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La Reinvención De La Otan: Transformacion Institucional Desde El Discurso

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La Reinvención De La Otan: Transformacion Institucional Desde El Discurso www.flacsoandes.edu.ec María Luisa Ortega Salvador REINVENCIÓN DE OTAN: TRANSFORMACIONLA INSTITLAUCIONAL DESDE EL DISCURSO FLACSO fe e:· LJ .A[·::>(;;:> 'R 2012 3S5 .o�,l 0�1 ,j LA REINVENCIÓN DE LA OTAN: TRANSFORMACIÓN INSTITUCIONAL DESDE EL DISCURSO --------· BIBLIOTECA- FLACSO-EC .. Fecha: 2-=�. :ID.\k�.-- .. C��·¡,·· NE --- l�-4----�-------- , N83�?J4q� Proveedor: .. ,. ••••••• -.-·----.---� ........... -,. ..... - • - - - A - - - - - - - • • -· Canje iiBLIOTEC.� · r: .� ,. z �! ""-------�-··-·· ... .. .... Donación Ule!�� -f.\Atll.}· 4J © FLACSO - Sede Ecuador Pradera E7-174 y Diego de Almagro Telf.:(593-2) 3238888 Fax:(593-2) 3237960 www.flacso.org.ec Quito-Ecuador ISBN: 978-9978-67-344-7 Diseño de interiores: Jaime Villarroel Diseño de portada: Antonio Mena Impresión: V&M Gráficas Quito-Ecuador Fa. edición: Abril de 2012 Tesis para obtener el título de Maestría en Relaciones Internacionales con mención en Seguridad y Derechos Humanos. FLACSO - Sede Ecuador Autora: María Luisa Ortega Salvador DEDICATORIA A Luis Carlos Hernández Ortega quien con su sonrisay alegría constantes me ha proporcionado las fuerzas y la energía necesarias para trabajar, cada dia, durante once meses en esta investigación. AGRADECIMIENTOS A Beatriz Zepeda, nu maestra y anuga, por su invaluable dedica­ ción a mi investigación, sus constantes y muy acertadas sugerencias, su confianza en mis capacidades, su compañia durante los buenos y malos momentos en la realización de este trabajo y por sobre to­ das las cosas, porque sin su ayuda, esta tesis no hubiera sido posible. A Andrés González, mi maestro, eterno jefe y anugo, por la confianza depositada en mi durante estos años de traba­ jo y por las grandes oportunidades que ha puesto en mi camino. A mis padres y hermanos por su cariño y apoyo constante en ésta y todas las etapas de mi vida y por ayudarme a hacer cada un o de mis sueños realidad. A Luis Carlos Hernández Ortega por brindarme su alegre compañía du­ rante estos once meses de investigación. A An drés Aveiga por hacerme saber todos los días que lo podía lograr. A mis compañeros de FLACSO por su amistad sincera y su apoyo inque­ brantable. A mis amigas, quienes a través de sus bromas, risas y consejos, me mantu­ vieron en pie durante este largo recorrido. A Dios por fortalecer diariamente mi espíritu, otorgarme las capacidades necesariaspara realizar este trabajo de investigación y permitirmerodear­ me de todas las personas que he mencionado en estos agradecimientos. ÍNDICE Introducción ....................................................................................................................9 CAPÍTULO .I El Consttuctivismo y el Análisis de Discurso .. ....... ........ ....... ........ ...... .... 17 El constructivismo. ................. ............... .................................... ........................ ......... 18 lvfétodos constructivistas: análisis de discurso ... ........... ........ ........ .. ....................... 32 CAPÍTULO .II La OTAN: Surgimiento y desarrollo ....... ......................................... .... ... .41 Discurso de la OTAN durante la Guerra Fria ................................... ......... .......... 61 Discurso de la OTAN periodo 1985-1989 ........................................................... 7 4 La OTAN como sujeto en el periodo 1985-1989 .................................................. 74 CAPÍTULO .III La OTAN en el período 1990-1994 . ................................ ........ ...... ........... 83 Contexto histórico ............................................................ .... ......................... ............. 84 Discurso de la OTAN entre 1990-1994 .................................................................. 89 Declaración sobre una Alianza Transformada: la Declaración de Londres..... 108 El Nuevo Concepto Estratégico de 1991 ............................................................. 109 Partnership for Peace ....... .............................. ........... ................. .............................. 111 CAPÍTULO .IV La Otan po r 'fu era de área ': Afgan is tán ................................................................ 115 Co ntex to histórico.... ................................................................................................ 117 An álisis de discu rs o de la re spues ta de la OTAN al 11 de septiemb re ............. 122 Discu rso de la OTAN en Afganis tán .................................................................... 128 Suje to de la OTAN en Afganis tán ......................................................................... 128 La s re lac iones en tre la OTAN y Rusia después del 11 de septiembre .............. 