WALTER H. JUDD: SPOKESMAN FOR CHINA IN THE UNITED STATES HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES By FLOYD RUSSEL GOODNO l' Bachelor of Science Phillips University Enid, Oklapoma 19,52 Master of Arts Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma 1962 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF EDUCATION May, 1970 \' \Cl"):.) C I~.):}' ~J. I / I .,,l · l/ / ...._ .,...., ' ~,,_ WALTER H. JUDD: SPOl<ESMAN FOR CHINA''"' / IN THE UNITED STATES HOUSE OP "', ./ REPRESENTATIVES Thesis Approved: Dean of the Graduate College ii PREFACE Dr. Walter Henry Judd won the Republican nomination for the Fifth Congressional District in the Minnesota primaries of 1942. Winning the general election in November, he con­ tinued to occupy a seat in the United States House of Representatives for twenty years. In the House he soon emerged as the most vocal spokesman in Congress for Chiang Kai-shek and the importance of Asia in emerging world 9 £.:_, fairs. American foreign policy, particularly in Asia, served as the overriding interest of Judd's Congressional career. In 1947 Judd obtained a seat on the Foreign Affairs Committee and at the time of his defeat in 1962 he was the senior Re­ publican member of the ~ar East and the Pacific Subcommittee. Judd occupied a much more significant role in directing attention to East Asia and its many problems than any other single individual in Congress. Prior to entering politics in 1942, Judd had served as a Congregationalist medical missionary to China for ten years. In 1938, during the initial invasion of Northern China, the Japanese took over the large mission hospital which he had supervised but allowed him to leave the country. iii He returned to the United States, and that fall he began a two year lecture tour throughout the nation to warn Americans of the inherent danger of Japanese imperialism in Asia. Later Judd commented that there was no other way for him to help China except to return home and carry on the fight in the United States. Although he spoke eloquently, the results proved discouraging. In January, 1941, convinced that his mission had failed, Judd moved to Minneapolis and began to practice medicine again. He continued to speak locally on Asian problems, and had just finished a talk on December 7, 1941, warning of imminent war with Japan when news came of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Suddenly the many addresses which he had made became tangible evidence to the people of Minnesota's Fifth District that indeed Judd was an expert on Asian affairs. Friends 'were convinced that Judd had the knowledge to be an effective war-time Congressman. The Cowles newspaper interest boomed him for Congress. Because of the unique role he played in dramatizing the urgency of reassessing· United States-Asian affairs, his significance is national rather than merely local. Irrespec­ tive of his prominence, historians of the most recent period in American history have either ignored Judd completely or have given him only brief mention even though he assumed a place of leadership within the Republican party for opposing iv the Truman-Marshall-Acheson diplomacy regarding East Asic1.. This study is limited in scope to certain aspects of Judd's public life, particularly to the significant role he occupied in shaping attitudes and winning converts to his objectives regarding United States-China relations. The author has elected to deal with four general problems. The first seeks to explain how and why Judd gained the title of "expert" on matters Asiatic, and to test the validity of this title. The second attempts to ascertain the role Judd assumed in formulating a "revised" attitude in Congress regarding racial restrictions which resulted in the repeal of the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1943, and the passage of the Walter-McCarran Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1952. The third assesses Judd's role in formulating and disseminat- ing the doctrines of the "new-isolationists" and "Asia- Firsters" whose impact on foreign affairs during the late 1940's and thereafter led to important modification in the Truman-Marshall-Acheson diplomacy. Fourthly, the author attempts to judge Judd's influence during the early months of the Republican Administration which came to power in 1953. This study has been based primarily upon a systematic examination of the Congressional Record, Senate and House hearings, reports, and miscellaneous documents, for the years ( 1939-1964. The speeches of Judd's appearing in Vital V Speeches of the Day, his addresses and writing reported and reproduced in the press, and references in general works were investigated in great detail. The Minneapolis press, especially the Tribune and Star, and the New York Times were most valuable sources of information. Due consideration was given to the nature and authors of articles, speeches, and comments which Judd read into the Cong~essional Record, and this consideration aided in evaluating