History of the Santee Sioux: In­ the United States adopted in those hundred dian Policy on Trial. By ROY W. MEYER. (Lin­ years to regulate Indian affairs. coln, University of Nebraska Press, 1967. Mr. Meyer organizes his story around the xvi, 434 p. Maps, illustrations. $7.50.) reservations to which the Santee Sioux were jnoved — the temporary Crow Creek Reserva­ Reviewed by Francis Paul Prucha, S.J. tion on the Missouri River in central South Da­ kota, the Santee Reservation in northeastern THE SANTEE were the eastern subtribes of the Nebraska, the Sisseton Reservation in north­ Sioux — the Mdewakanton, Wahpekute, Sisse­ eastern South Dakota, the Devils Lake Reserva­ ton, and Wahpeton — who lived on the upper tion in North Dakota, and the small groups of Mississippi and along the River. They Sioux at Flandreau, South Dakota, and in Min­ were the Sioux whom most travelers met in the nesota. He tefis how these Indians adjusted to early decades of the nineteenth century, and reservation life through the remainder of the they were the Indians who fought in the upris­ nineteenth century and then recounts the history ing of 1862. of the same groups in the twentieth. Mr. Meyer, a professor of Engfish at Mankato The work of the Indian agents, the disastrous State College, presents a remarkably compre­ effects of allotting lands in severalty, the at­ hensive study of these Indians. He describes tempts of the Indians to adopt the white man's their first contacts with the whites, the events agricultural economy, the results of federal edu­ and condidons that led to the uprising, and the cational programs, and the operation of the outbreak itself. This part of the account, al­ Wheeler-Howard Act of 1934 are considered in though carefully researched and weU presented, detail. The documentation is exceptionally fufi, has been told in detail before, and the author for Mr. Meyer has used the essential archival wisely devotes the greater part of his book to sources, augmented with newspaper accounts the history of the subtribes from the aftermath and whatever private papers were available. of the uprising to the present time. Here he The tone throughout is judicious and moderate, makes a significant contribution to our knowl­ yet the author's deep sympathy for his subject edge of American Indian poficy, for he traces is evident. what happened to the several groups when they Mr. Meyer's position is that, whereas the In­ were removed from Minnesota and describes the dians had to accept an agricultural life and give effect on the Indians of the various laws which up intertribal warfare if they were to share the continent in peace with the Europeans, it was Father Prucha, professor of history at Marquette not necessary to deprive them of other elements University in Milwaukee, is the author of Ameri­ in their culture, such as language, refigion, can Indian Poficy in the Formative Years (1962). dress, family relationships, and a preference for 95 Summer 1968 collectivism over individuafism. He concludes: troops always on the brink of mutiny, scurvy "The people who wanted to save the Indian rampant, and the Sioux ever poised to strike. might have accompfished more if they had tried Forts of the Upper Missouri not only reports to do less. But two conditions were required for the intimate, very human aspects of frontier mili­ the necessary culture change to take place: time tary life from "the low quality of the food . . . for the Indian to see the necessity for the change to the painful lack of available women," but also and to make it himself, and a place for him to effectively relates it all to the grand pattern of work out his destiny in comparative freedom westwai'd expansion. The pofitical, economic, from overt external pressure. Neither of these and mfiitary motivations of the army's advance was granted him." The attempted acculturation up the Missouri are clearly defined. We are of the Santee Sioux that he describes ended in given a running account of the infighting among poverty and demoralization. the War Department, the Indian Bureau, the This is a scholarly, not a popular book, but fur traders, burgeoning frontier business in­ no one can afford to miss it who is seriously terests, and the Minnesota-Dakota settlers. And concerned with Minnesota's history or with the back of it all we see the Indians fighting skillfully Indian poficy of the United States. but without hope — or standing patiently in fine for the government rations that would keep them alive a little longer. FRONTIER FORTS This is a very complex story and one that could easily become mired down in a bog of static detail. But the author keeps it rolling by Forts of the Upper Missouri. By ROBERT G. a skillful use of narrative technique — for ex­ ATHEARN. (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, ample, the chapter on General Affred Sully's Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1967. xi, 339 p. Illus­ frustrating campaign against the Sioux. And the trations. $7.95.) extensive use of material taken directly from frontier newspapers, personal letters, officers' Reviewed by Walter O'Meara journals, and other contemporary writing gives ALTHOUGH numerous books and articles have one a sense of sharing life at the lonely prairie been written about individual forts, military posts and a new understanding of the Missouri campaigns, the fur trade, river travel, and other River frontier's iafluence on the settlement of related subjects, no work has ever dealt spe­ the West. cifically and in depth with the Missouri River Forts of the Upper Missouri is written in Mr. military frontier. Having noted this gap in Athearn's companionable style, with occasional American history, Robert G. Athearn proceeds flashes of ironic humor and always a keen per­ to fiUi t with Forts of the Upper Missouri, a book ception for the human