145 Conclus iones fin ales ................................................................................................. 151 Bi bliog ra fía .......................................................................... ....................................... 159 INTRODUCCIÓN La Organización del Tratado del Atlántico Norte (OTAN)\ original­ mente creada en 1948 por Estados Unidos, Canadá y los Estados de Europa Occidental, para en fren tar el riesgo de expansión del control soviético sobre el occidente europeo, se en contró a sí misma sin un ob­ jetivo plenamente identificable después de 1989. El 9 de noviembre de 1989 cayó el Muro de Berlín. Once meses después, Alemania se reunifi­ có. El 1 de abril de 1991 el Pacto de Varsovia se disolvió. Finalmente, el 25 de diciembre del mismo año la Unión Soviética dejó de existir (Me­ Calla, 1996:448). En tan sólo dos años, los factores que habían llevado a la creación de la OTAN desaparecieron por completo y, sin embargo, esta organización siguió en pie. Desde aquel momento, la OTAN buscó reorientar sus objetivos y prácticas. En tal cometido, la alianza militar transatlántica ha demostrado continuidad e innovación. Su capacidad de adaptación a las nuevas exigencias mundiales y a los nuevos parámetros de seguridad in ternacional ha desmentido más de una predicción y sor­ prendido a muchos. Sin amenaza soviética que enfrentar, la OTAN no sólo que no se ha extinguido, sino que ha redefinido la naturaleza de sus objetivos y prácticas in stitucionales. A diferencia de otras alianzas militares, que han desaparecido una vez extintas sus razones de existencia, la OTAN con- Para propósitos de este trabajo de investigación, identificó a la OTAN como la organización formada por los países miembros del Consejo del AtlánticoNorte y su burocracia interna, representados específicamente,por los diferentes secretariosgenerales de la organización desde su creación hasta la actualidad. 101 Ma ría Luisa Salvador tinúa vigente y se ha transformado en respuesta a la desaparición de las amenazas y enemigos que impulsaron su creación. En este trabajo quiero proponer que la OTAN se ha reinventado a si misma, a través del discurso, a partir de la finalización de la Guerra Fría, lo cual le ha permitido sobrevivir en el nuevo escenarioglobaL Dicha reinvención se explicita en el cambio de la naturaleza misma de la institu­ ción: de una alianza militar que respondía a amenazas bajo el contexto de la Guerra Fría a una organización de seguridadque enfrenta nuevos retos, modifica sus objetivos y por lo tanto, sus tareas, y que no es lógicamente equiparable a una alianza militar. La modificación de sus prácticas y de sus actividades en el contexto de seguridad ya no solamente de la zona atlánticasino de regionespor fuera dela misma Europa, vuelve evidente el proceso de reinvención de la OTAN. Dicho proceso se puede constatar en el discurso de los distintos secretarios generales de la organización, en textos oficiales publicados por el Consejo del Atlántico Norte y en comu- . nicados de prensa disponibles en la página web oficial de la organización. En este contexto, el interés principal de esta investigación es discutir cómo se ha reinventado la OTAN a través del discurso una vez finalizada la Guerra Fria y disuelto el Pacto de Varsovia. Llama la aten­ ción a esta investigación la supervivencia de la OTAN pues, el Pacto de Varsovia, creado también bajo las condiciones de la Guerra Fria, des­ apareció al finalizar dicho conflicto. No obstante, la OTAN continuó existiendo. Europa podría haber elegido, asimismo, desarrollar o forta­ lecer otros marcos institucionales especializados en cooperación y/ o en temas de seguridad, como la Organización para la Seguridad y Coope­ ración de Europa (OSCE), que pudieron haber resultado en alternativas para la seguridad continental que la misma OTAN; sin embargo, la Or­ ganización del Tratado del Atlántico Norte continúa existiendo, adap­ tando e innovando sus funciones a las demandas contemporáneas de la seguridad europea. En su proceso de reinvención, la OTAN ha decidido enfrentar otro tipo de retos que no afectan al territorio transatlántico ni están bajo el contexto de la Guerra Fría y que por lo tanto, sobrepasan su mandato original. La supervivencia de la OTAN, el cambio en sus objetivos y prác­ ticas y su innovación a partir del fin de la Guerra Fría han sido objeto de producción de una vasta literatura. John S. Duffield (1994-1995) hace ex­ plícitas las nuevas funcionesde la organización en el período post-Guerra Fría. Asimismo, Celeste A. Wallander (2 000) describe la transformación La reinvención de la OTAN 1 11 institucional de la OTAN a partir de la Declaración de Londres de 1990, mientras que Paul Cornish (1996) detalla las nuevas dinámicas en la rela­ ción de la OTAN con algunos de sus miembros y discute la credibilidad y legitimidad de la organización
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