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Page 4 Nuclear —  Lead story Deep and Deadly Killer photograph:

INS Kalveri

‘In an era such as this, a credible nuclear deterrent is the need of the hour,’ said Prime Minister Narendra Modi in November 2018 as he announced that India’s first SSBN had successfully completed its first armed patrol. The success of the INS Arihant, ‘gives a fitting response to those who indulge in nuclear blackmail,’ stressed Modi. Lt General Naresh Chand (Retd) Page 6 Anti- Warfare

India’s Conventional

John Holland designer of the US Navy’s first commissioned submarine, said in 1900 that “the submarine is indeed a ‘sea-devil,’ Submarine Force against which no means we possess at present can prevail.” Lt General Naresh Chand (Retd) Page 8 Israeli Naval Industry— Present and Future Key Technologies The DAC, approved on January 31, 2019, the construction of six diesel-electric submarines with AIP at a cost of over `45,000 crore (about $6.3 billion). This is the second project under the MoD’s ambitious Strategic Partnership (SP) model that aims

Torbuster is a at providing a significant fillip to the Government’s ‘Make in India’ programme fourth-generation countermeasure for submarines

Israel Shipyards Ltd., has been in existence n Lt General Naresh Chand (Retd) The Maritime Capability Perspective Plan Current Force Level since 1959, providing a wide range of activi- (MCPP) launched in 2012, envisages at Kalvari Class. INS Kalvari is the first of ties like Ship Design; Ship Repair; Project he Indian Navy’s (IN) current least 18 conventional submarines as com- the six Scorpene class submarines built management and execution, and Technical concept of evaluating combat pared to 24 in 1997. However the comple- under Project 75 which was commissioned and logistical support. It provides Smart power in the ‘number of plat- tion of the Kalvari Class project and the on December 14, 2017. The second sub- design and stringent quality assurance. forms’ has shifted to ‘capabil- final approval to build six additional marine under this class INS Khanderi was SP’s Correspondent ity’ based combat power. Thus diesel-electric submarines with Air Inde- commissioned on September 28, 2019. Ttheir perspective plans are now tilted pendent Propulsion (AIP) under Project 75 The Kalvari-class is reported to be armed Plus towards this concept. The IN’s 30 years (India), when given will leverage towards with French-made SM39 anti-ship submarine construction plan launched in filling the chasm in the existing and missile; a sea-skimming, subsonic, solid- News in Brief 10 1999 has not proceeded as anticipated. future capability based combat power. fuelled anti-ship missile with an estimated

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The Indian Navy celebrates completion of the Kalvari Class six SSBNs with the second one ers all aspects of ASW including ‘Submarine Day’ on December 8 project and the final approval to named INS Arighat already been sensors and active weapons like which commemorates the com- build six additional diesel-electric launched and is expected to be torpedoes. India also has a rea- missioning of the first subma- submarines with Air Independent commissioned by 2021. It is pre- sonable ASW capability. rine INS Kalvari, into the Navy Propulsion (AIP) under Project sumed that Arighat will have a The issue just about wraps in 1967. The first submariners 75 (India), will leverage towards more powerful reactor to enable up with an over view of Israeli’s to be awarded gallantry awards filling the chasm in the existing it to carry a larger arsenal. It is Naval Industry which covers a were Cdr M.N. Sawant - the and future capability based com- expected that the remaining Ari- vast range of systems. Maha Vir Chakra and Cdr V.S. bat power. On announcing that hant class of nuclear submarines We wish the Indian Navy Shekhawat (later CNS) - the India’s first SSBN had success- will be larger and more powerful. a very happy Submarine Day. Vir Chakra. Three submarines fully completed its first armed The exclusive nuclear base is May the Submarine Arm ‘run - INS Karanj, INS Kursura and patrol in November 2018, Prime also likely to be ready by 2022. silent - run deep and run lethal’. INS Khanderi took part in 1971 Minister Narendra Modi said it Included in this issue is an article Wish you all discerning operations against Pakistan. all about nuclear submarines on Nuclear Submarines. readers happy reading!

EDITORIAL With such a glorious past it is but when he stated that, ‘In an era Submarines have been a felicitous that this issue is dedi- such as this, a credible nuclear key element of all navies to cated to the Submarine Arm. The deterrent is the need of the hour.’ dominate the oceans. Littoral lead article analyses the voids India has come a long way from submarines can also support and the future plans of Indian the Advanced Technology Ves- special forces and influence land Navy’s Submarine Power. The sel (ATV) submarine programme battle. Due to the pivotal role of Maritime Capability Perspective initiated during 1983 to develop submarines, it is but natural for Plan (MCPP) launched in 2012, and deploy nuclear submarines every navy to have anti-sub- envisages at least 18 conven- to act as India’s sea-based marine warfare (ASW) systems tional submarines as compared nuclear deterrent. It is reported and tactics thus an article on the Jayant BaranwaL to 24 in 1997. However with the that India plans to have a total of subject is included which cov- Publisher & Editor-in-Chief

photograph: Indian Navy operational range of 50 to 70 km and heavy- The manufacturers would be shortlisted weight torpedoes. Each submarine can carry based on their submarine design meeting up to 18 anti-ship missiles or heavy-weight the navy’s requirements and qualifying the torpedoes. At present Karanj and Vela are Transfer of Technology and Indigenous under construction. The fifth submarine Content criteria. However no further details is named INS Vagir and the sixth INS Vag- have been released. sheer. The final delivery of the remaining Project Details. It is understood the submarines is planned by 2022. six next generation diesel submarines will Sindhughosh Class. Sindhughosh class have AIP to allow them to stay submerged submarines are the Kilo class diesel-electric for longer periods. The submarines will be submarines. They are designated 877EKM, armed with both BrahMos (for the sea and and were built under a contract between land targets) and tube-launched torpedoes Rosvooruzhenie and the India’s Ministry of for anti-submarine warfare. A minimum of Defence. There are nine submarines in this 30 per cent offsets are expected based on class, commissioned between April 1986 to the current defense offsets policy mandates. July 2000. Shishumar Class. Shishumar class ves- Role of conventional submarines sels (Type 1500) are diesel-electric sub- Submarine as a Platform. An effec- marines developed by the German yard tive submarine should have features of Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft (HDW). Khanderi, the second of Indian Navy’s Scorpene class stealth submarine being launched stealth, high mobility, precise targeting The first two of these vessels were built systems, minimum logistical require- by HDW at Kiel, while the remainder have 2019, the construction of six diesel-elec- ship building industry but would also greatly ments and operational autonomy. Subma- been built at Mazagon Dock Limited, Mum- tric submarines with AIP at a cost of over enhance manufacturing/industrial sector, rines can lurk in deep waters silently and bai. The submarines were commissioned `45,000 crore (about $6.3 billion). This is especially the MSMEs by development of covertly to strike key targets with preci- between 1986 and 1994. There are a total the second project under the MoD’s ambi- an industrial eco-system for manufacture sion missiles by surprise; or to deploy of four Shishumar submarines. tious Strategic Partnership (SP) model that of associated spares/systems/equipment ground forces and provide support. In The current force level of conventional aims at providing a significant fillip to the related to submarines. The potential SPs certain dangerous situations it may be the submarines is 15 with the oldest being Government’s ‘Make in India’ programme. are expected to respond to the EOI within only survivable platform. more than three decades old and the lat- Expression of Interest for six P75(I) two months. The Indian companies would Sea Control. The exercise of sea con- est has been commissioned this year. Some Submarines. As a major initiative towards be shortlisted based on their capability for trol and sea denial to adversaries are fun- older submarines may retire by the time all ‘Make in India’, the Government immediately integration of system of systems, expertise damental missions of the submarine. Sur- the Kalvari class submarines are commis- on taking over after the election, issued the in shipbuilding domain and the financial face platforms are highly endangered by sioned in 2022 thus the void of force level Expression of Interest (EOI) for shortlist- strength. The OEMs would be shortlisted submarines. may still exist. ing of potential Indian Strategic Partners primarily based on their submarine design Precision Strike. Long periods of silent (SPs) for “Construction of six Conventional meeting the IN’s Qualitative Requirements presence in a particular area is required in Life Extension and Refit Submarines” for P75(I) Project of the Indian and qualifying the Transfer of Technology order to observe, identify and destroy vital To overcome the voids in combat capability, Navy on June 20, 2019. The project cost is and Indigenous Content criteria. The overall targets. the IN has resorted to upgrading six of its about `45,000 crore. This is the second proj- aim would be to progressively build indig- Coastal Defence. Submarines which submarines-four of Sindhughosh class and ect being undertaken under the latest Stra- enous capabilities in the private sector to can operate in the littorals can provide two of Shishumar class under a Major Refit tegic Partnership (SP) Model, with the first design, develop and manufacture complex effective coastal defence. Diesel-electric and Life Certification (MRLC) programme. being the procurement of 111 Naval Utility weapon systems for the future needs of the submarines are ideally suited for this short- Shishumar Class. Germany’s Thyssen- Helicopters (NUH). This would provide a Armed Forces. This will be an important step ranged mission. Germany is a global leader Krupp Marine Systems (TKMS) has been major boost to the indigenous design and towards meeting broader national objec- in designing small, stealthy submarines contracted by Mazagon Docks to upgrade construction capability of submarines in tives, encouraging self-reliance and aligning that can effectively patrol littoral waters at two Shishumar-class submarines for `410 India, in addition to bringing in the latest the defence sector with the ‘Make in India’ a fraction of the cost of nuclear-powered crore (about $0.05 billion) contract. TKMS is submarine design and technologies as part initiative of the Government. submarines as they use hydrogen fuel cells also retrofitting anti-ship Boeing’s of the project. The EOI for shortlisting of Media reported that three Indian ship- for power, which allow submarines to oper- Missiles on these submarines. The upgrade Indian SPs has been uploaded on MoD and yards- L&T, Mazagon Docks Shipbuilders ate nearly silently for weeks at a time with- is expected to be completed by 2021. Indian Navy websites. The EOI for shortlist- Limited and Hindustan Shipyard Limited- out using expensive nuclear reactors. Sindhughosh class. In July 2018, Rus- ing of OEMs was to be issued in two weeks. are expected to respond to the EOI. The Insertion and Extraction of Special sia’s shipbuilder Zvezdochka and Larsen The SPs in collaboration with OEMs have Indian companies would be shortlisted Forces. Submarines which can operate in and Toubro announced their partnership been mandated to set up dedicated manu- based on their capability for integration of the littorals are well suited for this role. on an upgrade of four the Sindhughosh- facturing lines for these submarines in India system of systems, expertise in shipbuild- Coordinated Fire Support. Subma- class class submarines at a cost of about and make India the global hub for submarine ing domain and the financial strength. The rines which can operate close to the litto- `,5000 crore ($ 0.7 billion) which includes design and production. All six submarines next step would be to issue the Request rals should be able to provide coordinated extension of like and fitting them with Klub under this project will be built in India by the for Proposal to the shortlisted companies. fire support in support of forces both land attack . selected Indian SP in collaboration with the Four leading foreign manufacturers of ashore and afloat. selected OEM. In addition, IN would have the submarine i.e. France’s Naval Group, Swe- Intelligence Collection. By covert sur- Submarine Force Accretion-Project 75(I) option to manufacture six additional subma- den’s Saab, Russia’s Rubin Design Bureau veillance a submarine can gather tactical Approval of DAC. The Defence Acquisition rines under the project. The project would and Germany’s ThyssenKrupp Marine Sys- Council (DAC), approved on January 31, not only aid in boosting the core submarine/ tems are expected to respond to this EOI. Continued on Page 5...

