and Ayodhya”, etc. Under this depart- devices, radars which can penetrate and Koch MP5s, Brügger and Thomet ment is a division which specifically deals operandi. It is an illegal heavy foliage; sniffer dogs etc. MP9s, AK-103s, and M4A1 Carbines with counter-terrorism. way of waging a war. l Protection. Shields to take on stone and many more. Pepper Ball (A pepper- Counter-terrorism and Counter Radi- pelting; bullet proof vests; light hel- spray projectile that irritates the eyes calization Division deals with all matters mets with visor; bullet proof vehicles; and nose); A stun grenade, also known relating to terrorism, counter-terrorism, mine resistant and ambush protection as a flash grenade or flash bang which is radicalization, counter-radicalization, Jammu and Kashmir. Rashtriya Rifles (RR) vehicle; sand bags; bomb disposal equip- ideal in a hostage situation; Pellet guns Unlawful and Prevention act (UAPA,) is a branch of the Indian Army which is a ment including robot; Radio controlled use of which in J&K has caused loss of National Investigation Act (NIA Act), Fake counter-insurgency force for J&K. It has five Improvised Explosive Device (IED) Jam- eyesight and adverse comments globally Indian Currency Note (FICN) and Financial Counter Insurgency Force organisations mer for defeating the IEDs etc. thus India needs to modernise to catch Action Task Force. FICN is a term used by deployed in critical areas of J&K and is very l Lethal and non- lethal equipment. The up with rest of the world in equipment officials and media to refer to counterfeit effective in countering terrorism/insurgency. riot police have numerous other equip- for the law enforcement agencies. SP currency notes circulated in the Indian economy. A Joint Secretary heads this division and deals with Counter Terrorism (CT); NIA; Combating of funds for terrorism (CFT); the Unlawful Activities (Pre- vention) Amendment Act, 2008 aimed LAND AN D A IRLAND DE FENCE AND SE CURITY EXHIBITION at effective prevention of unlawful activities associations in India. This division deals with seven Acts which include – The National Investigation Agency (Amend- ment) Act, 2019; The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Act, 2019; The National Investigation Agency Act, 2008; The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967; The Unlawful Activities (Preven- tion) Amendment Act, 2004; The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Act, 2008 and The Unlawful Activities (Pre- vention) Amendment Act, 2012. These acts are amplified by rules. They have the mandate to ban organisations and so far 42 08-12 JUNE 2020 / PARIS organisations have been banned by them. National Investigation Agency (NIA) is a central agency created by the government of India following the terror attack in Mumbai on December 26, 2008. It came THE UNMISSABLE into being on December 31, 2008, with the passage of the NIA Act of 2008. NIA was WORLDWIDE created mainly to specialise in investigations into innumerable incidents of terror- EXHIBITION ist attacks and bomb blasts in various parts of the country. Majority of such incidents were found to have complex inter-state and international linkages while at the same 1,802 time being linked to drug and arms smug- exhibitors +14,7% gling among other activities. It acts as the from 63 countries 65,9% of international Central Counter Terrorism Law Enforce- ment Agency and is empowered to deal 65 startups at Eurosatory LAB with terror related crimes across states without special permission from the states. It has branches in Hyderabad, Guwahati, 98,721 Kochi, Lucknow, Mumbai, Raipur, and Total attendance Jammu. As per media reports, until Novem- (exhibitors, visitors, ber 2016, the NIA has registered and inves- press, organisers) tigated 93 cases, out of which convictions have been made in 11. In December 2016, a special court of the NIA awarded death 227 sentence to Indian Mujahideen co-founder Ofﬁcial delegations Yasin Bhatkal and four others for the 2013 from 94 countries Hyderabad twin blasts. and 4 organisations Other Intelligence Agencies like IB, (representing 760 delegates) RAW, Intelligence organisations of the Defence Forces and states provide inputs to 696 the NIA where ever possible/required. journalists from 44 countries Counter-Terrorism Force There is no special force organised for this