nuances of history. It that will fascinate every reader even casually in­ is a fine, scholarly addition to the American terested in the westward expansion of our nation. Forts Series inaugurated by Stewart H. Hol­ After the Sioux Uprising of 1862, the army brook. Since much of its story bears on the early acted as energetically as the general military settlement of their state, Minnesotans wfll find situation would aUow to protect settlers in Mui- it especially interesting. nesota and the Dakotas from the Indians and to guard the Missouri River route to Montana by STORY OF A HERO establishing a string of forts up the river from Fort RandaU to the base of the Rockies. Pro­ fessor Athearn's book describes in graphic detail The Last Hero: Charles A. Lindbergh. By WAL­ the building of these lonely outposts where the TER S. Ross. (New York, Harper & Row, 1968. garrisons lived in cold so deep that the guard xvii, 402 p. Illustrations. $7.95.) had to be refieved every fifteen minutes. It gives a vivid picture of officers frequently drunk, Reviewed by Russell W. Fridley THE THESIS of this well-written biography is Mr. O'Meara is the author of Guns at the Forks that Charles A. Lindbergh, by virtue of time, (1965). His new book. Daughters of the Country, circumstances, and native ability, was the last will he published in November. hero on the American scene. That is, he was the 96 MINNESOTA History last to perform an extiaordinary feat on his own FINNISH SETTLERS before the advent of the age of mass technology. Mr. Ross is careful to state that his work is History of the Finns in Minnesota. Edited by not authorized by the flier and was written with­ out access to Lindbergh's papers. The narrative, HANS R. WASASTJERNA. Translated by Toivo RosvALL. (Duluth, Minnesota Finnish-Ameri­ annotated and indexed, is woven from news­ can Historical Society, [1967]. xi, 676 p. paper accounts, articles, books, interviews, and Illustrations. $5.00.) conversations, and the author explains that, in order to produce a "reasonably accurate book," Reviewed by Michael G. Kami he has treated his subject as "what he is: a his­ torical figure, albeit a living one." AT LAST, through Toivo Rosvall's fine English Embelfished by well-chosen anecdotes, this translation, Hans R. Wasastjerna's History of fast-moving account fofiows Lindbergh from his the Finns in Minnesota is available to people birth in Detroit, his boyhood and early manhood who do not read Finnish. Commissioned by the in Little Fafis, his flight ti'aining and work as an Minnesota Finnish-American Historical Society, airmail pilot, to the epoch-making Atlantic the book was first published in Finnish in 1957. crossing in the "Spirit of St. Louis." Mr. Ross Its stated purpose was to bring together, and chronicles the flying colonel's happy marriage to thus to save, the vanishing historical material Anne Morrow and the tragic kidnapping-murder left by Finnish immigrants in Minnesota so that of their first chfld; he describes Lindbergh's col­ young American Finns could better appreciate laboration with Alexis Carrel in developing the their cultural heritage. automatic heart pump, his support of Dr. Robert Editor Wasastjerna, however, has done more H. Goddard, the rocket pioneer, as well as his than preserve a mountain of historical data. He role as an early advocate of American air power. has compiled an encyclopedia of Finlandia. To The author tells of Lindbergh's opposition to provide a suitable backdrop against which to United States involvement in World War II and see more clearly the struggles of pioneer Finns, of his association with the America First Com­ he begins with a long chapter which traces the mittee. He delineates the flier's quiet and survival of Finnish ethnic identity from its ori­ unofficial engagement in air warfare against the gins in the Finno-Ugric tribes through six hun­ Japanese in the Pacific. dred years of political subjugation by Sweden The Last Hero emphasizes the continuing and Russia to Finland's ultimate emergence as growth of Charles Lindbergh as a thinker and an independent nation. writer. Mr. Ross feels that "perhaps his true Next comes a detailed chapter about Finnish appeal to our consensus-ridden society, with its emigration to America, including statistics and constantly eroding liberties and encroaching probable causes of the exodus. Finally, the focus conformities, is his freedom." He paints his sub­ shifts to Minnesota, which is examined county ject as "an inner-directed man in an increasingly by county in the south where there are few other-directed world . . . doing exactly what Finns, and township by township in the north he decides is his duty." The book concludes with where there are many. Rightly, most space is a description of the current cause espoused by given to Duluth and St. Louis County, perhaps this unusual sixty-six-year-old individual: the the center of Finnish population in America. In preservation of vanishing species of wildlife addition, dozens of valuable photographs add around the globe. dimension to a straightforward narrative which The volume plows no new furrows. The de­ proudly catalogs Minnesota's Finns and their finitive biography of its protagonist remains to contribution to the state. be done. And it awaits the exhaustive study of Throughout the volume, which is based on Lindbergh's papers. Until that day arrives, Mr. letters, interviews, archival material, Finnish- Ross's book wifl stand as a refiable study of one American newspapers, minutes from social or­ of the truly remarkable figures of our century. ganizations, and printed sources from both

Mr. Fridley is director of the Minnesota His­ Mr. Kami is the author of "Otto Walta: Finnish torical Society and president of the American Folk Hero of the Iron Range" in Minnesota His­ Association for State and Local History. tory (Winter, 1967).

