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Minneapolis Unit of the Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies

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Minneapolis Unit of the Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies Minneapolis Unit of the COMMITTEE TO DEFEND AMERICA BY AIDING THE ALLIES GEORGE W. GARLID IN THE SPRING of 1940, Minnesotans and this cataclysmic event did not immediately most other Americans were stunned by the dispel the tenacious hold isolationist senti­ downfall of the Allies in Europe. With ment had upon Minnesotans. surprising ease, German Panzer divisions For more than two decades the rhetoric overran Denmark, Norway, the Low Coun­ of isolationism, in all its variant forms, had tries, and France and forced the almost been proclaimed throughout the state. Min­ miraculous evacuation of British and some nesota's political leaders rarely challenged French forces from Dunkirk. Only the the assumptions buttressing the isolationist British and the Atlantic Ocean stood be­ faith. Rather, they accepted those assump­ tween Adolf Hitler's military might and tions and encouraged an isolationist foreign the United States. poficy. During the late 1930s, the task of This shocking display of Nazi power cer­ contesting the isolationist position was left tainly added new voices to those aheady largely to the metropolitan press and a calling for changes in America's cautious handful of academicians, practically none foreign policy. Yet, it would be a mistake of whom were active participants in the to exaggerate the effect that the blitzkrieg political process. Even those few politicians had upon opinion in Minnesota. Although who questioned the wisdom of a pohcy of the collapse of Western Europe eventually isolation were unable, because of their own helped blunt the dynamic of isolation, even preconceptions, to abandon all of the sup­ positions which lent substance to the iso­ lationist view. Mr. Garlid is associate professor of history at It is scarcely surprising, therefore, that Wisconsin State University — River Falls. This not a single influential political leader in article is an expansion of a paper presented at Minnesota was wdling to attack the isola­ the Missouri Valley History Conference held in tionists directly during the campaign of March at the University of Nebraska at Omaha. 1940. The tradition was too strong, the Summer 1969 267 sentiment ran too deep, and finally the senatorial nominee with broad public sup­ startling events abroad broke too rapidly port. In 1940 the state's most successful to make such an attack politically appeal­ politician was wilHng to accept the Re­ ing. Clearly, Minnesota's thirty-three-year- publican nomination. Waiting until the last old governor, Harold E. Stassen, knew day to file, Farmer-Labor Senator Henrik this and his actions in 1940 bear out this Shipstead switched his allegiance to the judgment. Republican party. For years Shipstead had Stassen disagreed with Minnesotans who cultivated the image of political inde­ feared that aid to Great Rritain meant war. pendence. This and his isolationist convic­ Two days after the French surrender of tions were articles of faith for Shipstead. June 22, 1940, Stassen stated in his key­ He never disowned them. During the cam­ note address at the Republican National paign for the nomination, Stassen remained Convention in Philadelphia that the United silent. While there is little evidence to States was "too woefully weak to give the support the position that he favored Ship­ Alhes" the aid it wanted to. The death of stead's nomination, there is even less to Minnesota's isolationist Senator Ernest Lun­ indicate he disapproved. (Stassen's op­ deen in an airplane crash August 31, 1940, ponent for the Repubhcan gubernatorial unexpectedly gave Stassen a further oppor­ nomination in 1940, Ernest F. Jacobson, tunity to demonstrate his disapproval of charged that Stassen was supporting Ship­ the isolationist view. Ignoring the political stead in exchange for the latter's pledge to claims of several prominent Republicans, support Stassen in 1942 in a projected most of whom were isolationists, Stassen senatorial campaign against Ernest Lun­ conferred the interim appointment upon deen.) In any event, Shipstead's actions Joseph H. Ball, then a political reporter for during the campaign must have pleased the St. Paul Pioneer Press. Ball's views on the governor. Initially tepid in responding foreign policy were not widely knowm, but to Willkie's candidacy, Shipstead threw his Stassen had carefully ascertained them be­ full support behind the Republican nomi­ fore making the appointment. Ball was an nee before the campaign was over. Con­ internationalist. Naming him senator was sidering Stassen's objective, he no doubt welcomed Shipstead's nomination despite a significant initial step in altering the iso­ the latter's isolationist convictions.2 lationist complexion of the state's con­ gressional contingent, but at the time it in­ Stassen correctly gauged the temper of curred more surprise than opposition. This Minnesota's electorate, for throughout the presumably was the reaction Stassen antici­ pated. His major objective in 1940 doubtless was to unify