role. Central Armed Police Forces like the CRPF have the main responsibility to fight 75 Conferences terrorists with the support of the local police. Many states have raised their own special 2,102 Business meetings made forces like the commandoes for fighting the terrorists. At time this line gets blurred specially in J&K where on the border and other 2018 key ﬁgures critical situations Army pitches in. Insur- gents and terrorists both engage in violence in order to attain certain goals like political; politico-religious; independence, an Islamic form of government, restoration of the Caliphate, etc. Terrorism can be a strategy

www.spslandforces.com for insurgency which is being followed in

12 SP’s Land Forces 5/2019 >> marketing feature Rosoboronexport Extends Sales Spectrum

Saiga-9 TIGR 308

Vepr-12 Vepr-COK-95

his year Mikhail with the “Kalashnikov Union of Russian considerably the share of Russian prod- National Law on Weapons, Rosoboronex- Kalashnikov`s centennial will Gunmakers” non-profit organization. ucts in this fairly concentrated market port was granted the right to sell non- be widely celebrated on Novem- The document signature aims to segment and to support our enterprises,” military weapons in the interests of law- ber, 10th. The great small arms increase export volume of non-military said Rosoboronexport’s Director General enforcement agencies of partner nations, designer worked for the Russia’s and service weapons and related ammuni- Alexander Mikheev, who also holds a posi- which are now able to get whatever they Tsole state-owned arms trade company Roso- tion. Besides, the agreement is to improve tion of deputy chairman of the Union of need from a single reliable source. This new boronexport for many years as chief adviser cooperation between the main Russian Russia’s Machine Builders. type of services is also applicable to numer- to the Director General on small arms and exporter and manufacturing enterprises Rosoboronexport has been aggres- ous shooting sports and hunting associa- personally brought the company hundreds for better marketing. sively pushing civil arms to international tions worldwide. of contracts with foreign customers for the “The market of non-military and ser- customers. The new spectrum of related Rostec Corporation subsidiary Rosobo- supply of weapons of his own design. vice weapons is the new area of our work. products include Saiga carbines, guns ronexport is one of the leading players at The Kalashnikov jubilee combines a Nevertheless, by now Rosoboronexport MR-18, MR-135, MR-156, MR-27 and the international market working out over variety of events including a high-ranking has already fulfilled one contract on this MR-43, Viking pistols, ORSIS T-5000M 85 percent of the total defense export from conference which was held on Septem- subject matter and has prepared over 30 rifles, Vepr carbines, related cartridges Russia. The company serves to over 700 ber, 17th in the city of Izhevsk where the commercial offers to partners from 20 and accessories. Foreign customers may national enterprises to establish reliable ties master’s most famous product AK-47 was countries in the amount of around 2.5 bil- be interested in civil modifications of the with more than 100 countries worldwide. born at the local plant. Being one of the lion roubles. I am confident that by means Dragunov sniper rifle under the trade- The recent decision on civil arms export event sponsors, Rosoboronexport signed an of our joint efforts with the Union of Rus- mark of Tigr. should extend the company geography and agreement on cooperation and partnership sian Gunmakers we will be able to increase Following recent amendments to the contracts portfolio. SP