5/2019 3  Nuclear Submarines Nuclear Submarines Deep and Deadly Killer

‘In an era such as this, a credible nuclear deterrent is the need of the hour,’ said Prime Minister Narendra Modi in November 2018 as he announced that India’s first SSBN had successfully completed its first armed patrol. The success of the INS Arihant, ‘gives a fitting response to those who indulge in nuclear blackmail’, stressed Modi.

photograph: Indian Navy n Lt General Naresh Chand (Retd) strategic base near the resort city of Sanya is frequently reported. This gives China a he US developed the world’s more reliable “second strike” capability if first nuclear-powered subma- its land-based nuclear arsenal comes under rine named USS Nautilus which attack. It took China about six decades to undertook its first voyage on produce a nuclear submarine and join the January 21, 1954. Compared to elite club. Pentagon has recently reported Tconventional submarines it practically had that China now has a “credible” and “via- an unlimited range and could stay subsur- ble” sea-based nuclear deterrent. face for great lengths of time because it SSBN Fleet. US Department of Defense’s didn’t have to surface to recharge its batter- 2019 annual report on Chinese military ies. While most submarines were designed capabilities has confirmed that China has to travel primarily on the surface and dive built six Type 094, or Jin-class SSBN. Four as per requirement, it was the reverse for of the vessels are known to be operational nuclear powered submarines as they were while another two are being outfitted at the designed to remain subsurface and only Huludao Shipyard for operational deploy- surface occasionally. The incredible range, ment. Jin-class submarines are capable of subsurface endurance and manoeuvrabil- carrying up to 12 nuclear tipped ballistic ity of nuclear powered submarines revo- missiles with a range of about 7,200 km lutionised the naval strategy and tactics. which would place the US within striking Meanwhile the USSR commissioned its first INS Chakra distance from the Western Pacific. Some nuclear submarine in 1958. The US and the analysts estimate that the range could be USSR launched their first nuclear subma- integral element of the national missile fleet would be touching 50 to include the 8,000 km. This is China’s first credible, sea- rine armed with ballistic nuclear missiles defense (NMD) and theatre missile defense 11 Boreis; 10 Yasens; 12 improved Kilos; based nuclear deterrent. China reportedly almost simultaneously in 1960. From the (TMD) systems. older submarines including earlier model has 76 submarines including conventional Cold War till now, USSR (later on Russian Power Projection. Being a self-suffi- of Kilo class; experimental diesel sub- submarines. Over the past 15 years, China Federation) continued producing nuclear cient stealth platform which can operate in marine Petersburg; and upgraded Akula, has constructed twelve nuclear submarines submarines/diesel-electric submarines forward areas, makes it an ideal system for Oscar and Sierra attack submarines. – two SHANG I-class SSNs (Type 093); four armed with nuclear warheads. power projection. SHANG II-class SSNs (Type 093A); and six During the Cold War, the US Navy also US companies manufacturing nuclear Nuclear Submarines with other nations JIN-class SSBNs (Type 094). Analysts are developed a nuclear powered submarine submarines. The Electric Boat Company, Apart from US and Russia, four other still not sure if the Chinese are deploy- that could launch a nuclear formed in 1900 to provide the US Navy, nations like India, France, China and the ing fully armed submarines to maintain a which was named Ship Submersible Ballis- designs for the first functional military UK maintain a nuclear submarine fleet. round-the-clock deterrent however US and tic Nuclear (SSBN). Its smaller version was submarine, also helped to build the world’s Many other countries like Pakistan and Bra- its allies are reacting as if China has! the nuclear powered fast attack submarine, first nuclear submarine in 1952 and is still zil would like to have nuclear submarines built for speed and stealth and named Ship building nuclear submarines for the US. which apart from their navy acquiring a India’s Quest for a Sea Based Nuclear Submersible Nuclear (SSN). It was armed It takes support from other ship building cutting edge, will also add to their prestige. Deterrent with anti-submarine mines and torpedoes companies like Huntington Ingalls Industry. France and UK have had nuclear subma- Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV) subma- to destroy and deter other submarines and However being a very sensitive technology rines for long but China is a later entry and rine programme was the first baby steps surface ships. it is not easily offered to other countries India has recently entered this elitist club taken by India during 1983 to develop and Role during Cold war. Nuclear sub- except at government to government level. with a modest fleet. deploy nuclear submarines to act as India’s marines carried out three primary roles of sea-based nuclear deterrent. Sea based ‘strategic deterrence patrols’; hunted other Russian Nuclear Submarine force level China’s Nuclear Submarine Power nuclear platform is one of the three legs of submarines; and provided support to spe- As recently as 2017, the Russian fleet oper- Brief details of Chinese nuclear submarines India’s triad of airborne, naval, and land- cial operations as SSN was the ideal plat- ated 61 submarines, 75 per cent of which are included as there are shades of conflict based platforms as a minimum nuclear form to transport SEAL teams for inserting were more than 20 years old which are in situation with India. China’s submarine base deterrent (MND). In order to gain experience and extricating into and out of hostile terri- the process of being replaces gradually. is on the southern coast of China’s Hainan in operating nuclear submarines, a Russian tory. SSN was also ideal for covertly gather- Submarines remain the backbone of the Island. The regular presence of nuclear- Charlie-class nuclear-powered cruise mis- ing strategic intelligence, spying on foreign Russian Navy. Russia has introduced three powered ballistic missile submarines at the sile submarine was leased from Russia and missile tests, fleet manoeuvres, naval war new classes of submarines- the Borei or served in the IN as INS Chakra from 1988 games and coastal activity. Dolgorukiy-class of SSBNs (built by Sev- The incredible range, to 1991. In 2012, India again inducted an Ship submersible Guided Missile mash); the Yasen-class of SSNs (designed Akula-II class SSN on a 10-year lease. Nuclear. The US has also introduced a new by Malakhit and being constructed by subsurface endurance and INS Arihant. ‘In an era such as this, a class of submarine, the Guided Missile Sub- Sevmash) and an improved version of the credible nuclear deterrent is the need of marine (SSGN), which is armed with cruise Kilo-class diesel-electric attack submarine. manoeuvrability of nuclear the hour,’ said Prime Minister Narendra missiles and is designed to support US Dolgorukiy-class submarines are claimed Modi in November 2018 as he announced covert special-forces operations. to be fourth generation and at present only powered submarines that India’s first nuclear-powered ballis- three are in service with an additional eight tic missile-carrying submarine (SSBN) had US Nuclear Submarine force level planned to enter service in the near future. revolutionised the naval successfully completed its first deterrent US currently operates Los Angeles (32 in Most of the nuclear-powered submarines patrol armed with nuclear missiles. The action), Seawolf (3 in action) and Virginia are on the force level of the Northern Fleet strategy and tactics. Sea based success of the INS Arihant, ‘gives a fitting (17 in action) class of SSNs. The US has 18 (Arctic) with Severomorsk as the main nuclear platform is one of response to those who indulge in nuclear Ohio-class submarines, of which 14 are administrative base of the Northern Fleet. blackmail’, asserted Modi. The Arihant armed with Trident II SSBNs, each capa- The Pacific Fleet operates a few nuclear the three legs of India’s triad was launched in 2009 and uses a uranium ble of carrying 24 Submarine Launched submarines and its non-nuclear subma- fuelled pressurized light-water reactor to Ballistic Missiles (SLBMs). The older four rines operate across the Northern, Pacific, of airborne, naval, and land- generate 83-MW of electricity with a speed SSBNs have been converted to SSGN’s, each Baltic Sea and Black Sea fleets with HQs at of about twenty-four knots. It is reported capable of carrying 154 Tomahawk guided Vladivostok. Russia has been helping India based platforms as a minimum that the weapons are stowed in four vertical missiles and equipped to support Special closely in its quest for acquiring nuclear launch tubes with about 12 K-15 Operations. Other roles explored are: submarines. nuclear deterrent (MND) nuclear-tipped missiles designed to launch Missile Defence. The future submarine Force level by 2020s. It is anticipated

www.spsnavalforces.com forces should have the ability to be of an that by the 2020s the Russian submarine Continued on Page 9...

4 5/2019 Lead story

India’s Conventional Submarine Force...continued from Page 3 and strategical intelligence. Weapons. Torpedoes increasingly have Theatre Anti-submarine Warfare. This is greater destructive power. Eight major aimed for the protection of the sealift, both S-80 Plus: Most Capable and producers offer at least 21 models of in littoral areas and in the open ocean, as well submarine-launched torpedoes for export. as strategic anti-submarine warfare opera- Revolutionary Submarine The spectrum of torpedo systems and tions and monitoring adversaries activities. pain, like India, is a country with a technologies spans from simple straight- Anti-surface Warfare. Capable of huge maritime tradition. All Spanish running weapons to wake-homing and attacking merchant and military targets SNavy submarines have been built by sophisticated acoustic homing torpedoes. and should be able to destroy small, shal- Navantia, a state-owned company, who cur- Modern submarine-launched heavyweight low-draft vessels. rently is in charge of the design and con- torpedoes can literally break some war- Mine Operations. To lay mines covertly struction of four non-nuclear attack sub- ships in half. The proliferation of relatively and disabling hostile submarines is a key marines for the Spanish Navy, the S-80 plus. inexpensive wake-homing torpedoes has method of sea control. Previously, Navantia was co-designer put “fire and forget” weapons, which are and builder of Scorpene class submarines highly lethal and difficult to counter. Some Future Technologies for Submarines for the Chilean and Malaysian navies, examples are the Black Shark of White- Stealth. Stealth is the key factor of subma- and also participated in the design and head Alenia Sistemi Subacquei (WASS), F21 rine naval warfare which enhances the ability transfer of technology of India’s six Scor- heavyweight torpedo from Naval Group, to operate anywhere, at any time, covertly as pene submarines, built in MDL (Mum- Spearfish advanced heavy weight torpedo a tactical and strategic deterrent. A subma- bai), deploying a resident team to India from BAE Systems, DM2A4 Seehecht from rine’s ability to avoid detection is defined between 2006 and 2013. Atlas Elektronik, Mk48 ADCAP Mod 7 Com- in terms of its acoustic signature. There are The S-80 plus submarine is an oce- excels in stealth and littoral water perfor- mon Broadband Advanced Sonar System many sources contributing to a submarines anic high-range 3,000 tonne non-nuclear mance, including bottoming and discrete (CBASS) developed by Lockheed Martin, MK acoustic signature like machinery and other submarine enhanced with anaerobic Air transit and insertion in negated waters 54 built by Raytheon and many more. propulsion-related vibrations enter the water Independent Propulsion (AIP). The sub- The S-80 plus features a leading-edge Cruise Missiles. Russia, France and the through the hull and radiate in all direc- marine design has been made by Navantia AIP system based on a Bio-Ethanol proces- US market submarine-launched anti-ship tions. Each type of noise has a unique pat- with the support of Electric Boat, the pri- sor, therefore avoiding exotic or highly cruise missiles. Modern anti-ship cruise mis- tern, which can differ with speed, depth, and mary builder of submarines for the United processed consumables. Bio-Ethanol avail- siles can be difficult to detect and allow little water conditions. Stealth technologies con- States Navy for more than 100 years. The ability is immediate at almost any coun- reaction time. China has developed YJ-18 tinue to improve and are increasingly avail- AIP system has been developed by Collins try, while medical grade Liquid Oxygen (NATO designation CH-SS-NX-13[5]) in 2015 able to retrofit older submarines. Hull coat- Aerospace, which is also a major supplier is a common supply for Hospitals. The and it is in service since then. Future tech- ings, improved propeller design, and quieted to international NASA space programmes, output of the bio-Ethanol reactor feeds a nologies that will be incorporated into cruise propulsion plant equipment reduce the sub- Tecnicas Reunidas and Abengoa of Spain. series of state-of-the-art fuel cells devel- missiles include improved stealth, guidance marines overall noise levels, especially at The S-80 plus submarines will have oped specifically for this project. systems, seekers, digital processing, and high speeds. Incorporation of AIP, advanced performance in ocean-going force projec- The S-80 plus construction pro- high-performance propulsion systems. technology based batteries and improved tion and “blue water” warfare scenarios gramme progresses smoothly. The first Anti-submarine Cruise Missile. Russia quieting measures will reduce the subma- only available in current nuclear-powered unit will be afloat in October 2020, enter- is currently the only country that possesses rines vulnerability to acoustic detection to attack submarine (SSN), including a three- ing into service in 2022. The design is a submarine launched anti-submarine even a greater degree. In littoral regions, non- week anaerobic range and the ability to nowadays being proposed for interna- cruise missile capability. However, China acoustic signatures will become increasingly fire submerged land-attack cruise missiles. tional programmes in Holland and India. has expressed an interest in developing its important. A submarine exhibits various This new concept in a conventional Subma- Once in operation, the S-80 plus will own submarine launched ASW missile and non-acoustic signatures, some of which are rine brings an excellent capability in covert be the most capable and revolutionary may seek Russian help. highly dependent on the submarines speed operations and first strike. In particular it submarine of its class. SP Off-board Vehicles. Off-board UUVs and or depth. The main one is the magnetic and UAVs deployed by submarines will extend electrical fields generated as a result of the the battle space and enhance sensing capa- materials used in the construction of the classify and engage targets successfully to simple processors. With enhanced sig- bility while reducing risk to the submarine submarine. Systems are currently available with fewer operators. Future sonar suites nal processing and displays coupled to and its crew. They will also improve the to reduce a submarine’s magnetic and electri- include advances such as flank arrays, the existing array, a low-end diesel subma- effectiveness of forward-deployed subma- cal signatures. Other non-acoustic signatures towed passive sonar arrays, real-time self- rine could become Anti-Submarine War- rine forces. Advance technology and design include the submarines wake, contamination noise monitoring, and advanced signal fare (ASW) capable. Several nations have are required for compact energy source, within the wake from bubbles or chemicals, processing capabilities. A low-end diesel shown an interest in submarine-mounted sensor, and handling requirements. Subma- radar reflectivity and the heat generated by submarine is likely to have a system equiv- non-acoustic ASW systems to complement rine wide-band high-data-rate communica- the submarines propulsion plant. alent to the present KILO SS class sonar their acoustic sensors. Such systems may tion with off-board vehicles will be essential Improved Battery Technology. Earlier suite, which has a capable array integrated be available in the future. for integrated force employment. SP submarine batteries allowed submerged operations at slow speed for about 12 hours. The modern battery designs allow the submarine to remain submerged for about three to four days. Advanced subma- rine battery designs are under development worldwide and could increase endurance up to 10 to 12 days of submerged operations. Air Independent Propulsion (AIP). AIP is a technological break-through for conventional submarines as the diesel-run energy generator requires exterior air for combustion of the conventional submarine but those with an AIP system use energy sources that do not require surface air as they use fuel cells. This allows them to be submerged without being detected for much longer than diesel electrical subma- rines. The fuel cell allows the submarine to generate the energy it needs from hydrogen and oxygen. However, hydrogen genera- tion system needs very large storage space which effects the submarine’s weight and storage space thus submarines with AIP need to be larger in size. To solve this prob- lem, SENER has partnered with ThyssenK- rupp Marine Systems to develop an AIP based on the methanol reforming process, which allows the hydrogen required to feed the fuel cell to be produced on board. Sensors. Rapid developments in com- puter and signal processing has resulted in increasingly capable sensor suites and tac- tical information systems with more auto- mated functions, making it easier to detect,