Summer 1968 97 Finland and America, the editor offers answers not a major reason for emigrating. This fact to such important questions as: Why did so did not contribute to religious unity after the many Finns emigrate? Why did they choose to immigrants reached America, however, and sev­ settle in northern Minnesota? Why were they so eral church bodies emerged — all Lutheran in "clannish"? Why did they so fiercely resist character. The Norwegians, besides organizing Americanization? His answers to these ques­ churches, edited some four hundred papers, tions, which for the most part seem valid, will many of which devoted space to religious mat­ undoubtedly be challenged by scholars and ters. They frequently shunned the English gram­ Finns. But the importance of Mr. Wasastjerna's mar schools for their nonreligious spirit and lack work is not whether he correctly interprets the of discipline and organized parochial schools. data he has compiled; rather, it is that he was Their best contribution to education was at the able to compile so much. By bringing together college level. Fevold enumerated some of these so many sources, he has done a valuable service but saw fit to omit the name of Concordia Col­ for later historians who will perhaps have a lege at Moorhead. The reader also wonders better perspective from which to evaluate the where this paper was first presented. The pref­ imprint of the Finns on America and Minnesota. ace states that it was read at the American His­ The ultimate significance of the book, how­ torical Association meeting in 1965 (a topic with ever, is that it marks the final assimilation of a similar title does appear on the program), but Finland's emigrants into American culture. The a footnote on page one places it at the triennial Finns, so long inscrutable, so long resistant to meeting of the Norwegian-American Historical the ways of America and her language, at last Association in May, 1966. recognize that they have a past in America, a The next four selections deal with edited let­ past to be proud of. History of the Finns in Min­ ters of prominent Norwegians. Millard L. Gieske nesota is their official pronouncement of that. selected fifteen of Senator 's Civil War letters; Nora O. Solmn's "An Immigrant Boy on the Frontier" is a translation of part of NORWEGIAN ESSAYS the memoirs of Simon Johnson, a staff member of Decorah-Posten and later editor of Norman- den; and C. A. Clausen's translation of several Norwegian-American Studies: Volume 23. letters written by Hans and Johan Casmann and Edited by CARLTON C. QUALEY. (Northfield, Beulah Folkedahl's "Knud Knudsen and His Norwegian-American Historical Association, America Book" are early examples of America 1967. 256 p. $4.00.) letters dating from the 1840s. Knudsen's ac­ count of his trip to America is spiced with advice Reviewed by G. Rudolph Bjorgan to those who might follow later in order that THIS VOLUME of Norwegian-American they might avoid some of the pitfalls which he Studies might be described as a literary lapskaus. observed or experienced. (This was a dish comprised of a mixtiire of foods "Kristofer Janson's Beginning Ministry" by often found on the menus of the common folk.) Nina Draxten deals with the way in which Jan- The first eight sections deal with a variety of son was coaxed by Bj0rnstjerne Bj0mson and subjects running the gamut from that of a schol­ Rasmus B. Anderson into comuig to America to arly historical paper to reminiscences by an expound his liberal religious views. Arlow W. elderly pioneer editor of his boyhood on the Andersen discusses the controversy over the prairies of North Dakota. bitter criticism leveled at America by Nobel The lead article by church historian Eugene prize winner Knut Hamsun. These sentiments, L. Fevold, "The Norwegian Immigrant and His the result of his trip to America in 1882, were Church," considers the influence of refigion on presented in Fra det moderne Amerikas aand- the Norwegian immigrant. He discusses the sliv (From the InteUectual Life of Modern impact of the revival atmosphere that pervaded America — Copenhagen, 1889). Apparently Norway in the nineteenth century as the result Hamsun later regretted having made these of the Haugean and Johnsonian movements. Al­ though these movements showed dissatisfaction Mr. Bjorgan is on the faculty at Wartburg Col­ with the apathetic state church, religion was lege in Waverly, Iowa.