5/2019 SP’s Land Forces 13 >> URBAN WARFARE / SPECIAL FORCES

Equipment and Weapons for Urban Warfare...Continued from page 7 Publisher and Editor-in-Chief Jayant Baranwal a superior sighting system which is simple Assault rifles, AR15s such as M4A1, CQBR, Deputy Managing Editor to handle- hitting a target is a matter of sim- Urban terrain differs from and Colt Commando guns, Shotguns, Sub- Neetu Dhulia ply lining up two dots and firing or, at night, city to city. It may include machine guns and Semi-automatic pistols. Senior Editorial Contributor projecting the dot onto a target and pulling Grenades. Apart from 40mm grenades Lt General P.C. Katoch (Retd) the trigger. On the other hand AK-47 aimer well embedded opposition the US also use blasts of smoke, phosphorus Senior Technical Group Editor must manually line up a target in the sights. or explosive noise designed to confuse, blind Lt General Naresh Chand (Retd) It is easier for an M16 to shift from safety with sympathetic or stun, a tactic used by SWAT teams in hos- Air Marshal B.K. Pandey (Retd) to semi-automatic mode, which allows for tage situations. Group Executive Editor greater accuracy than the long bursts of population and is uniquely Tear Gas. Although banned in some Vishal Thapar automatic fire from AK-47. M16 can be countries it can be effectively used to flush Contributors used with an attachment that fires 40mm suited to adversaries’ out the insurgents. India grenades which are effective in engaging Ballistic shields. Can be used where General V.P. Malik (Retd), Lt General Vijay buildings or other close-in targets. M6 is the emplacement of street- armed threat exists as most shields can Oberoi (Retd), Lt General R.S. Nagra (Retd), latest version. withstand 7.62mm bullet. Lt General S.R.R. Aiyengar (Retd), blocking obstacles Major General Ashok Mehta (Retd), FN P90. FN P90 is designed and manu- Psyops. Psychological operations is very Major General G.K. Nischol (Retd), factured by FN Herstal in Belgium for counter effective in carrying out propaganda and Brigadier Gurmeet Kanwal (Retd), terrorism and is currently in service with mili- playing mind games with the opponents. Brigadier S. Mishra (Retd), Rohit Sharma tary and police forces in over 40 nations. Chairman & Managing Director PP-90. The PP-90 is a Russian 9mm Heckler & Koch G36C. It is ultra-short Indian perspective Jayant Baranwal folding submachine gun, developed by the assault rifle with the dimensions of a sub- In India the focus is on Jammu and Kashmir Executive Vice President KBP Instrument Design Bureau for use with machine gun and terminal ballistics of the where terrorist take refuge in houses with the (Planning & Business Development) special units for CQB. 5.56mm NATO round. Developed for special tacit support of the population. Clearing oper- Rohit Goel Corner Shot. The Corner Shot’s shoot- tactical applications by police and military ations are hampered by the locals. Terrorists Manager – HR & Admin ing range is claimed to be accurate and special forces. also incite the local population to carry out Bharti Sharma effective to 100 m in 9×19mm, 0.40 S&W, Rocket-propelled grenades (RPGs). insurgency and crowd then resort to agitation Assistant Manager – HR & Admin and 0.45 ACP pistols, and is claimed to be RPGs are a hand held anti-tank weapon but and stone pelting. Indian security forces try Pooja Tehlani effective to 200 m with a 5.7×28mm pistol. very effective in UW. It has been used effec- not to use lethal weapons against own civil- Deputy Manager – Circulation The device is available in several variations, tively in all major UW operations. ians and terrorists take advantage of this. Use Rimpy Nischal including the Beretta 92F. It can also mount Special weapons and tactics (SWAT). of rubber bullets has caused injury and blind- Group Research Associate various accessories such as detachable cam- UW also use close-range weapons and tac- ness and adverse comments. Security forces Survi Massey eras, audio/video transmission kits, visible tics used by SWAT teams, city police and fire- also have to move through the streets in mine Creative Director and IR lasers and tactical flashlights, sup- fighters, especially when it’s desirable to min- resistant and ambush protected vehicles. This Anoop Kamath pressors and rubber bullets. imise civilian casualties. SWAT weapons are scenario is not a classic UW environment. SP Design Vimlesh Kumar Yadav, Sonu Singh Bisht Group Director – Sales & Marketing Neetu Dhulia Special Forces—Challenges and Solutions...Continued from page 8 Deputy Director – Sales Rajeev Chugh Photograph: Indian Army more effective and lethal in the execu- SP’s Website tion of their combat missions. The sys- Sr. Web Developer: Shailendra P. Ashish Web Developer: Ugrashen Vishwakarma tem is connected through secure, tactical radios, and other means that share Published