Sin título-1 1 08/10/2019 9:58:40

5/2019 5  Anti-Submarine Warfare Anti-submarine Warfare

John Holland designer of the US Navy’s first commissioned submarine, said in 1900 that “the submarine is indeed a ‘sea-devil,’ against which no means we possess at present can prevail.”

photograph: DARPA n Lt GEneral Naresh Chand (Retd) eywell (Model1), Hughes Aircraft (ADCAP) and Westinghouse Naval Systems. Later ince World War I, submarines models are still in service. The acoustic have been a key element of all navies torpedoes were designed to locate the to dominate the oceans. Littoral sub- targets by the noise characteristics or marines can also support special signature through active or passive sen- forces and influence land battle. Due sors. Later versions included wire guided Sto the pivotal role of submarines, it is but torpedoes, which received steering com- natural for every navy to have anti-subma- mands through a wire. More recently the rine warfare (ASW) systems and tactics. metal wire was replaced by optical fibre, which can transmit much more informa- Beginning of ASW Tactics tion. These are similar to the wire guided In the early days when modern sensors anti-tank missile. Once these torpedoes were non-existent, submarine once sub- acquired a target, they changed over to merged became a ghost with no way to their internal guidance system and the wire detect it. John Holland designer of the was cut. Submarine hunting torpedoes are US Navy’s first commissioned submarine, now also quieter and harder for subma- said in 1900 that “the submarine is indeed rines to detect and avoid. a ‘sea-devil,’ against which no means we possess at present can prevail.” Early ASW Some examples are: tactics thus depended primarily upon zz Raytheon’s Mark 54 LHT. The Mark 54 static defences like underwater mines and Lightweight Torpedo (formerly known chain-link nets to prevent the movement Sea Hunter ASW Continuous Trail Unmanned Vessel (ACTUV), an initiative of DARPA as Lightweight Hybrid Torpedo, or LHT) of submarines. Torpedo nets were also is an ASW used by the US Navy. It can hung from ships to block torpedoes from the sound based detection devices. The 60R helicopters at a cost of $2.6 billion. be launched from surface ships and reaching their hulls. To counter this sub- first recorded use of the technique was by The MH-60R Romeo is a next-generation also from most ASW aircraft. The P-8 marines started using net cutting blades in Leonardo da Vinci in 1490 who used a tube ASW and Anti-Surface Warfare helicopter Poseidon uses the High-Altitude Anti- front of the torpedoes. Other basic method inserted into the water to detect vessels by produced by Sikorsky Aircraft Corpora- Submarine Warfare Weapons Capability were the towing of grappling hooks con- ear. The device was known to the US Navy tion. There are a large variety of ASW and (HAAWWC) GPS-guided parachute kit to nected to explosive charges or throwing as Sonar (an acronym for sound navigation anti- surface helicopters available globally drop torpedoes from high altitude. charges overboard in the direction of a sus- and ranging, was basically a transmitter- to choose from. zz Mk 50. The Mk 50 torpedo is a US Navy pected vessel. The use of smoke screens to receiver sending out a highly directional Fixed Wing Aircraft. IN also operates advanced lightweight torpedo for use obscure ships was also widely used. It was sound wave through the water. If the sound Il-38 planes, which are currently being against fast, deep-diving submarines. also tried to force the submarine to surface wave struck a submerged object it was upgraded with the the Sea Dragon suite. The Mk 50 can be launched from all and then attack its periscope. reflected back and picked up by the receiver. The latest ASW fixed wing aircraft is Boe- anti-submarine aircraft and surface The range was calculated based on the time ing’s P-8I which is a long-range ASW, anti- combatant ships. Contractor is Alliant WWI taken for the signal to be reflected from surface warfare, intelligence, surveillance Techsystems and Westinghouse. During WWI, ASW simply involved waiting the objective. It was similar to radar. The and reconnaissance aircraft capable of zz Varunastra. India has produced Varun- for a submarine to surface and then attack combination of sonar technology and depth broad-area, maritime and littoral opera- which is an advanced heavyweight it like a surface ship. In 1914 one of the first charges, became the foundation of ASW and tions. Eight P-8(I) are in service with four anti-submarine torpedo, developed by successful anti-submarine attacks was the were used to hunt submarines. There were more likely to join in 2020. Ten more Naval Science and Technological Labo- ramming of the German submarine SM U-15, also many improvements in detecting and have been approved this year. They have ratory of the DRDO for the IN with a while it surfaced with engine troubles. The identifying submerged submarines. New replaced Tu-142. range of 40 km. They have also devel- use of heavily armed anti-submarine ships, technologies in acoustic detection like the Air dropped ASW weapons. First used oped The Advanced Light Torpedo disguised as vulnerable targets decoy called SOSUS (sound surveillance system) were in World War I, air-dropped torpedoes were (TAL) Shyena which is the first indig- “Q-Ships” also had some success. As threat developed, which used sea bottom mounted used extensively in World War II, and still enous advanced lightweight anti-sub- from submarines became more dangerous, hydrophone arrays connected by underwa- remain in limited use. The Mark 54 light- marine torpedo with a range of 19 km. use of depth charges came into being with ter cables to facilities ashore, to detect sub- weight torpedo has been adapted for this zz Other Weapons. Anti-submarine mor- mines were dropped into the ocean attached marine positions by triangulation. Acous- role with the High Altitude Anti-Subma- tars and grenades have a shorter range to a string and sort of bobby trapped and tic interceptors such as sonar-buoys were rine Warfare Weapon Capability (HAAWC and are use with certain navies. exploded when a submarine contacted the also developed, in addition to towed pas- for short). The folding-wing kit contains zz ASW Shallow water craft. These are string. The early US Navy Mark 1 Depth sive devices such as the Magnetic Anomaly a flight control computer and GPS, and is meant for ASW in the littorals. India Charges weighed 100 lbs, contained 50 lbs Detector (MAD), which can accurately track attached via a set of collars to a Mark 54 has signed a contract with GRSE in of TNT. Later models such as the Mark 2 large metallic underwater objects. torpedo. Once launched, HAAWC’s wings April 2019 for eight such craft at a cost were detonated using a hydrostatic pistol Indigenous Effort. There are four spring out and it heads for its target many of `6,311.32 crore (about $0.9 billion). controlled by water pressure to fire at a pre- systems including ‘Abhay - compact hull km away. On arriving at the target area, The first craft will be delivered within selected depth and other innovations. How- mounted sonar for shallow water crafts; the wing kit jettisons the torpedo, with a 42 months and the remaining within 84 ever all naval minds were thinking as how to Humsa UG - upgrade for the Humsa sonar parachute gently lowering it into the water. months. locate the submerged submarine? As usual system’; ‘NACS - Near-field Acoustic Char- Once in the water, the Mark 54 torpedo Unmanned Underwater Vehicles US had to lead the way and in 1917 the Navy acterisation System’ and ‘AIDSS - Advanced then activates to autonomously hunt for (UUVs). UUVs are employing active sonar started working on echo-ranging technol- Indigenous Distress sonar system’ for sub- and kill a submarine. to detect, characterise, and track adversary ogy (then called ‘supersonics’), which would marines. The systems have been designed submarines. They augment existing sur- finally emerge as a means to detect for and developed by NPOL, a Kochi-based Rise of the Torpedo face and aerial platforms like the P-8(I). The underwater submarine detection. Magnetic laboratory of DRDO. The submarines became stronger, stealth- DARPA-sponsored Submarine Hold at RisK sensitive mines also came in service due to Aerial Platforms. Aircraft were also ier, were able to operate independently (SHARK) UUV, developed by Applied Physi- the magnetic field of the submarine. initiated in ASW and fitted with ASW weap- thus became difficult to hunt. The devel- cal Systems, serves as an example of this ons such as the FIDO (Mk 24 ‘mine’) air- opment of nuclear submarines capable of type of emerging technology. The SHARK ASW during WWII dropped homing torpedo. These ‘smart’ carrying ballistic missiles, provided greater UUV is an active sonar platform designed ASW continued to develop such as better torpedoes achieved a combat effectiveness challenges to ASW. Depth charges were to detect and track stealth submarines. depth charges and development of for- of about 22 per cent, compared with about replaced by more sophisticated guided Another initiative of DARPA is the Sea ward-throwing anti-submarine weapons. 9 per cent for Depth Charges. Airborne torpedoes, such as the Mark 48 and its Hunter ASW Continuous Trail Unmanned As depth of submarines increased so was radar also evolved to became one the best improved Advanced Capability (ADCAP) Vessel (ACTUV), as well as swarms of the capability of depth charges. The defen- ways to locate submarines. During the end variant which are of US origin heavyweight AUVs (autonomous underwater vehicles) sive tactic of shipping convoys and escort of WWII, radar equipped aircraft were cred- submarine-launched torpedoes. They are which could be used to hunt and maybe ships was also improved. ited for most of Allied kills against U-Boats. capable of sinking deep-diving nuclear- even destroy submarines. Bluefin Robotics ASW Helicopters. Helicopters are very powered submarines and high-perfor- is developing the SandShark micro-auton- Advent of Sonar effective in ASW. India has Kamov Ka-25, mance surface ships. They were designed omous underwater vehicle designed for The Anti-Submarine Division from which Kamov Ka-28, and the Russian origin heli- by Gould, Inc. and Naval Surface Warfare ISR and ASW with decoy capabilities to be

SP www.spsnavalforces.com the term ASDIC originated was behind copters. India has contracted for 24 MH- Centre, and manufactured by Gould/Hon- launched from larger UUV systems.