98 MINNESOTA History statements and did not wish to have them cir­ meet the Selkirk settlers and relive the hardships culated. In the last essay in the volume, "The they faced while proving "that farming was pos­ Romantic Spencerian," Marc L. Ratner dis­ sible in the northern prairies." Part two takes cusses some of the influences — particularly us to 1885, by which time railroads had made that of Herbert Spencer — on the thought of the area easily accessible and bonanza wheat writer Hjalmar Hjorth Boyesen. operations had captured the attention of people Beulah Folkedahl's briefly annotated bibliog­ from far corners of the world. In part three we raphy of recent publications in book and peri­ learn how, through the assistance of government odical form, as well as the listing of significant and science, poorly drained sections were re­ source materials in the Norwegian-American claimed, pests and weeds were destroyed, and Historical Association Archives, completes this a modern system of diversified farming was small but interesting volume. established. A number of carefully drawn maps clarify and supplement the text. Some fifty illustra­ RED RIVER FARMING tions add visual dimension and assist the reader in transporting himself backward in time. The picture on the dust jacket, while depicting a The Valley Comes of Age: A History of Agri­ period later than that covered by the text, is culture in the Valley of the Red River of the eye-catching. All of the scholarly parapher­ North, 1812-1920. By STANLEY NORMAN nalia— tables, footnotes, bibliography, and in­ MURRAY. (Fargo, North Dakota Institute for dex — are present, and the job of bookmaking Regional Studies, 1967. xv, 250 p. Illus­ is excellent. trations. $7.50.) It is obvious that Mr. Murray has carried on a long-time love affair with the region of which Reviewed by Merrill E. Jarchow he is a native. The book reflects his ardor. If IN ten fairly brief and readable chapters, ar­ anything, he has at times been too meticulous. ranged into three parts. Professor Murray tells Savings could have been effected and the book the story of land utilization in this fertile and given a sharper look had citations within para­ level valley of the "American Nile," from the graphs been combined and repetition in the days of the Cree and the Assiniboin, the Chey­ listing of dates and places of publication of enne and the Chippewa, to 1920. By this time, works mentioned in footnotes been avoided. white men had learned the secrets of adjustment There is some unevenness, too, in annotation. to the special conditions of climate, topography, The bibfiography, while uncritical, offers a rich and soil and had turned the flatlands adjoining and varied menu of materials, but one cannot the Red into "one of the most stable and pro­ help wondering why newspapers were neg­ lected, and if an effort was made to locate and ductive agricultural regions in the world." Al­ use relevant personal papers — letters, diaries, though in essence a homogeneous geographical reminiscences — of farm people. But the story area, a transition zone between the land of lakes in its essentials is here, clearly and concisely and trees lying to the east and the horizon- told. reaching prairies to the west, the valley spans several governmental jurisdictions. By compar­ ing the responses of these jurisdictions to the H ISTORIC HOUSES problems of settlement and land use, Mr. Mur­ ray makes a distinct contribution to agricultural Minnesota Houses: An Architectural b- His­ scholarship. torical View. By ROGER KENNEDY. (Min­ Part one outlines the geography of the region neapolis, Dillon Press, 1967. xi, 275 p. and takes the story up to 1870. Here we encoun­ Illustrations. $8.50.) ter famifiar characters in the drama of the fron­ tier — the Indian, the buffalo, the beaver, and Reviewed by H. F. Keeper the mink, and those who preyed upon them. We ARCHITECTURE is the art which is closest to Mr. Jarchow is currently writing a history of us afi. Being cribbed and cabined from earfiest private higher education in Minnesota. years, we grow up aware of the houses we live

Summer 1968 99 in and those we visit and admire. We can hardly tion is made of its plan or the stone with which avoid being architectural critics of a sort. This it was buflt. In the Gothic-styled John B. Gfl- involvement makes architecture the supreme fillan house in Minneapofis, built by B. O. Cut­ social art, and it takes its place among historical ter, we are told of the "imitation of shaded factors of economics and politics as well as stone" on the exterior. Was this painted on serving as an index of taste and education. stucco or an earlier board-and-batten siding? In his book on Minnesota houses Mr. Ken­ Thus we learn more about the personafities of nedy has taken this wide point of view and LeDuc and Gilfillan and very little about the relates his commentary to events and personal­ famous houses in which they lived. The re­ ities of Minnesota history. He gives us a selec­ finement of house plans which comes in the tion from eight decades of domestic buildings Victorian period — special rooms for special erected between the mid-1830s and 1914. His purposes — is not discussed nor is the mechani­ selection is generous; over seventy of the zation of the American house, its plumbing, houses are illustrated, many photographs hap­ heating, and lighting. pily taken in the clear, cold light of Minnesota CompeUed by the economics of our time to winters which convey the climate and leave the live in smaller and plainer quarters, many are architectiiral view free from foliage. fascinated by and envious of the personality of A successful example of Mr. Kennedy's broad old houses. For those (and even a few hard­ treatment in which politics and refigion relate ened futurists) Mr. Kennedy's affectionate book to architecture is his chapter on the houses the will be a happy encounter. Germans built. Centering on New Ulm, he points out the difference between houses built INTREPID ITALIAN prior to 1870 and those constructed afterward. The later work was distinctly German