rather than weaken the party ' New York Times, June 25, 1940, p. 17; Minne­ apolis Tribune, June 25, 1940, p. 4 (both have fiie in Minnesota, as he hoped the Republicans Stassen quote); Ivan Hinderaker, "Harold Stassen might carry the state for Wendell L. Willkie and Developments in the Repubfican Party in in his campaign to defeat President Frank­ Minnesota, 1937-1943," unpubfished doctoral dis­ sertation. University of Minnesota, 1949, p. 610. lin D. Roosevelt, who was running for an Stassen wrote in 1965 that "views on foreign poficy unprecedented third term. Certainly, too, did have a very important bearing upon my ap­ Stassen knew that party unity could not be pointment of Joseph Bafi as United States Sena­ tor. ... I knew of his views and we had discussed achieved by a direct attack upon Minne­ them before he was appointed." Stassen to author, sota's isolationists.^ Febmary 3, 1965, letter in possession of author. To achieve his end, Stassen chose to co­ ^St. Paul Pioneer Press, August 27, p. 6, Au­ gust 31, p. 1, 5, 1940. The week preceding the operate with the man most prominently primary, Repubfican leaders accused Shipstead's identified with the isolationist cause in Min­ supporters of using unfair tactics by trying to con­ nesota. The Repubfican ticket could be vey the impression that the state central committee was backing his candidacy. See the Minneapolis strengthened significantly if it included a Tribune, September 1, 1940, p. 2. 268 MINNESOTA History campaign politicians invoked the spirit of Montana stridently denounced Roosevelt's isolation. Congressman Harold Knutson foreign policy. Rail estimated that Minne­ asked that President Roosevelt be im­ sotans were overwhelmingly opposed to peached for the deal swapping fifty over­ war and strongly adverse to the president's age destroyers for British bases in the recent moves.^ Western Hemisphere. Representative Oscar Youngdahl informed his constituents that IT WAS in this atmosphere that the Min­ the administration was surveying the pro­ neapolis unit of the Committee to Defend ductive capacity of the nation's casket in­ America by Aiding the Allies was or­ dustry. "No doubt a million or two under ganized. It in effect became the state unit. arms," he wrote, "means eventual casual­ Announcement of the formation of the na­ ties if we intend to use these men for war." tional group bearing that lengthy name was Congressman August H. Andresen told a made May 20, 1940, when the Nazis were Rochester audience that Roosevelt had done having their way in Europe and increasing everything possible to provoke the Euro­ numbers of United States citizens felt that pean nations and to incur their wrath. their country should not only shore up its Assuredly, most of the congressional candi­ defenses but, short of war, also aid the dates believed a policy of isolation served Allies with supplies and money. Chairman the national interest. Assuredly, too, they of the nonpartisan national committee was agreed with Rail's assessment of opinion Wilham Allen White, noted liberal Re­ within the state. After attending a dinner publican editor of the Gazette of Emporia, at which Senator Rurton K. Wheeler of Kansas, and a good friend of President Roosevelt. The national committee's execu­ tive director was Clark M. Eichelberger, 'St. Paul Pioneer Press, June 21, p. 8, Septem­ ber 4, p. 1, 1940; "Observations from Washington," who worked from headquarters in New October 10, 1940 (quote), mimeographed letter York. Using the press and other media to from Youngdahl to constituents (copies available at arouse public opinion, the committee by Minnesota Historical Society); Rochester Post- Bulletin, June 27, 1940, p. 4. July 1, 1940, could count some three hun- Governor Harold Stassen and newly appointed Senator Joseph Ball during a broadcast in October, 1940 Summer 1969 269 Committee on Cultural Relations with Latin America.^ Acutely sensitive to the isolationist temper of the electorate, the local unit at first was not prepared to lend effective support to those few congressional candi­ dates who represented something of a break with isolationist policies. The unit's officers admitted as much. They refused to circulate a foreign policy questionnaire, prepared by the national organization, giving as their reason both the isolationist record of con­ gressional incumbents and the lack of inter­ nationalist sentiment among their oppo­ nents.^ This discouraging situation did not di­ minish the organization's enthusiasm. While it never succeeded in recruiting the 10,000 members it hoped to attain, the Minneapofis unit enjoyed rapid growth at the outset. Clark M. Eichelberger Starting with 150 members in August, 1940, the unit grew to 1,500 by mid-October. A year later the committee had more than dred self-financed, self-controlled local doubled its size, enrolling nearly 4,000 units, including one in St. Paul.^ members.'^ The Minneapolis unit was activated in Although the committee tried to enlist July but, beset with organizational diffi­ persons from all walks of fife, it drew most culties, did not announce its formation of its active support from business, pro­ publicly until September 13, 1940.
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