6 5/2019 STRONG SUPPORT

more info at ROE.RU/ENG/ T

Rosoboronexport is the sole state company in Russia N

27 Stromynka str., 107076, E

authorized to export the full range of defense and M

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Phone: +7 (495) 534 61 83 Rosoboronexport accounts for over 85% of Russia's R E Fax: +7 (495) 534 61 53 annual arms sales and maintains military-technical V D E-mail: [email protected] cooperation with over 100 countries worldwide. A www.roe.ru  Industry Israeli Naval Industry— Key Technologies

Israel Shipyards Ltd., has been in existence since 1959, providing a wide range of activities like Ship Design; Ship Repair; Project management and execution, and Technical and logistical support. It provides Smart design and stringent quality assurance.

photographs: Israel Shipyards n SP’s Correspondent and low altitude threats (sea skimmers), as well as low radar cross section targets. sraeli Naval Industry is struc- The system is designed to engage mul- tured to cater for Israel’s maritime tiple targets simultaneously. BARAK is in security requirements. They have operational service in the naval forces of shipyards which cater for shipbuild- several countries including India. Barak ing including for the merchant navy. 8 is a joint venture with India’s DRDO. IThen there are support industries like The naval version is called LR-SAM (Long Ramta manufacture Dvora class fast attack Range SAM) and the MR-SAM (Medium boats which the Indian Navy has also Range SAM) is meant for the Indian Army acquired. Other area of expertise is C4ISR, and Indian Air Force. It has been success- Situation awareness, anti-ship systems, fully tested on July 30, 2009. Its guidance ship based air defence systems, under system is expected to be two way data link water unmanned systems, naval sensors, with active RF/IIR seeker, speed is Mach 2 naval UAVs and many more. (680 m/s) and operational range is about 0.5–100 km. Israel Shipyards Ltd (ISL) C-DOME. It ensures full-circular surface Israel Shipyards Ltd., has been in exis- vessel protection and high kill probability tence since 1959, providing a wide range against a full spectrum of modern threats of activities like Ship Design; Ship Repair; including maritime and coastal threats. It Project management and execution, and consists of TAMIR interceptors (Tamir mis- Technical and logistical support. It pro- siles are short-range anti-missile kinetic vides Smart design and stringent quality interceptors that have a range of 2 to 40 assurance. Some of its products include km), a modular Vertical-Launch Unit, and a fast attack missile corvette, Shaldag Class Command and Control component. is a combat-proven fast vessel for naval Defence against swarm attack for sur- security missions and offshore patrol ves- face vessels. This multi-layered defence sels for coastal defence. Some examples of solution, utilises combat-proven capabili- their products are given below. ties such as PROTECTOR USV (unmanned Missile corvette SA’AR S–72. This is surface vehicle fitted with a Mini Typhoon the latest design of missile corvette with Weapon Station), SPIKE (anti-tank and anti- state-of-the-art next-generation opera- personnel missile), TYPHOON (complete tional capabilities. Key features include Missile Naval system up to a range of 25 medium-size marine helicopter operations, km), DRONE DOME (Counter Unmanned hybrid propulsion and advanced combat Aircraft Systems C-UAS is a powerful systems. Key specifications are: over all approach for securing airspace against hos- length is 72 m, maximum beam is 10.25m, tile airborne platforms), SEWS-DV (Naval Displacement is about 800 tonnes and Electronic Warfare defense systems), UAVs, maximum speed is above 30 knots. The and other advanced systems – all in opera- vessel can accommodate the IAI Elta EL/M- tional use by many navies worldwide. 2258 Advanced lightweight Phased Array Torpedo Defence. SHADE comprises (ALPHA) multi-mission naval radar and a the ultra-sophisticated Tactician threat variety of weapons including IAI’s Barak modelling computer as well as the SCUT- 8 type missiles, various anti-ship missiles (Top) Latest Design Missile Corvette SA’AR S-72 and (above) Fast Vessel Shaldag MK V TER, a self-propelled, reactive and expend- and precision surface attack weapons. able soft-kill acoustic decoy that deploys Shaldag MK V. One of the ISL vessels its many advantages is a weapon-carrying Rafael and self-destructs automatically; and TOR- currently in highest demand, the SHAL- capacity equal to larger, more costly ves- RAFAEL’s naval systems are designed for BUSTER, a soft-kill and hard-kill decoy that DAG FPC was designed in the late 1990s. sels. The seagoing power of the ISL OPV both surface and the sub-surface environ- operates even in shallow waters. This tor- As the Mini Shaldag is the latest and the was further enhanced with optional heli- ments, as well as for divers and underwater pedo neutraliser is the only hard-kill tor- fastest family member, sailing at up to 55 copter carrying capability. The latest security. Comprehensive combat suits are pedo defense solution for submarines. knots and is the ideal solution for short- version is OPV 62 m which is even more available for ships of all sizes, and include range missions where speed and agility versatile with extensive payload capacity weapon systems, sensors and command Naval UAVs are required. including stabilized weapons, medium- and control facilities. RAFAEL’s defen- Israel has developed state of art technol- The Shaldag Class’ largest family mem- range missiles, ESM, and search radars. sive system suits include various types of ogy for UAVs through their Malat divi- ber is a combat-proven, all aluminium, light Key specifications are: overall length is decoys, ECM as well as hard-kill measures sion of Israel Aerospace Industries. India and fast vessel with higher payload capac- 62 m, maximum beam is 7.60 m, displace- and torpedo countermeasures for surface is already familiar with Searcher which ity, designed for naval security missions. ment is about 500 tonnes and maximum ships and submarines. is recce UAV and Heron MALE (Medium The Shaldag MK V provides a high level of speed is 32 knots. Naval air defence. Rafael has devel- Altitude, Long Endurance) UAV which are maneuverability and seakeeping. Designed oped a system specifically designed to held by its Defence Forces. As part of an to operate in distant arenas for the pro- IAI Ramta counter existing and future anti-ship air ongoing evaluation, the Israeli Navy is tection of littoral and EEZ waters. Its key Super Dvora Mark III. The Super Dvora threats, including supersonic sea-skim- considering a number of operational and specifications are: overall length is 32.65 Mark III-class patrol boat is the latest gen- ming missiles. Rafael is currently devel- developmental VTOL (vertical take off and m, has a displacement of about 95 tonnes eration of the Dvora family of fast patrol oping two new AD systems for rocket landing) UAVs, including Israel Aerospace with maximum speed above 40 knots. boats or fast attack crafts (FPB/FAC). It is and missile defence, in partnership with Industries’ Panther which has a maxi- Offshore Patrol Vessel (OPV). In the capable of travelling up to 50 knots (93 Raytheon USA and the Israeli Directorate mum take-off weight of 67 kg (148 lb) and 1990s, ISL used the naval architecture of km/h) in littoral waters due to its state of of Defense R&D (MAFAT). Barak is a most has already been assessed by the South the Nirit Class SAAR 4.5 as a base design to the art, thrust vectoring control Articu- popular operational anti-missile point Korean Defence Forces. Hovermast 100 is produce a special OPV, embedded with the lated Surface Drives. It weighs 72 tonnes defence and naval surface-to-air missile an electrically powered, tethered hovering firepower of larger naval vessels at lesser and is 27.4 m long. It carries a variety of system, designed to protect combat ves- system that provides real-time ISR in vir- cost. The OPV is equipped with highly armaments including automatic grenade sels against sea skimming missiles and tually all-weather conditions. It can carry advanced weapons systems, produced by launchers, AGM-114 Hellfire missiles, Spike airborne platforms. Barak is effective a payload up to 9 kg including CCD/IR

www.spsnavalforces.com world-recognised Israeli designers. One of NLOS missiles, and 30mm cannons. against highly maneuvering, supersonic (charge-coupled device/infrared) cameras,