in char­ GIACOMO C. BELTRAMI'S incredible wan­ acter and was the direct result of the reaction of derings in the Minnesota wilderness in 1823 disenchanted "Forty-Eighters" that coincided are recounted amusingly by Timothy Severin in with the newly arrived immigrants who wanted "The Preposterous Pathfinder" in American to perpetuate old German ways. Hence, "Ca- Heritage for December, 1967. Based on Bel­ henslyite architecture," to use the author's term. trami's own romantic writings, the article tells A consistent and vexing shortcoming is the of the flamboyant Venetian's arrival aboard the author's reluctance to give sources of informa­ "Virginia," first steamboat to make it upstream tion or quotations. For example, an authority on to the Minnesota country, and of his subse­ early cabins is mentioned and quoted but no­ quent "hitchhiking" with Major Stephen H. where does his name appear in the bibfiography. Long's expedition up the Minnesota and Red This reviewer does not mean to imply that rivers. The author describes how the party the material is uninteresting or blandly pre­ reached Pembina, where Beltrami had a falling sented. Indeed, the presentation is enthusiastic, out with Long and set out with two Chippewa but also it is less than reassuring. Generally the guides to find the source of the Mississippi choice of historical material is relevant to the River. After a brush with some Sioux Indians, architectural story. It is satisfying to know some­ the Chippewa decamped, leaving Beltrami thing of the personalities who buflt these houses, "sitting disconsolately on the bank [of the Red and Mr. Kennedy's predilection for anecdote Lake River] with his baggage and a canoe he shines well here. did not know how to paddle." By wading and pulling the canoe behind him, with a pink In a strictly architectural framework, this mnbrella protecting his baggage in the craft, book serves less well. A tendency to generalize Beltrami somehow reached a small lake he and to omit necessary explanation is regrettable. erroneously thought was the Mississippi's We are not told, for example, which of Andrew source. Eventually, he reached Fort St. An­ J. Downing's books provided the source of the thony (later Snefiing) and went downstream to Wilfiam G. LeDuc house in Hastings. No men- New Orleans. In 1866, says Mr. Severin, the Minnesota state legislatme honored the ex­ Mr. Keeper, author of Historic St. Paul Build­ plorer "in a way that even Beltrami would ings (1964), is associate professor of architec­ have considered suitable." It named Beltrami ture at thf University of Illinois, Chicago Circle. County after him.

100 MINNESOTA History . . . on the HISTORICAL HORIZON

AFTER SEVEN YEARS of research in their States — "more of them in this state [Min­ own and neighboring parishes, in Stockholm, in nesota] than in any other" — daily fife and the ports of emigration, and in Minnesota, the customs, and their churches and cultural con­ thirty members of the Langasjo Emigrantcirkel tributions. The final chapter takes a look at have produced En Smdlandssocken Emigrerar some of the members of this immigrant group (A Smaland Parish Emigrates) (Langasjo, Swe­ whose achievements have "won them atten­ den, Langasjo Emigrantcirkel, 1967. 928 p. tion ... as Americans." Ole Rolvaag, Knute Sw. Kr. 80). Ten authors are credited with Nelson, Floyd B. Olson, and responsibifity for the several sections, including are among the Minnesotans listed. The Ger­ a former newspaper fibrarian of this society, Roy mans in America by Carl Wittke (New York, A. Swanson, who contributes a short piece (the 1967. 26 p.) covers much the same ground only one in English) on the Swansons of Port for this element which "as late as 1930 . . . Wing, Wisconsin. constituted the largest single group among The book includes a study of Langasjo (a America's foreign-born." country parish in the province of Smaland, in southwest Sweden) and an account (compris­ NEW EDITIONS of two important nineteenth- ing about half the book) of the 1,414 emigrants century books written and illustrated by well- who are known to have left the parish between known painters of North American Indians have 1853 and 1947. Wherever possible, the family appeared recently. One is a centennial edition relationships of the individual are given, along of George Catfin's O-kee-pa: A Religious Cere­ with whatever facts could be ascertained about mony and Other Customs of the Mandans his fife after leaving Sweden. Included, too, (New Haven and London, Yale University are a chapter on the emigrants who settled in Press, 1967. 106 p. $12.50). As John C. Chisago County, Minnesota, an analysis of the Ewers, the editor, points out in his perceptive emigration, and a group of emigrant letters and introduction, Catlin prepared O-kee-pa for pub­ autobiographical sketches, together with chron­ lication in 1867 to answer critics who said he ological and alphabetical indexes of emigrants' was guilty of falsification, or at least exaggera­ names. The details amassed in the long section tion, in his earlier descriptions and pictures of devoted to individual migrants appear in the the major Mandan religious ceremony with its masterly analytical chapter by John Johannson, painful self-tortures and sexual overtones. (Cat­ modestly entitled "The Course of Emigration," lin had witnessed the four-day O-kee-pa of the which, with the help of statistics, displays much Mandans during a journey to the upper Mis­ information of very wide interest on such sub­ souri in 1832.) The handsome new edition not jects as the emigrants' destinations, ages, length only reproduces Catlin's O-kee-pa text in its en­ of stay, and remittances home. Thus, one notes tirety but also includes thirteen color plates of that no information at all could be found about the artist's Mandan paintings, Catlin's Folium one-third of those who left, and of those who Reservatum (which described sexual aspects of could be accounted for about one-seventh re- the ceremony for scholars but was deemed too tumed. One-third of those who could be traced risque for general