Judd's position on contemporary affairs. The preparation of this thesis involved the help and encouragement of many people. Despite the advice, consulta­ tion, and material aid provided, the final presentation, idiosyncrasies, and conclusions are those of the author, and he takes full responsibility for any errors in factual or historical judgment that may appear in this study. The author cannot here acknowledge all indebtedness, but several individuals must be singled out. The writer wishes to ex­ press his sincere appreciation to the members of the doctoral advisory committee. Indebtedness is acknowledged to Dr. Sid­ ney D. Brown, who supervised the study from beginning to end, and whose interest, advice, guidance, and patience were in­ deed great. To Dr. Theodore Agnew special thanks are ex­ pressed for his having read the entire dissertation in rough draft form. Virtually all of his extremely valuable sugges­ tions were incorporated in the final draft. Sincere vi appreciation is extended to Dr. Richard Jungers and Dr. John E. Susky for giving of their time whenever they were called upon. The author gratefully acknowledges the able assistance of the fourth floor staff of the Oklahoma State University Library, and especially the service of the Interlibrary Loan Department, for acquiring material vital for this study. Also particular appreciation is extended to Mr. Robert Lopez, Head Librarian of the Minneapolis~ and Tribune, who allowed the author free range of the library facilities, and for making available retired files. Special thanks are given to Mrs. Margarette Hanson, Library Researcher, and Mrs. Lola Anderson, Classifier, of the Minneapolis Star and Tribune library, for assisting in locating pertinent materials vital to the presentation of Judd's personal and public activities, and for answering an endless number of questions. To George R. and Erma M. Goodno, gratitude is extended for a unique challenge. Last, Judith Lynne is especially recognized, for reasons obvious to her and too personal to mention here. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. WALTER H. JUDD: A PROFILE 1 II. WALTER H. JUDD: REPEAL OF THE CHINESE EXCLUSION LAWS 69 III. WALTER H. JUDD: THE QUEST FOR "EQUALITY" IN IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION LAWS .... 107 IV. WALTER H. JUDD: IN DEFENSE OF CHIANG KAI-SHEK'S CHINA .. 170 V . WALTER H. JUDD: GRAND INQUEST OF THE DEMOCRATS' CHINA POLICY .... • . • • 276 VI. WALTER H. JUDD: A REPUBLICAN PRESIDENT AND A REPUBLICAN CONGRESS 349 VII. EPILOGUE . 416 A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY. 424 viii CHAPTER I WALTER H. JUDD: A PROFILE On April 20, 1939, Dr. Walter Henry Judd, surgeon and recently returned medical missionary to China, testified before the United States House of Representatives Committee on Foreign Affairs on the inherent danger of the United 1 States "appeasement" policy toward Japan. Five days later, on April 25, he appeared before the Senate Committee on 2 Foreign Relations and gave similar testimony. The testimony which he presented then and in succeeding days to various 3 congressional committees, plus the some fourteen hundred addresses which he delivered from 1939 to 1941 throughout 1 U.S., Congress, House, Committee on Foreign Affairs, Hearings, American Neutrality Policy, 76th Cong., 1st Sess., 1939, pp. 332-54. Hereafter cited as House Committee on Foreign Affairs, American Neutrality Policy Hearings, 1939. 2 U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Hearings, Neutrality, Peace Legislation, And Our Foreign Policy, 76th Cong., 1st Sess., 1939, pp. 295-320. Hereafter cited as: Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Neutrality, Peace Legislation, And Our Foreign Policy Hearings, 1939. 3 congressional Quarterly, "GOP Keynoter Judd an Expert on Asian Policy," Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, XVIII, Part 2 (July 15, 1960), 1266. 1 2 the country, landed Judd a congressional seat which he held for twenty years. His entry into the political arena result- ed not so much from planned political strategy as from the December 7, 1941, tragedy of Pearl Harbor. This premeditated attack by Japan established Judd's reputation as prophet for all time. Judd was born in Rising City, Nebraska, on September 25, 1898, the sixth of seven children of a retail lumberman, Horace Hunter Judd, and his wife, Mary Elizabeth Greenslit. Both parents were of English stock, and their ancestors had 4 come to America early to live in New England. Judd's grand- parents migrated to the mid-west from New England about mid- n1neteent. h century. 5 When the young Nebraskan manifested an interest in foreign missions, his actions were not unique in Judd family history, for the family had given Hawaii the man 4 Minneapolis Tribune, August 29, 1957; in 1692 a mater­ nal ancestor of Judd, Ann Pudeator of Salem Town, was hanged with eighteen other "witches" in Massachusetts. Another "witch", Giles Cory of Salem Village, at the same time was pressed to death.