8 5/2019 Industry / Nuclear Submarines

photographs: Rafael, Wikipedia modern, dense communications and radar environments, complex signal formats and Publisher and Editor-in-Chief evasive radiation patterns, and to build a Jayant Baranwal real-time Electronic Order of Battle (EOB). Deputy Managing Editor They also provide time-critical intelligence, Neetu Dhulia early warning Electronic Counter Measures Senior Technical Group Editor (ECM) cueing. ELL-8385 Integrated UAV Lt General Naresh Chand (Retd) Air Marshal B.K. Pandey (Retd) ESM/ELINT System is one example. EW sys- tems focus on two main streams of ECM Group Executive Editor Vishal Thapar and Jamming and Communications Jam- mers (COMJAM). They are installed on the Contributors Israel’s Navy Dolphin class submarines and India Vice Adm K.N. Sushil (Retd), Vice Adm Anup Singh are on-board submarines of several other (Retd), Vice Adm Satish Soni (Retd), Cmde Sujeet navies worldwide. Some key systems are Samaddar (Retd), Cmde A.J. Singh (Retd) Combat Management Systems; Subma- Europe rine electronic warfare system, Shipboard Alan Peaford, Doug Richardson, Andrew Brookes decoy countermeasure launching systems, (UK) Satellite communication systems, Data USA & Canada communication and data link systems and Lon Nordeen (USA), Anil R. Pustam (West Indies) many more. West Asia/Africa H.R. Heitman (S. Africa) Unmanned Surface Vessel (USV) Seagull Chairman & Managing Director Elbit Systems stated that the Israeli Jayant Baranwal Navy has successfully deployed its USV Executive Vice President Seagull in exercises while working with (Planning & Business Development) the Greece’s navy along with its HELRAS Rohit Goel “dipping” sonar. Seagull and HERAS can Manager – HR & Admin conduct mine counter-measures involv- Bharti Sharma ing the detection, categorisation, locali- Assistant Manager – HR & Admin sation, recognition and neutralisation of Pooja Tehlani seabed, tied up and floating naval mines. Deputy Manager – Circulation The Seagull, designed and manufactured Rimpy Nischal by Israeli defence company Elbit Systems, [email protected] is a 40-foot aluminium and composite boat Group Research Associate usable in manned or unmanned situations, Survi Massey with a sonar system several feet below the Creative Director hull. It can continuously operate on the sea Anoop Kamath for up to four days. Design Vimlesh Kumar Yadav, Sonu Singh Bisht Sonar Group Director – Sales & Marketing Rafael has developed a new sonar which is Neetu Dhulia operated on Dolphin submarines together Deputy Director – Sales with the original sonar systems installed. Rajeev Chugh (Top) PROTECTOR unmanned surface vessel and (above) Super Dvora Mk-III patrol boat. The algorithms used in the new sonar SP’s Website system enables it to ignore many of the Sr. Web Developer: Shailendra Prakash Ashish Web Developer: Ugrashen Vishwakarma communication and additional sensors. It as-well-as cutting edge Electronic Coun noises that can disrupt the range of the can carry out multiple roles including naval ter Counter Measures (ECCM) techniques systems’ activity, while detecting noises Published bimonthly by Jayant Baranwal on behalf of SP Guide Publications Pvt Ltd. All missions. They have also developed armed to extract low Radar Cross Section (RCS) at longer range. The new sonar increases rights reserved. No part of this publication may UAV like Heron TP. targets from complex clutter and jam- our detection rate by up to 40 per cent, be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, ming environments. The MF-STAR antenna thereby enabling us to neutralise noises or transmitted in any form or by any means, IAI’s Loitering munitions includes 4 scalable faces of active arrays that interfere with the submarine’s work. photocopying, recording, electronic, or otherwise IAI’s loitering munitions systems like Green in S-Band frequency. It has two ranges of It is claimed that the new sonar also without the prior written permission of the Dragon, Harpy and mini Harpy are capable >250 km and >450 km. It has also got ELM- include detection of vessels with a low publishers. of searching, identifying and neutralising 2258 ALPHA Rotating Digital AESA radar noise signature. Printed in India high-value targets, precisely, effectively suitable for OPV, Corvettes and Frigates by Kala Jyothi Process Pvt Ltd and independent of real-time intelligence and ELM-2238 STAR for surveillance and Technologies and Subsystems © SP Guide Publications, 2019 in the maritime domain. threat alert. Rafael develops and produces a wide range Subscription/ Circulation of components and subsystems for its own Annual Inland: `600 • Overseas: US$180 Naval Radars ELINT, COMINT, ESM and EW products and for companies worldwide. E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] ELTA’s Naval Radars are state of the art ELTA’s Naval Signal intelligence (SIGINT) The technologies include technologies for digital multi-function systems which are and Electronic Warfare (EW) challenges radar and RF; propulsion and explosives Letters to the Editor [email protected] scalable and can be modified to fit the new comprises of various Electronic Intelli- and other unique technologies. generation of naval vessels. gence (ELINT), Communication Intelligence For Advertising Details, Contact: [email protected] MF-STAR (ELM-2248). MF-STAR is a (COMINT), Electronic Support Measures) Research [email protected] digital Active Electronically Scanned Array ESM and EW systems which range from tac- Israeli companies are carrying out research SP GUIDE PUBLICATIONS PVT LTD (AESA) multi-function radar which employs tical level to national level. These systems in areas like acoustic warfare, directed POSTAL ADDRESS multi-beam and pulse Doppler techniques are designed to cope with the challenges of energy weapons and active protection. SP Corporate Office A 133 Nagar, Opp Defence Colony, New Delhi 110003, India Tel: +91(11) 24644693, 24644763, 24620130 Fax: +91 (11) 24647093 continued from Page 4 Nuclear Submarines... E-mail: [email protected] Representative Offices from underwater. Due to India’s doctrine carrying capacity. The K family of SLBMs In addition, the IN has reported to have BENGALURU, INDIA Air Marshal B.K. Pandey (Retd), 204, Jal Vayu Vihar, of no first strike, sea based nuclear deter- are being developed to finally have about already begun construction of two to four Kalyan Nagar, Bengaluru 560043, India. rent is ideally suited for the second strike 6,000 km of range. Pakistan has responded more Arihant class submarines of pro- Tel: +91 (80) 23682204 as they are likely to survive the first strike to these developments by testing Babur III gressively larger configurations. There MOSCOW, RUSSIA being submerged in the sea for long peri- submarine-launched cruise missile from a are also reports of submarine capable ver- LAGUK Co., Ltd, Yuri Laskin, Krasnokholmskaya, ods of time and at undisclosed locations. dynamic platform, capable of carrying vari- sion of subsonic cruise missiles Nab., India’s sea-based nuclear deterrence will ous types of payloads up to 450 km. with a range of 1,000 km, being at some 11/15, app. 132, Moscow 115172, Russia. require major weapon upgrade to become Future Plans. The Navy will need more stage joining the arsenal. It is reported Tel: +7 (495) 911 2762, fully credible as K-15 missiles have a range than one SSBN so that at least a few can that India is also negotiating for a 10-year Fax: +7 (495) 912 1260 of about 700 km which is not adequate for rotate on patrols, while others undergo lease of a Russian Project 971 Schuka-B www.spguidepublications.com a strategic deterrent. DRDO has developed repairs or are used for training. Redun- (NATO designation Akula II) class vessel www.spsnavalforces.com K-4 SLBM with a range of 3,360 km dancy is also necessary to this end and at a cost of $3 billion that will be custom- RNI Number: DELENG/2008/25836 which is expected to enter service in the as such it is reported that India plans to ised and fitted with indigenous communi- early 2020s. With the Arihant being armed have a total of six SSBNs with the sec- cations systems and sensors. It is likely to with K-4 it will finally be able to serve as ond one named INS Arighat has already be named Chakra-III. deterrence against both Pakistan and China. been launched and is expected to be com- Nuclear Base. By 2022, the Indian Navy The other drawback is that the arsenal missioned by 2021. It is presumed that will complete a nuclear submarine base can carry only four missiles thus the sub- Arighat will have a more powerful reac- named INS Varsha, located on the central- sequent SSBNs will have to have a greater tor to enable it to carry a larger arsenal. eastern coast of India. SP

5/2019 9  News

News in Brief

DEFENCE MINISTER Rajnath Singh nine-story-high X-band Radar is the world’s approves two Open General Export largest X-band radar. The sea-based X-band Licences to push defence exports Rajnath asks for Greater platform that it sits on stands more than 250 Defence Minister Rajnath Singh has feet high and displaces more than 50,000 approved issuance of two Open General Indigenisation of Naval tonnes. It consists of a semi-submersible oil Export Licences (OGELs) for export of cer- production platform topped with the XBR. tain parts and components, and intra-com- Weapons and Sensors The modification also includes continued pany transfer of technology to select coun- product improvement and the contract is tries. It will give a boost to defence exports effective from November 1, 2017, through and enhance ease of doing business. The Defence Minister says strong Navy a October 31, 2022. application for grant of OGEL will be con- guarantor of India’s security and prosperity sidered by Department of Defence Produc- Communications & Power Industries tion (DPP) on a case-to-case basis. efence Minister Rajnath of procedures and strengthening of the contract for SDR TWT Following a demand by the exporters, Singh has called greater indigeni- coastal security framework to counter Communications & Power Industries has the DPP held extensive consultations with Dsation of cutting-edge naval weap- emerging threats and challenges. won a $20.5 million contract for the pro- various stakeholders and formulated this ons and sensors while urging the Indian The Defence Minister acknowledged curement of evaluations, repairs, rebuilds, OGEL policy and submitted for Raksha Navy to keep its focus on futuristic capa- that the Indian Navy has established itself and production of the Simplified Driver Mantri’s approval. The countries allowed bility development. as a vital tool for military diplomacy, fur- Traveling Wave Tubes (SDR TWTs). SDR under the OGELs are: Belgium, France, Ger- He made these comments while thering the national and foreign policy TWTs are microwave tubes installed in many, Japan, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, addressing the bi-ennial Navy Command- objectives through active cooperation and the AN/SPY-1D(V) Radar System on board UK, USA, Canada, , Poland and Mexico. ers Conference in New Delhi on October engagement with not just Indian Ocean the DDG 51 Class AEGIS , AEGIS Export of items to a ‘Special Economic 22. His call to ramp up indigenous capabil- Region nations, but maritime nations Ashore, and FMS DDG ships. The SPY-1 Zone’ is not permitted. ity for building the navy of the future came across the globe. radar is a key component of the Aegis along with the acknowledgement that the Appreciating the Navy’s Foreign Weapon System, the heart of the Aegis Global tender by Indian Navy “a strong Navy remains a necessary guar- Cooperation initiatives and sustained Combat System. Arleigh Burke destroyers for SAMs antor of India’s security and prosperity”. efforts at capability enhancement and are warships that provide multi-mission The Indian Navy has launched a global ten- Rajnath Singh urged the senior leader- capacity building of Foreign Navies, he offensive and defensive capabilities. Work der to buy short-range air defense missiles ship to maintain their focus on futuristic stated that these initiatives have not only is likely to be completed by June 2025. for its Kamorta class corvettes. Bidders capability development, to ensure that strengthened maritime security and sta- have until October 17, 2019, to submit their the nation’s maritime power grows in tan- bility in the region, but have also resulted Contract for Raytheon to modify bids to supply around 150 missiles. Foreign dem with its economic interests. in transforming the Indian Navy into a CIWS Sensor Kits companies, including European defense “For the Indian economy to reach the Preferred Partner for engagement in the major MBDA and Swedish firm SAAB, are Five Trillion Dollar mark by 2025, there is Indian Ocean Region. set to submit their proposals to the Navy. a requirement for a stable and balanced Chief of the Naval Staff Admiral Each SRSAM system will have a command environment in which the Navy has a cru- Karambir Singh, Defence Secretary Ajay and control system, a fire control system, cial role to play in the form of safeguard- Kumar, Secretary Department of Defence a command link radar and a launcher for a ing the Sea Lanes of Communication R&D and Chairman DRDO Dr G Satheesh particular number of missiles. The Kamorta (SLOC),” the Defence Minister said in his Reddy, Naval Commanders and other Class corvettes or Project 28 are a class of address to the Naval Commanders. senior officials of Ministry of Defence anti-submarine warfare corvettes currently Reminding the Navy top brass about were present on the occasion. SP in service with the Indian Navy. the vulnerability of sea routes to global terrorism, Singh urged constant review —By Vishal Thapar Raytheon Missile Systems has won a $13.6 P-8A Gets new kit for extended million contract modification to exercise Search and Rescue Capability options for Mk 15 Close-In Weapon System (CIWS) sensor kits. CIWS is a fast-reaction Search and Rescue (SAR) kit is designed to goal of 355 ships in 2034 and maintain that terminal defense against low- and high-fly- substantially increase survivor assistance,” number through at least 2049. The Depart- ing, high-speed maneuvering anti-ship mis- said Squadron Leader Nathan Mula, an Aus- ment of Defense (DoD) submitted the sile threats that have penetrated all other tralian P-8A Flight Test Tactical officer. He Navy’s 2020 shipbuilding plan to the Con- defenses. The CIWS is an integral element added that, “the kit increases the survivor gress in March 2019. The average annual of the Fleet Defense In-Depth concept and assistance capability of the P-8A from 16 to cost of carrying out that plan, which covers the Ship Self-Defense Programme. CIWS 100 people in a single sortie.” fiscal years 2020 to 2049, would be $31.0 consists of three variants: Phalanx, which billion in 2019 dollars, as per the Congres- utilizes a six barrel Gatling gun; Land- India to Deploy Naval Aircraft for sional Budget Office estimates. based Phalanx Weapon System (LPWS) and Flying at a maximum speed of about 565 Joint Surveillance Mission SeaRAM, which replaces the gun with an mph, at about 41,000 feet, the US Navy’s Within the first few months of 2020, India North Korea claims Underwater- 11-round Rolling Airframe Missile (RAM) P-8A Poseidon already covers an opera- will deploy a naval aircraft at France’s Launched Missile test successful guide. Work is expected to be completed tional area of about 1,200 nautical miles reunion island as part of join surveillance North Korea has confirmed that it has car- by December 2022. during a four-hour on-station period. Now, mission with France in the southern Indian ried out its first underwater-launched bal- add air-to-air refueling for extended range Ocean.This was revealed by the French listic missile test in three years on October Steller Systems and Thales launch and endurance and an advanced search President Emmanuel Macron during his 3, 2019, in an apparent bid to dial up pres- TX Ship and rescue kit and officials say the P-8A is first presidential visit to the French over- sure on the US ahead of a weekend resump- postured to respond to humanitarian mis- seas territories earlier this week. This tion of their nuclear diplomacy. The test sions around the globe.“The UNIPAC III has been partly a consequence of a larger involved Pukguksong-3 missile, which political understanding between India and North Korea describes as a submarine- >> SHOW CALENDAR France to have closer maritime coopera- launched ballistic missile, is seen as the tion in the southern Indian Ocean, where North’s most high-profile weapons launch it administers the islands of La Réunion, since it began diplomacy with the US. The 18–19 November Mayotte and the French Southern and Korean Central News Agency said the mis- Maritime Information Warfare Atlantic Lands. sile test in the waters off its east coast was Copthorne Tara Hotel, London, UK successful and “ushered in a new phase www.smi-online.co.uk/defence/uk/ in containing the outside forces’ threat to Steller Systems and Thales have launched Maritime-Information-Warfare US Navy’s Plan 2020 In September 2019, the Navy’s fleet num- (North Korea) and further bolstering its their design for TX Ship, a ground-break- 3–4 December bered 290 battle force ships—aircraft car- military muscle for self-defense.”Analyst ing vessel that will help Navies transition Maritime Security and Coastal Surveillance Asia riers, submarines, surface combatants, Kim Dong-yub wrote on Facebook that the to unmanned operations. The system Grand Copthorne Waterfront Hotel, amphibious ships, combat logistics ships, missile was likely fired from a barge built is designed to operate unmanned, but Singapore and some support ships. The Navy’s 2020 for an underwater launch. with the intention of operating as a lean- www.defenceiq.com/events- shipbuilding plan reflects its 2016 force manned vessel with 15 crew in the first coastalsurveillancemda structure assessment and sets a goal of Raytheon contract Sea-Based instance. TX Ship is a fully sensorised building and maintaining a fleet of 355 bat- multi-role trimaran, capable of operating 12–13 December X-Band radar worth $500.6 million tle force ships. Toward that goal, the Navy Raytheon Integrated Defense Systems has at reach, alone or as part of a task group. NAVARMS 2019 would buy 304 ships over the 2020–2049 won a $500.6 million contract modification The ship possesses an unusual high capac- New Delhi period: 247 combat ships and 57 combat in order to perform research and develop- ity, fully-automated mission bay capable of www.sidm.in/events/details/navarms- logistics and support ships. If the Navy ment support for the Army Navy Transport- hosting and deploying a large number, and 2019---4th-international-seminar-and- adhered to the schedule for retiring ships able Radar Surveillance Control Model-2 multiple types, of manned or unmanned exhibition-on-naval-weapon-systems SP www.spsnavalforces.com outlined in the 2020 plan, it would meet the and Sea-Based X-Band radar. Raytheon’s mission packages.