readers of 1867), and cor­ went to Minnesota and no less than sixteen per roborative letters to prove Catlin was telling cent to British Columbia, although most of the the truth. Mr. Ewers has added notes and an latter went home. It is to be hoped that this index. chapter wfll be translated into Engfish and pub­ Paul Kane's Wanderings of an Artist Among fished separately. Michael Brook the Indians of North America, first published in 1859 and reissued in 1925, is also in print UNDER the general editorship of Clifford L. again in a new edition (Rutland, Vermont, and Lord, the Localized History Series pubfished by Tokyo, Japan, Charles E. Tuttle Co., 1968. the Teachers College Press of Columbia Uni­ 329 p. $7.50). The book records the Canadian artist's impressions of Indians, scenery, and versity has recently produced two new guides. other subjects during an 1845 journey to the Einar Haugen's contribution is The Norwegians Sault Ste. Marie and Mackinac areas and dur­ in America (New York, 1967. 40 p.). The ing a more ambitious trip of 1846 to 1848 across book traces the migration of Norwegians, ex­ the Canadian prairies to the Pacific Northwest amines their pattern of settiement in the United

Summer 1968 101 and back. The new book reproduces some of Johnson, Dr. John Bunn, and John Black. The Kane's paintings in black and white, reprints latter served until 1870 when Manitoba became Lawience J. Burpee's introduction and notes a province. Mr. Stubbs also discusses cases the from the 1925 edition, and has a new introduc­ recorders heard. The book has illustrations, tion by J. G. MacCregor. There is no index. footnotes, and an index. Ross & Haines of Min­ neapofis are exclusive distributors of the volume "THE TRANSFORMATION of American atti­ in the United States. tudes toward intemational organization during the Second World Wai-" is the subject of Robert THE JUNE, 1967, issue of Civil War History A. Divine's book Second Chance (New York, features "A Bibliography of Civil War Articles: 1967. 371 p.). The author traces his topic 1966" compiled by Ada M. Stoflet. The more from 1915, when the League to Enforce Peace than four hundred articles are subdivided into was formed, through 1945 when the United twenty-three categories which cover general States Senate voted to approve the charter of works, as well as studies on slavery and the the United Nations. The major portion of the antebellum South, antislavery and sectional­ volume — subtitled The Triumph of Interna­ ism, the 1860 election, the Negro and the war, tionalism in America During World War II — foreign affairs, navies, prisons, miscellany, and is devoted to the years after 1939 and to the Lincolniana. The three major subdivisions — growing bipartisan support of the once smafi the Union, the Confederacy, and Reconstruc­ but always vocal group of internationalists. tion— are further broken down into classifica­ Among the key figures is Minnesota's former tions of government and politics, state and local Republican senator, Joseph H. Ball, who had works, and social and economic studies. The campaigned in 1942 chiefly on foreign policy section on military affairs lists articles on the issues and who "interpreted his surprise victory campaigns, year by year; mobilization, organ­ as a mandate for internationalism." Mr. Divine ization, administration, and supply; and soldier assigns the Minnesotan a prominent role in help­ life. Since 1960 this bibliography has been ing to shift public opinion away from isolation. compiled annually for Civil War History. Other like-minded Minnesotans include , , and . The IN A RECENT addition to the American lone isolationist from the state, Henrik Ship­ Heritage Junior Library, Ralph K. Andrist spins stead, also receives attention. The book is anno­ a sprightly and readable account of the Lewis tated and has a bibliographical essay. and Clark expedition under the title To the Pacific unth Lewis and Clark (New York, Amer­ MAPS COVERING a wide range of north-of- ican Heritage Publishing Co., 1967. 153 p.). the-border subjects from early explorers to mod­ Its appeal for young readers is enhanced by ern fisheries are included in Philips' Historical striking photographs and the imaginative use Atlas of Canada (London, England, 1966. viii, of a wide variety of other illustrative material. 48 p.), edited by J. W. Chalmers, W. J. Eccles, Careful readers of high school level, however, and H. Fuflard. Skfllful use of color enhances will be astonished to find in the concluding the effectiveness of the maps. Several touch on pages the statement that "America's first mil­ Minnesota and the border country. Among these lion-dollar fortune [that of John Jacob Astor] are shown fur trade posts, inland fur trade was to be built upon profits from Astoria, the routes and portages, exploration from 1663 to fur-trading post ... set up at the mouth of 1763, the first Riel rebefiion of 1869-70, the the Columbia." Astoria, founded in 1811, was 1818 Convention boundary, railways, and high­ taken over by the British hi 1812. ways. There is a helpful index. THE SPIRIT and the history of a decade are A QUARTET of men "who laboured vafiantly considered in a new book by Elizabeth Steven­ in the service of the law during the infancy of son entided Babbitts and Bohemians: The Western Canada" are rescued "from the twi- American 1920s (New York, 1967. 300 p.). fight of history" by Roy St. George Stubbs in Primarily a social history, the book has three Four Recorders of Rupert's Land: A Brief Sur­ chapters devoted to the background of the vey of the Hudson's Bay Company Courts of Twenties and a concluding section, "The Liber­ Rupert's Land (Winnipeg, Peguis Publishers tarians," which provides an over-afi view of 1967. 192 p. $6.50). The author provides the years from 1918 to 1932. Included on the biographical sketches of Adam Thom, who be­ author's roster of pacesetters, image makers, came the first recorder on March 20, 1839, and heroes are Sinclair Lewis, F. Scott Fitz­ and of his successors. Sir Francis Godschall gerald, and Charles A. Lindbergh, Jr. The vol-