bimonthly by Jayant Baranwal information from one NW to another. on behalf of SP Guide Publications Pvt Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this Additionally, the NW smart device dis- publication may be reproduced, stored in a plays leader locations, tactical imagery retrieval system, or transmitted in any form and tactical graphics. or by any means, photocopying, recording, electronic, or otherwise without the prior India Perspective written permission of the publishers. Para SFs is the special operations unit of the Printed in India Indian Army. They played a pivotal role in by Kala Jyothi Process Pvt Ltd capturing Tiger Hill from the Pakistanis dur- © SP Guide Publications, 2019 ing the 1999 Kargil War. They have a choice Subscription/ Circulation of all infantry weapons and gear depending Annual Inland: `600 • Overseas: US$180 Email: [email protected] on the mission. Modernisation plans include [email protected] new long-range sniper rifles; man-porta- Letters to Editor ble anti-tank weapon systems and hand- [email protected] launched micro drones. It was reported that contracts for new Finnish Sako sniper rifles, For Advertising Details, Contact: [email protected] Swedish Carl Gustaf Mark-4 lightweight [email protected] rocket-launchers, Italian Beretta pistols SP GUIDE PUBLICATIONS PVT LTD with silencers have been finalised. Corporate Office India’s Surgical Strike. The Indian A 133 Arjun Nagar, Opp Defence Colony, Indian Special Forces in action Army has been carrying out covert opera- New Delhi 110003, India tions across the line of control (LOC) earlier Tel: +91(11) 24644693, 24644763, der-fired, gas-operated, select fire modu- Individual(FWS)-I; Leonardo DRS’s but they were not publicised like the ‘Surgi- 24620130 lar weapon system with a free-floating ENVG III; L3’s ENVG-B (binocular); Har- cal Strike’ conducted by the Indian Army on Fax: +91 (11) 24647093 Email: [email protected] barrel. It is designed as a battle rifle for ris’s AN/PSQ-20 ENVG and many more. September 29, 2016 across the LOC against mid-range engagements beyond the l The Re-Breather is a simple underwater terrorists launch pads in POK. Representative Offices Bengaluru, INDIA capability of the M4 carbine. breathing device allowing SF soldiers to Air Marshal B.K. Pandey (Retd) l Glock 19 is small in size thus can easily navigate rivers and streams unnoticed. It Integrated Organisation of SFs 204, Jal Vayu Vihar, Kalyan Nagar, be carried concealed during a mission. It allows you to breathe your own air over The Armed Forces Special Operations Divi- Bengaluru 560043, India. is meant for self-defence and is used as a and over again and produces no bubbles. sion has been set up by the government to Tel: +91 (80) 23682204 last resort to evade hostile personnel. l The M4 Carbine rifle is lightweight and undertake joint operations by three services MOSCOW, RUSSIA l High-Altitude Low-Opening (HALO customizable, making it the SFs soldier’s and will have elements from the Army’s LAGUK Co., Ltd, Yuri Laskin jumps are made from extreme heights, ideal choice for a wide variety of small- Parachute Regiments SFs, Marine Com- Krasnokholmskaya, Nab., requiring an oxygen supply. The high unit missions. mandos (MARCOS) of the Navy and the 11/15, app. 132, Moscow 115172, Russia. Tel: +7 (495) 911 2762, l altitude allows entire teams, undetected Nett Warrior (NW) is the US Army’s Garud Commandos of the Indian Air Force. Fax: +7 (495) 912 1260 by radar, to infiltrate a combat area. next generation US integrated soldier Major General A.K. Dhingra has been www.spguidepublications.com l Advance Ram Air Parachute is specially system that replaces Land Warrior. It is appointed as its first commander. www.spslandforces.com designed for HALO jumps and can func- an integrated dismounted leader Situa- RNI Number: DELENG/2008/25818 tion reliably in severe environmental tional Awareness (SA) system used dur- Ghatak Force conditions. ing combat operations. The system pro- Ghatak (which means ‘killer’ in Hindi) pla- l Advance night vision devices allows the vides unparalleled SA to the dismounted toon is part of the infantry battalion and only soldiers to see during night operations leader, allowing for faster and more the most physically fit and motivated soldiers or in dark environments. There is a large accurate decision-making during com- which are well-trained, superiorly-armed variety to choose from like BAE Sys- bat. With advanced navigation, SA and and equipped to handle situations like terror tems’ Enhanced Night Vision Goggles information-sharing capabilities, lead- strikes, hostage situations and counter insur-

SP www.spslandforces.com (ENVG) III and Family of Weapon Sight ers are able to avoid fratricide and are gency operations. It is not classic SFs.

14 SP’s Land Forces 5/2019 STRONG SUPPORT

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