10 5/2019 www.spsmilitaryyearbook.comFor more details, log on to: A Set of Kind Words from Dr S. Radhakrishnan, 2nd President of India, addressed to our Founder Editor-in-Chief, in March 1966.

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A SNEAK PEEK...

STRATEGY & PERSPECTIVE CONFLICTS TO WATCH CONFLICTS TO WATCH BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENCE: AFFORDABLE OPTIONS AND TECHNOLOGIES CONTENTS CONTENTS CONTENTS

the face of Pakistan’s military incursions. In December 2007, CHINA carries risks, as unregulated and relatively inexperienced contrac- According to the United States, claimant countries, under UN How the S-400 will defend India the existence of the TTP was officially announced, under the tors may exacerbate security problems. There are indications that Convention of the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), should have freedom leadership of Baitullah Mehsud. In 2014, former Pakistan Prime China’s Marine Corps could become its principal ready response of navigation through EEZs in the sea and are not required to notify 17

AFGHANISTAN

Minister Nawaz Sharif’s attempts to negotiate a peace agreement force in the region. A Marine company is already deployed to the claimants of military activities. In July 2016, the Permanent Court with the TTP failed as they attacked the international airport Kabul Chinese base at Djibouti (which has facilities to accommodate up of Arbitration at The Hague issued its ruling on a claim brought CHINA S-400 Specifications: in . In Jun 2014 the Pakistan government launched an IRAN Islamabad to 10,000 personnel). There are reports of Chinese security pres- against China by the Philippines under UNCLOS, ruling in favour Role: Long-range anti-access/area offensive against TTP strongholds in North Waziristan. The TTP ence in Pakistan-occupied Kashmir to protect transport infrastruc- of the Philippines on almost every count. While China is a signatory denial Punjab Equipment: Each S-400 battalion has VEHICLES responded with several attacks, including the December 2014 ture and construction units, and there has been speculation about to the treaty, which established the tribunal, it refuses to accept the WEAPONS VEHICLES VEHICLES WEAPONS WEAPONS WEAPONS WEAPONS EQUIPMENT EQUIPMENT attack on the Army Public School in Peshawar that killed nearly future deployments to Gwadar. Several Chinese military exercises court’s authority. EQUIPMENT eight launchers, a command centre, 150 people, mostly school children, in the deadliest terrorist PAKISTAN in the Indian Ocean region are openly focused on using Chinese In recent years, satellite imagery has shown China’s increased two radars, mast and up to 72 missiles attack in Pakistan’s history. Delhi forces to protect BRI projects. But in protecting people and assets, efforts to reclaim land in the South China Sea by physically increas- Jammu & Range: 120 to 400 km, depending on Following the Peshawar school attack, Pakistani political par- Balochistan China may also increasingly find itself drawn into the local secu- ing the size of islands or creating new islands altogether. In addi- Islamabad Kashmir missiles deployed ties agreed on a comprehensive National Action Plan to combat ter- rity affairs. As China’s Global Times recently argued, “China has tion to piling sand onto existing reefs, China has constructed ports, CHINA’S NATIONAL DEFENCE Targets: Hostile aircraft, missiles, rorism and extremist ideology across the country, and Sharif lifted INDIA always adhered to the principle of non-interference in the internal military installations, and airstrips—particularly in the Paracel and Sargodha stealth jets, drones Sindh Himachal the death penalty moratorium to allow the execution of convicted affairs of other countries, but that doesn’t mean Beijing can turn a Spratly Islands, where it has twenty and seven outposts respec- Missile speed: 17,000 kmph. Faster Lahore Pradesh than any aircraft

terrorists. After nearly two years, in June 2016 the Pakistani military deaf ear to the demands of Chinese enterprises in protecting their tively. China has militarized Woody Island by deploying fighter jets, eng.chinamil.com.cn /Hu Jing & Sun Zhenqi Punjab 3 IN THE NEW ERA Reaction time: Vehicle stopping to declared that the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) had overseas investments.” cruise missiles, and a radar system. China’s claims threaten SLOCs, Quetta missile firing is 5 minutes & STRATEGY been cleared of militants. Pakistan Army claimed that roughly 3,500 which are important maritime passages that facilitate trade and the & STRATEGY Haryana & STRATEGY

Arabian PERSPECTIVES PERSPECTIVES Numbers ordered: 5 systems militants were killed and 500 Pakistani soldiers had died in the Sea South China Sea movement of naval forces. PERSPECTIVES clearing operations. China claims sovereignty over the South China Sea, estimated to The United States has challenged China’s assertive territorial The tenth Defence Whitepaper was released by China on July 24, 2019. From 1998 to 2010 China has issued a PAKISTAN have 11 billion barrels of untapped oil, 190 trillion cubic feet of nat- Despite Pakistan Govt’s declaration of success; on the one Areas dominated by different major ethnic groups claims and land reclamation efforts by conducting FONOPs and defence white paper every two years. The previous Whitepaper was published in 2015. hand TTP and other militants continue to carry out major attacks ural gas and fishing areas. Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, bolstering support for Southeast Asian partners. Japan has sold mil- e.g. March 27, 2016, Lahore Gulshan-e-Iqbal Park Easter suicide Taiwan, and Vietnam have competing claims. Since the 1970s, itary ships and equipment to the Philippines and Vietnam in order Lt General Subrata Saha (Retd), Military Expert and Consulting Editor, SP’s Military Yearbook analyses the attack and the 8th August 2016 suicide bombing in the Quetta Govt Rich in natural resources like natural gas, oil, coal, copper, sulphur, countries began to claim islands and various zones in the South to improve their maritime security capacity. The US defense treaty White Paper put out by China. hospital; on the other hand Pakistan Army and ISI provide support fluoride and gold, this is the least developed province in Pakistan. China Sea, such as the Spratly Islands. with Manila could draw them into a potential China-Philippines to the Haqqani network, Lashkar-e-Taiba, and other militant proxy Sunni Islam is the predominant religion. China maintains that under international law, foreign militaries conflict over the substantial natural gas deposits or lucrative fishing groups that carry out attacks in Afghanistan and India. Attacks The conflict in Balochistan is one of “nationalist/self-determi- are not allowed to conduct intelligence-gathering activities, such grounds in disputed territory.4 Karachi TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY claimed by the Islamic State in Pakistan are also a cause of concern nation”. The Balochistan Liberation Army, designated as a terrorist as reconnaissance flights, in its exclusive economic zone (EEZ). India supports freedom of navigation and over flight, unimped- oday, with their THE STATE COUNCIL INFORMATION OFFICE has entered a new era. INDIA as many fighting under the Islamic State’s banner in Afghanistan organisation by Pakistan and Britain, is the most widely known ed commerce, based on the principles of international law. India interests and securi- The Chinese government are believed to be former TTP militants who fled across the border, Baloch separatist group. Other separatist groups include Lashkar-e- believes that States should resolve the disputes through peaceful ty intertwined, peo- OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA JULY 2019, is issuing China’s National a phenomenon that has raised fears of an Islamic State-inspired Balochistan and the Baloch Liberation United Front (BLUF). means without threat or use of force and exercise self-restraint in CHINA TAIWAN ple across the world FIRST EDITION 2019 Defense in the New Era to campaign of violence inside Pakistan. Pakistan repeatedly alleges involvement of India and the conduct of activities that could complicate or escalate disputes Arabian UN are becoming mem- expound on China’s defensive Sea In 2018 the US administration suspended security assistance Afghanistan in supporting the Balochi movement. The former Convention’s affecting peace and stability. 200 nautical bers of community national defence policy and to Pakistan over their continuing unwillingness to target militants American Af-Pak envoy Richard Holbrooke said in 2011 that LAOS mile limit Twitha shared future. China is at a critical stage of completing the explain the practice, purposes and significance of China’s efforts to who receive sanctuary in Pakistani territory and carry out attacks Pakistan had failed to provide any evidence to the United States Civil War in Syria building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects and build a fortified national defence and a strong military, with a view South BUSINESS

in Afghanistan. More than $800 million in security assistance was that India was involved in separatist movements in Balochistan. PARACEL ISLANDS The civil war in Syria started in 2011 as protests against President BUSINESS

embarking on a journey of building a modernised socialist coun- to helping the international community better understand China’s BUSINESS China Assad’s regime. It quickly escalated into a full-scale war between suspended or redirected in 2018, and the US has cut off access for He did not consider Pakistan’s accusations against India credible. Sea try in an all-round way. Socialism and Chinese characteristics national defence. Pakistani military officers to US military training and education Holbrooke also strongly rejected the allegation that India was using THAILAND the Syrian government—backed by Russia and Iran — and anti- n LASER program based on a gas-dynamic carbon dioxide LASER BMD development involves high risk and brings a burden on programmes, in an effort to pressure the Pakistani government to its consulates in Afghanistan to facilitate Baloch rebel activity, say- PHILIPPINES government rebel groups—backed by the United States, Saudi that could reach 500 kilowatts. Scaling it up in power while the national exchequer. International collaboration with friendly Scarborough change policy. In June 2018 the Financial Action Task Force placed ing he had “no reason to believe Islamabad’s charges”, and that Shoal Arabia, Turkey, and others in the region. Currently, there are three EXPERT COMMENT maintaining the beam quality would be the challenge. nations which are willing to enter in mutually beneficial agree- Pakistan on the so-called “grey list” of countries not doing enough “Pakistan would do well to examine its own internal problems”. CAMBODIA campaigns driving the conflict; coalition efforts to defeat the Islamic n Feasibility of particle beams for missile defence is yet another ments and to develop ballistic missile shields for the future. India

to stop money laundering and terrorist financing. India too has categorically denied the allegations. VIETNAM State, violence between the Syrian government and opposition forc- promising technology. must identify its envisaged threats, evaluate its own technological Itu Abu Some distinct inferences can be drawn from the 2019 Whitepaper: The withdrawal of US forces from Afghanistan could increase The stakes in Balochistan have gone several notches higher due Island es, and military operations against Syrian Kurds by Turkish forces. n Space based tracking & Surveillance System for detection & constraints to face them and collaborate with international players 1. China is keen to position itself as the pivot for “world peace,” but with clear red lines defined on its core regional instability by allowing militants from Pakistan to estab- to the development of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) Spartly The Islamic State began seizing control of territory in Syria in tracking of ballistic missiles. Interceptors to engage incoming to build a missile defence architecture to enhance its air defence