102 MiNNEsoTA Histonj ume is annotated and has both a bibfiography THE MINNESOTA SCENE and an index.

A BIOGRAPHY of Bishop Frederic Baraga en­ MINNESOTA'S senior senator, Eugene J. titled Shepherd of the Wilderness by Bemard McCarthy, is the author of The Limits of Power: J. Lambert (L'Anse, Michigan, 1967. 255 p. America's Role in the World (New York, 1967. $4.95) traces the career of the Austrian-born 246 p.). Pointing out that "Today our potential missionary among the Indians of the Great foreign obligations are almost unlimited," the Lakes from 1830 to 1868. The bibfiography in­ author traces briefly the shfft from isolation to dicates that the author has consulted much internationalism in the United States and pro­ primary source material, but unfortunately the ceeds to outline his recommendations as to how book is not annotated and contains no index. our foreign relations could be "more restrained and, insofar as prudent judgment can deter­ "LEWIS CASS was one of the master archi­ mine, more closely in keeping with the move­ tects of American Indian policy," according to ment of history." Francis Paul Prucha in a lecture defivered in November, 1966, to the Ninth Annual Local IN AN ATTRACTIVE 36-page booklet. Old History Conference sponsored by the Detroit Crow Wing: History of a Village (privately Historical Society, the Burton Historical Col­ printed). Sister Bernard Coleman, Sister Verona lection, and Wayne State University. Father LaBud, and John Humphrey have pieced to­ Prucha's speech has been reprinted under the gether the colorful story of the trading settle­ title Lewis Cass and American Indian Policy ment that once flourished at the junction of the (Detroit, 1967. 18 p.). The Michigan terri­ Crow Wing and Mississippi rivers. Now a ghost torial governor was largely responsible for town whose site is part of a state park. Crow Indian policies followed in preterritorial Min­ Wing had a peak population of about 600 in nesota, and the author points out that one of the 1860s. The authors cover Crow Wing's var­ the "saddest aspects of developing American ious roles as the scene of a Chippewa victory Indian policy . . . was the disarray in the struc­ over the Sioux in 1768, fm- trade headquarters ture and operation of the Indian Department" for Allan Morrison and others, Irmabering cen­ and that one unportant reason "why everything ter, and outfitting place for oxcart trains that did not just collapse . . . was Lewis Cass." crossed the Mississippi there on trips between Pembina and St. Paid. Missionary activity under Father Francis X. Pierz and his contemporaries THE ROLE of George Johnston as Chippewa is tiaced, and a chapter is devoted to the ad­ interpreter for the Sioux-Chippewa boundary ventures of Chippewa Chief Hole-in-the-Day sm-vey in Minnesota in 1835 is discussed by who lived at Crow Wing with his followers. George M. Blackburn in Michigan History Crow Wing decfined, the authors show, after for Winter, 1967. Professor Blackburn points the Indians were removed to the White Earth out that Johnston, half-breed brother-in-law Reservation in 1868 and the Northern Pacific of Indian agent-explorer-ethnologist Henry R. Railroad bypassed the village in I87I. The Schoolcraft, joined the survey party only for booklet is illustrated, has notes and two maps, its retum journey. He arrived in time to help but is not indexed. Copies can be purchased the group's leader, Major Jonathan L. Bean, for $1.25 from Sister Bernard, 231 East Third locate Otter Tail Lake. Drawing upon the in­ Street, Duluth, Mhmesota, 55805, or from Mr. terpreter's journal of the eastward survey to Humphrey, First Federal Savings and Loan mark "tine lines," Mr. Blackburn shows the trip Association, Brainerd, Minnesota, 56401. A col­ was made in unpleasant weather through what ored map of Crow Wing State Park is also Johnston described as "one of the most abom­ avaflable for $2.00 from Mr. Humphrey. The inable countries a human being could set foot map appears on a smaller scale in the book. in." To make matters worse, Johnston was right in his forebodings that surveying and marking a fine would not end warfare between the Sioux THE STORY of a Northfield soldier's lengthy and Chippewa. "Indian culture did not accept service against Sioux Indians and Confederates a precise, artificial boundary," writes Mr. Black­ is told in The War Letters of Duren F. Kelley, burn. "Virtually the only successful aspect of 1862-1865, edited by Richard S. Offenberg and the survey was incidental — the field notes and Robert Rue Parsonage (New York, Pageant plat were the first scientific study of Minnesota Press, 1967. 168 p. $2.95). After jouiing up geography from the St. Croix to Otter Tail with the Seventh Minnesota Regiment, Kelley Lake." fought at Wood Lake on September 23, 1862,