Oslands INDIAN

“sovereignty, security, and development interests.” There is an endeavour to balance peaceful intentions and INDIAN DEFENCE lish safe havens in Afghanistan. Additionally, acute instability in and the Gwadar Port. Resource-rich Balochistan is at the heart 2013. After a series of terrorist attacks coordinated by the Islamic INDIAN missiles earlier in flight than would be possible with other mis- & nuclear deterrence capability and ensure nuclear stability in DEFENCE DEFENCE Pakistan has security implications for neighboring Afghanistan of the Beijing’s ambitious CPEC, which connects Gwadar Port in State across Europe in 2015, the United States, the United Kingdom, great power aspirations sile detection system. the subcontinent. Ballistic missile proliferation poses the greatest and India. The TTP is closely allied with the Afghan Taliban in its Balochistan with China’s Xinjiang province. The BLA is opposed and France—with the support of Turkey, Saudi Arabia, and other 2. China believes that “configuration of strategic power is becoming more balanced”. There is new found threat to regional security and needs an unfailing & perfect missiles battle against Afghan troops, and India fears that anti-state and to the CPEC, alleging that the project was aimed at exploiting the Arab partners—expanded their air campaign in Iraq to include Syria. BRUNEI confidence in China’s military power, consequent to technological advancements, modernisation, structural BMD for India shield against burgeoning nuclear weapons & missiles threats. state-sponsored Pakistani terrorists could be diverted against India. resources of the province. On November 23, 2018, three heavily- MALAYSIA Together, these nations have conducted over eleven thousand air changes in command and control and extensive training of the PLA. Missile defence is an essential component of national secu- The US is offering to sell systems to India. As India is pursuing Moreover, the vulnerability of Pakistan’s nuclear arsenal to attack or armed suicide bombers stormed the Chinese consulate in Karachi. MALAYSIA strikes against Islamic State targets in Syria, while the US-led coalition rity and defence strategies. It contributes to the deterrence of its own BMD, it welcomes any assistance from US and Arrow II

INDONESIA

The attack was claimed by the Baloch Liberation Army (BLA) has continued its support for ground operations by the SDF. Turkish 3. At the same time the paper also highlights China’s perceived risks from technological surprise and growing theft by nonstate actors remains a major concern for US and Indian adversary aggression and assurance to allies. Apropos, bigger system is the most sought after technology. India wanted to buy the 2 policymakers. which said it would not tolerate “any Chinese military expansion- troops have been involved in ground operations against the Islamic technological generation gap. It acknowledges PLA’s lagging mechanisation and it has to develop capabilities nations with expeditionary forces would require these two Israeli Arrow-II System from Israel. MRSAM/Barak-8 is a long-range ist endeavours on Baloch soil”. On May 12, 2019, Baloch militants Territorial Claims State since 2016, and have launched attacks against armed Kurdish moving ahead from ‘informationization’ to ‘intelligent warfare’. China’s rapid progress in developing unmanned kinds of BMD systems where as smaller nation can do it with an anti-air and anti-missile defence system being developed jointly by ASIAN ASIAN ASIAN ASIAN Balochistan Conflict carried out an assault in the heart of CPEC, the luxury Pearl China groups in Syria. Meanwhile, at the request of the Syrian government systems, AI and robotics manifests in its outlook for future wars. ASIAN Integrated Air Defence system capable of neutralising multiple Israel Aerospace Industries and DRDO of India. The Spada 2000

Historically Balochistan covers the southern part of Sistan and Continental hotel in Gwadar. The attackers were killed, but only in September 2015, Russia began launching air strikes against what WHO’S WHO Vietnam WHO’S WHO

WHO’S WHO kind of targets in TBA. Drawing a corollary, it is evident that kill probability is high, even against highly agile crossing targets & Baluchestan Province in Iran, the Pakistani province of Balochistan, after killing five people inside the hotel and a soldier. it claimed were Islamic State targets, while Syrian government forces 4. The paper emphasizes on “intensification of global military competition” and blames US for “undermining global Philippines strategic stability”. India would require two distinct kind of systems, one to protect can engage upto four targets simultaneously with Aspide Missile. and Afghanistan’s Helmand Province. The Gulf of Oman forms Pakistan has raised a special security force of around 15,000 Malaysia achieved several notable victories over the Islamic State, including the population/command and control/economic centers and As offensive missile capabilities continue to proliferate, missile its southern border. Mountains and desert make up much of the troops to protect CPEC and Chinese projects. As this force proves Brunei the reclamation of Palmyra. According to the US-led coalition against 5. Modernisation and restructuring of the armed forces is in line with Xi Jinping’s thinking of China’s future. In second to protect its forces in TBA. System akin to Ground based defense cooperation with allies and partners has gained increas- region’s terrain. Balochistan is the largest province of Pakistan to be inadequate, Chinese companies are expected to rely heavily Reefs built by China the Islamic State, 98 per cent of the territory formerly held by the addition to evolving threats, priority is on loyalty to the Chinese Communist party, with emphasis on core military Mid Course Missile (GMD) can be deployed in hinterland and ing importance to advance missile defence architectures for our

www.spguidepublications.com (comprising 44 per cent of the country’s total area), but it is the on private security contractors, especially Chinese contractors that group in Iraq and Syria, including Raqqa and Deir al-Zour, has been into artificial islands

Abbreviations at the end of the yearbook the end at Abbreviations functions, discipline and curbing corruption. Integrated Air Defence system akin to S-400 is required for the protection, deterrence and assurance deepening interoperability in least inhabited, with only 5per cent of total population of Pakistan. employ former PLA personnel. Use of security contractors also reclaimed by Iraqi security forces and the SDF.

 Air Defence for field formations. missile defence systems. BALANCE REGIONAL REGIONAL BALANCE BALANCE | | 2019 | | 2019 | | REGIONAL 2 SP's MILITARY YEARBOOK 46TH ISSUE WWW.SPSMILITARYYEARBOOK.COM WWW.SPSMILITARYYEARBOOK.COM SP's MILITARY YEARBOOK 46TH ISSUE 3 REGIONAL WWW.SPSMILITARYYEARBOOK.COM SP's MILITARY YEARBOOK | 2019 | 46TH ISSUE | 75 WWW.SPSMILITARYYEARBOOK.COM SP's MILITARY YEARBOOK | 2019 | 46TH ISSUE | 101 CONFLICTS TO WATCH China’s Defence Whitepaper Ballistic Missile Defence The ten most important global conflicts to watch China’s tenth Defence Whitepaper, released on Ballistic missile proliferation poses great threat to particularly from the point of view of India and July 24, 2019, after a gap of nearly 5 years is analysed the region. All about BMD and how the S-400 will this region. by a Military Expert. defend India.

INDIAN DEFENCE THE INDIAN ARMY THE INDIAN ARMY ASIAN WHO’S WHO MOD ORGANISATIONS & CONTACTS OF ASIAN COUNTRIES: INDONESIA, JAPAN MOD ORGANISATIONS & CONTACTS OF ASIAN COUNTRIES: JAPAN WEST ASIA AND NORTH AFRICA: JORDAN CONTENTS CONTENTS CONTENTS

India’s Land Border Map Diagrammatic Layout of the Army’s Chain of Command INDONESIA: MoD Organisational Structure JAPAN: MoD Organisational Structure JORDAN Security Environment King Abdullah II of Jordan has had every reason to be pleased with him- Chain of Command self lately. Following the January 2017 inauguration of President Donald

Border with Border with  General Information

Afghanistan: Trump, he was the first Arab Leader invited to Washington to meet with China: the new administration. The visit was hailed a success by all involved— 106 km 3488 km Structure Organisation of Cabinet not only in terms of US-Jordan relations, but also as an opportunity for the King to caution Trump against moving the US embassy from Tel Army Headquarters Defence Ministry of Indonesia Prime Minister VEHICLES VEHICLES WEAPONS WEAPONS WEAPONS WEAPONS Aviv to Jerusalem. EQUIPMENT EQUIPMENT (Integrated Headquarters of the Ministry of Defence-Army) VEHICLES WEAPONS WEAPONS The visit, however, was only a temporary distraction from the ongo- EQUIPMENT National Security Council Border with Border with ing security and political crisis that has been unfolding in Jordan for the last year. Jordan has witnessed a rising number of homegrown terrorist Nepal: Bhutan: attacks and security incidents. Additionally, the king’s apparent inabil- Border with 1751 km 699 km Ministry of Defence Minister of Defense Pakistan: ity or unwillingness to institute substantive socio-economic reform, end Regional Commands Army Training Command (ARTRAC) Army Headquarters Reserves corruption, and increase citizens’ rights has led to spiraling protests. Special Advisers to the Special Advisers to the (up to three people) 3323 km (Northern, Western, Southern, The growing threat of ISIS spillover from the conflicts in Syria and Minister of Defense Minister of Defense South Western, Central and Eastern) Training Establishments Reserve Formations Iraq—as well as evidence of rising militancy at home—has increased con- cerns that Jordan faces new security risks. While Jordan has long faced the & STRATEGY State Minister of Defense & STRATEGY & STRATEGY PERSPECTIVES Inspectorat General Secretariat General PERSPECTIVES threat of terrorism, recent incidents have renewed and heightened fears. HQ Corps HQ Areas/Sub-Areas Some in the Hashemite royal circle fear that Washington may not PERSPECTIVES Parliamentary Vice-Minister of Defense (two) fully appreciate the challenges they face. In 2017, US approved $ 450 Sub-Area HQ/Static Establishments million in military assistance, paling in comparison to $3.8 billion in Administrative Vice-Minister of Defense and Designated Sector HQ military assistance to Jordan’s neighbor Israel. King Abdullah repeat- Border with Vice-Minister of Defense for International Affairs edly clashed with the Obama administration’s narrow focus on ISIS in Myanmar: HQ Divisions HQ Independent Brigade (Armoured/ HQ Sub-Area Director General Director General Director General Director General Syria (and drew Jordan into that part of the strategic plan). However, the INDIA Private Secretary of the Minister of Defense King never appeared to persuade the president to his view for a broader 3323 km (Armoured/Infantry/Mountain/Artillery) Infantry/Mountain/Parachute/Artillery/ Strategic of Defence Planning of Defence Potential of Defence Strength of Defence Air Defence Artillery) Static Establishments push. This is the challenge that Abdullah faces again with the Trump TECHNOLOGY HQ Brigades TECHNOLOGY administration, and it may be that the rise in Jordan’s own domestic security challenges—coupled with the pressures that ISIS is putting on TECHNOLOGY (Armoured/Infantry/Mountain/Artillery) (Internal bureaus)us) Border with Area : 89,342 sq km the border with Syria and Jordan—proves effective. Indeed, the US-led Defense Council Regional Defense Bureaus Logistics Agency Acquisition, T Minister’ Bureau of Defense Policy Bureau of Defense Buildup Planning Bureau of Personnel and Education Bureau of Local Cooperation SDF Ethics Review Board Central Council on Defense Facilities Defense Personnel Review Board National Defense Academy National Defense Medical College National Institute for Defense Studies Bangladesh: Chief of Staff, Joint Staff Joint Staff Chief of Staff, Ground Self-Defense Force Ground Staff Office Chief of Staff, Maritime Self-Defense Force Maritime Staff Office Chief of Staff, Air Self-Defense Force Air Staff Office Defense Intelligence Headquarters of Legal Compliance The Inspector General’ Coastline: Capital : Amman campaign against ISIS cannot succeed if Jordan’s role as the pivotal 4096.7 km Arab state on the front lines of the crisis in Syria is imperiled. 7516.6 km Department of Research Department of Education Department of Coastline : 26 km and Development and Exercise Media Defence Maritime Claims

by them before August 5, 1965. In the 1965 War, Pakistan suffered Government of Maldives and while it did not involve much fighting, s Secretariat Territorial sea : 3 nm ARMY heavily in men and material with an estimate that Pak Army lost it demonstrated to the World the speed and efficiency with which Population : 1,02,48,069 Strength : 74,000 5988 killed and many more wounded. Pakistan also lost 475 tanks. the could react. This period (1989 onwards) echnology and (Note: increased estimate reflects revised assumptions about the Force by Role BUSINESS The 1971 war between India and Pakistan was fought both also saw the start of the terrorism and insurgency in Kashmir and BUSINESS net migration rate due to the increased flow of Syrian refugees (July Manoeuvre BUSINESS on the eastern and the western fronts. India adopted aggressive deployment of additional troops in J&K. 2017 est.)) Armoured strategy on the eastern front and a defensive strategy on the west- As indications of Pakistani intrusions came in starting from s Office Islands: Ethnic Divisions : Arab 98 per cent, Circassian 1 per cent, Armd Div : 1 (strategic reserve) (3 armd bde, 1 arty bde, 1 ern front. On the Eastern front the Indian Army ably supported by May 1999, it became clear that India was facing an attempt by the Centre of Finance Centre of Data Centre of Public Centre of Armenian 1 per cent AD Bde) 1197 with the Mukti Bahini defeated four divisions and 30,000 para-military Pakistan to change the LoC using its regular troops. Air and artil- and Information Communication Rehabilitation Religions : Muslim 97.2 per cent (official; predominantly Armd Bde : 1 2094 km forces of the Pakistan Army in the thirteen days’ war. In the west, lery (155mm Howitzers) was employed with devastating effect to Sunni), Christian 2.2 per cent (majority Greek

Mechanised with additional a large area of Pakistani territory was occupied by Indian troops. repel the intrusions and claim back the lost territories. Thereafter, Orthodox, but some Greek and Roman Mech Bdes : 5 coastline On 16 December, Lt General Niazi of Pakistan Army surrendered a massive build-up by Indian Army was ordered in the wake of Catholics, Syrian Orthodox, Coptic Orthodox, Light to Lt General Aurora of Indian Army with 93,000 regular and para- the December 13, 2001, terrorist attack on Parliament House. This Armenian Orthodox, and Protestant denomi- Lt Inf Bdes : 3 INDIAN INDIAN INDIAN INDIAN nations), Buddhist 0.4 per cent, Hindu 0.1 per DEFENCE DEFENCE

military men. War on the Eastern front ended in a complete victory 10-month-long mobilisation along the border with Pakistan gener- INDIAN

Combat Support DEFENCE for India and liberation of Bangladesh. ated high levels of tension, led to some positive changes in India’s cent, Jewish <0.1, folk religionist <0.1, unaffili-

Joint Staff College Self-Defense Force Units and organisations of the Ground Self-Defense Force Units and organisations of the Maritime Self-Defense Force Units and organisations of the Air Arty Bdes : 3 military doctrine and hastened its military modernisation together JAPAN: MoD Contact Details ated <0.1, other <0.1 (2010 est.) The period after 1971 War saw the steady modernisation of Cooperative Cooperative AD Bdes : 3 Source: MHA Annual Report with organizational changes. Units Organizations Languages : Arabic (official), English widely understood the Indian Army with equipment for modern war. The Expert Contact Desiganation Organisation Address MRL Bn : 1 Committee under the Chairmanship of Lt General K.V. Krishna The influx of terrorism from Pakistan continued unabated. On Security Command SDF Intelligence Communication Systems Supervised Units of Self-Defense Forces (SDF) SDF Physical T SDF Central Hospitals SDF Regional Hospitals Provincial Cooperation Offices among upper and middle classes Takeshi IWAYA Minister of Defense Ministry of Defense 5-1 Honmura-cho, Ichigaya, Equipment by Type Rao submitted its report in 1976. Some of its major recommenda- September 18, 2016, four terrorists from Pakistan struck a brigade Literacy : 95.4 per cent Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8801, Japan Government : Parliamentary Constitutional Monarchy Armoured Fighting Vehicles

tions started getting implemented in the eighties. The expansion of headquarters administrative base at Uri and killed 17 unarmed Suffrage : 18 years of age; universal MBTs : 572: 390 FV4034 (Al Hussein); 182 n major misreading of the prevailing geopolitical climate react was tested in the Rann of Kutch. In the second phase trouble mechanized forces was achieved as a result of this report. and unsuspecting soldiers in their tents. On the night of September Kenji HARADA State Minister of Defense Ministry of Defense 5-1 Honmura-cho, Ichigaya, Administrative M60 Phoenix; (274 FV4030/2 Khalid in store) n total disconnect between the military and political leadership was fomented in Kashmir. In the third phase an attempt was made On April 13, 1984, 34 soldiers of the Indian Army landed west 28-29, Indian Army’s Special Forces struck at seven launch pads of Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8801, Japan

raining School Divisions : 12 governorates Lt Tks : (19 FV101 Scorpion; in store) ASIAN ASIAN n the terrorists across the line of control along a frontage of about 200 ASIAN inability of some in the military leadership to see the situation to bottle up the Indian Army in Jammu and Kashmir by sealing of Siachen glacier and occupied the Bilafond La pass. This was the Takako SUZUKI Parliamentary Vice-Minister of Ministry of Defense 5-1 Honmura-cho, Ichigaya, ASLT : 141 B1 Centauro ASIAN WHO’S WHO in the right perspective the supply line in Chhamb-Jaurian sector of Jammu. Pakistan’s opening move in what is referred to as Operation Meghdoot between km in two different Corps Zones thus achieving complete surprise Defense Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8801, Japan WHO’S WHO

Recce : 153: 103 FV107 Scimitar; 50 FV701 Ferret WHO’S WHO n and serious inadequacies in weapons and equipment adventurism was foiled as Indian Army succeeded in making gains India & Pakistan which continues till date. During the period July over the Pakistani military establishment and inflicted considerable Hiroshi YAMADA Parliamentary Vice-Minister of Ministry of Defense 5-1 Honmura-cho, Ichigaya, Defence IFVs : 678: 13 AIFV-B-C25; 31 BMP-2; 321 Ratel-20; The result of Sino-India Conflict of 1962 encouraged Pakistan across the international borders and along the Line of Control 1987 to March 1990, Indian Army saw action in Operation Pawan casualties on the terrorists and military personnel in the area. Defense Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8801, Japan Total Armed Forces : Active: 1,00,500 (Army: 74,000; Navy: 500; Air: 311 YPR-765 PRI to seek a military solution of the Kashmir problem. A modernised (notably Hajipir). A cease-fire was agreed upon with effect from where the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) was deployed in Sri Indian Army continues to face four types of threats and chal- 12,000; Special Operations 14,000) APC : 800+ Pakistan Army with an edge over India in armour, artillery and air- September 23, 1965 with UN efforts. The Tashkent Declaration and Lanka in accordance with the Indo-Sri Lankan accord of July 29, lenges including traditional threats from China and Pakistan; General Koji YAMAZAKI Chief of Staff, Joint Staff Ministry of Defense 5-1 Honmura-cho, Ichigaya, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8801, Japan Reserves: 65,000 (Army: 60,000; Joint: 5,000) APC (T) : 650+: 370: M113A1/A2 Mk1J; 200 M577A2

www.spguidepublications.com www.spguidepublications.com power prompted her to plan aggression on Kashmir in 1965. It was the subsequent agreement between the two countries led to the dis- 1987. On November 3, 1988, the Indian Army launched Operation contemporary threats in the form of terrorism; internal chal- (Excluding temporary or special positions.) Paramilitary Forces : Gendarmerie: 15,000 est, Civil Militia (CP); some Temsah; 77 YPR-765 PRCO (CP); 3 a three-phased programme. In the first phase the Indian capacity to engagement of forces and their withdrawal to positions occupied Cactus in Maldives to prevent mercenaries from overthrowing the lenges; and out of area contingency threats. Indian Army ‘People’s Army’: 35,000 est AIFV-B BALANCE BALANCE REGIONAL REGIONAL REGIONAL REGIONAL

2018– BALANCE 150 | SP's MILITARY YEARBOOK | 2019 | 46TH ISSUE WWW.SPSMILITARYYEARBOOK.COM WWW.SPSMILITARYYEARBOOK.COM SP's MILITARY YEARBOOK | 2019 | 46TH ISSUE | 151 314 | SP's MILITARY YEARBOOK | 2019 | 46TH ISSUE WWW.SPSMILITARYYEARBOOK.COM WWW.SPSMILITARYYEARBOOK.COM SP's MILITARY YEARBOOK | 2019 | 46TH ISSUE | 315 REGIONAL WWW.SPSMILITARYYEARBOOK.COM SP's MILITARY YEARBOOK | 2019 | 46TH ISSUE | 491

Indian Defence Asian Who’s Who Regional Balance Everything there is to know about Indian Armed Forces, Who’s who in 44 countries in Asia and Pacific along with GDP, military expenditure, security environment and Ministry of Defence, Defence Industry, Defence R&D the MoD organisation structures and contacts of listing of current military hardware of 45 countries in Asia and Central Armed Police Forces including Who’s who, 13 largest buyers of defence equipment in the region. and Pacific. organisation structures, profiles and contact details.

Crystal Gazing the Global MODERNISATION TECHNOLOGY Security Environment  West Asia – Ticking Time Bomb  IAF Full Replacement by 2035  Cyber Warfare  ASEAN Centrality – In Trap of China  Indian Army Right Sizing  Nuclear Calculus  China’s footprint from Indo-Pacific to Africa  Indian Army Modernisation  Satellites – The Force Multiplier  Challenges Before India’s Maritime  India’s Maritime Interests in the  Hypersonic Weapons AND MORE... Diplomacy Indo-Pacific  Future Super Soldier  Pakistan Factor in India and Afghanistan  India’s Defence Budget  Future Submarines  Indian Navy and Indo-Pacific –  India’s Business Environment  Artificial Intelligence Realism vs Posturing  Strategic Partnership in Defence  Turnaround in India-Russia Relations Production

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