Summer 1968 103 in the decisive battle of the Sioux Uprising and Neighborhood (Trimont, 1967. 41 p.). The then was part of Henry H. Sibley's expedition "neighborhood" consists of Trimont and four against the Sioux in Dakota Territory in 1863 surrounding townships of Cedar, Galena, Elm before going to the South with the Seventh. In Creek, and Fox Lake. The early history of the February, 1864, stiU only a corporal, he seized area is recounted, as is the estabfishment of the opportimity to become a second lieuten­ postal and school systems and disasters such as ant in the Sixty-Seventh United States Colored blizzards, fires, and grasshopper infestations. Infantry, serving in . All the while, There are numerous photographs and nine maps Kelley wrote affectionate letters to Emma of the tovmships in 1887 and in 1900. A fifty- Rounce of Northfield, whom he married on five-page publication entitled Historical Souve­ February 2, 1863. (Their daughter, Mrs. Royal nir Booklet of the 1892-1967 Virginia's Dia­ H. Moses of Northfield, now owns the letters.) mond Days Celebration, issued by the city's Along with numerous expressions of love for jubilee committee, is notable for the excellent his wife, Kelley mixed typical soldierly grum- selection of early photographs of the St. Louis bfing about such subjects as food and lack of County mining town. mail. He also offered many opinions (one was: "We dont like old Sibley at all."). He showed THE BROWN County Historical Society has ambivalence toward Negroes. The editors have brought out A Guide to Brown County History furnished an introduction and some annotation. in the form of an attractive map researched by The book does not have an index. Leota M. Kellett, the society's director, and drawn by Paul Klammer. The map locates DONIVER A. LUND is die author of A History geological, pioneer, and Indian sites, including of First National Bank of St. Peter, Minnesota the Sioux reservation boundary line and scenes (St. Peter, 1967. vii, 53 p.) which examines of the uprising of 1862, as well as forts, mills, the story of that institution from its beginning markers, early trails, and routes of exploring in 1857 to the present time. The bank was expeditions. Even noted is the place where the founded by Erastus S. Edgerton, a St. Paul James-Younger gang was sighted in 1876. Both financier. Frederic A. Donahower was in charge old and new names of lakes, rivers, and other of operating it. The author points out that it bodies of water are given. The map sells for was the only bank in that community to survive $1.50, plus tax of five cents. through the panic of 1857 to become in I87I a national bank under a federal charter. He THE Solon J. Buck award for the best article explains how the organization weathered the published in Minnesota History during 1967 panic of 1893, , and the depression went to Roger E. Wyman for his "Insurgency of the 1930s. The sources on which the brief in Minnesota: The Defeat of James A. Tawney history is based include early newspapers, min­ in 1910," which appeared in the Fall issue. Mr. utes of the board of directors of the bank, Wyman, a member of the faculty of the Uni­ county histories, interviews, and material in the versity of Wisconsin Center System, teaches at National Archives. The book is annotated and the Racine and Kenosha campuses. He holds de­ illustrated but there is no index. grees from Rutgers University and the Univer­ sity of Wisconsin. His article was selected by ERLING LARSEN is the author of Something a committee made up of Bishop James P. Shan­ about Some of the Educations of Laird Bell non, Rhoda R. Gilman, and Rodney C. Loehr, (Northfield, 1967. 162 p.). The book is based professor of history at the University of Min­ on letters, diaries, and scrapbooks as well as nesota, who annoimced the award on May 9 at interviews and correspondence with friends and the society's annual meeting in . associates of Befi, who, in addition to a twelve- year stint as chairman of Carleton's board of ASLAK LIEST0L has asked that a correction trustees, held a similar position at the University be nm in a formula he furnished with an ex­ of Chicago and served as an overseer at Har­ ample in his review article, "Cryptograms in vard. The work was commissioned by Carleton Rimic Carvings: A Critical Analysis," that ap­ College; it is not annotated or indexed. peared in the Spring, 1968, issue of Minnesota History. The article dealt with the book, Norse TWO BOOKLETS have appeared which com­ Medieval Cryptography in Runic Carvings, by memorate state communities. Official records, Alf Monge and Ole G. Landsverk. Mr. Liest0l newspaper files, and collections of the Martin writes that the probabifity formula he used on County Historical Society are among the sources page 42 should be p=l/68 and "the number used by Walter Carlson for Happenings in Our should be 1,679,616."

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