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Ii) Understanding American Trade Politics Libéralisation ou équité des échanges? : Les conflits sur les modalités de l’élaboration de la politique commerciale américaine de l’ALENA à l’ALEAC (1991-2005) Jean-Baptiste Velut To cite this version: Jean-Baptiste Velut. Libéralisation ou équité des échanges? : Les conflits sur les modalités de l’élaboration de la politique commerciale américaine de l’ALENA à l’ALEAC (1991-2005). Science politique. Université de la Sorbonne nouvelle - Paris III; City university of New York. Graduate school and university center, 2009. Français. NNT : 2009PA030017. tel-01356475 HAL Id: tel-01356475 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01356475 Submitted on 25 Aug 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITÉ SORBONNE NOUVELLE – PARIS III U.F.R. du Monde Anglophone Discipline : Études du monde anglophone en cotutelle avec THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK GRADUATE CENTER Département de Science Politique Discipline : Science Politique Jean-Baptiste VELUT LIBÉRALISATION OU ÉQUITÉ DES ÉCHANGES ? Les conflits sur les modalités de l’élaboration de la politique commerciale américaine de l’ALENA à l’ALEAC (1991-2005) Thèse dirigée conjointement par : Madame Martine AZUELOS, Professeur à l’Université Sorbonne Nouvelle (Paris 3) Madame Frances Fox PIVEN, Professeur à la City University of New York (Graduate Center) Date de soutenance : 29 janvier 2009 UNIVERSITÉ SORBONNE NOUVELLE – PARIS III U.F.R. du Monde Anglophone Discipline : Études du monde anglophone en cotutelle avec THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK GRADUATE CENTER Département de Science Politique Discipline : Science Politique Jean-Baptiste VELUT LIBÉRALISATION OU ÉQUITÉ DES ÉCHANGES ? Les conflits sur les modalités de l’élaboration de la politique commerciale américaine de l’ALENA à l’ALEAC (1991-2005) Thèse dirigée conjointement par : Madame Martine AZUELOS, Professeur à l’Université Sorbonne Nouvelle (Paris 3) Madame Frances Fox PIVEN, Professeur à la City University of New York (Graduate Center) Date de soutenance : 29 janvier 2009 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I have had the immense fortune to work under the supervision of not only one, but two exceptional research advisers: Dr. Martine Azuelos (Sorbonne Nouvelle University) and Dr. Frances Fox Piven (City University of New York Graduate Center). Despite their different academic traditions and fields of expertise, both share two qualities from which my research project has greatly benefited: a boundless passion for understanding the world that surrounds us and an endless devotion to their students’ progress. Often demanding but always supportive, they have infused me with the will to strive for academic excellence. I am grateful to Dr. Andy Polsky for the constructive and diligent feedback that he has systematically given me. I would also like to thank all other committee members for accepting to be part of my dissertation committee. This dissertation began in the Department of North American Studies of the Sorbonne Nouvelle University (Paris 3) in 2004-2005. Yet, my experience at the City University of New York (CUNY) Graduate Center transformed my research project. My specialization in American politics and International Relations, my access to library resources and my interactions with academic experts and political actors have considerably enriched my dissertation. I am, therefore, greatly indebted to all of those who have made possible this bilateral agreement between the Sorbonne Nouvelle University of Paris and the CUNY Graduate Center: President Bill Kelly and Sheila Berman at the Provost Office, Dr. Ruth O’Brien, Dr. Jack Jacobs and Dr. Charles Tien in the Department of Political Science. I am also grateful to the Sorbonne Nouvelle Service des Doctorats, and particularly Alexandre Leccas for his assistance, as well as Dr. Martine Azuelos for encouraging me and guiding me through this complex administrative process. My research project has greatly benefited from the financial assistance that I received from a variety of institutions. I am, once again, indebted to the CUNY Graduate Center for its constant support through special funding for the bilateral agreement, tuition fellowships, dissertation fellowship, doctoral research grant and travel funds. This financial aid has not only enabled me to make diligent progress in my research investigations; it has also encouraged me to promote and enrich my work at various academic conferences in the United States. In addition, I would like to thank the French Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche (Ministry of Higher Education and Research) and the Ministère des Affaires Etrangères (Ministry of Foreign Affairs) for helping finance this bilateral research project. Finally, my gratitude goes to the George Lurcy Foundation, the Fullbright Commission and the Association française d’études américaines (French Association of American Studies) for their generosity and their interest in my research activities. At the CUNY Graduate Center and the Sorbonne Nouvelle University, I have benefited from the invaluable advice from a large pool of researchers (both faculty members and fellow graduate students). In Paris, my integration within the Centre d’études et de recherches sur la vie des pays anglo-saxons (CERVEPAS – Research Center on Anglo-Saxon Economies) has been a very stimulating experience that continues to nurture my development as a scholar. In this regard, I am grateful to Dr. Martine Azuelos and Dr. Christine Zumello for their dedication to the activities of this vibrant research institution. In New York, my research project has greatly benefited from the constructive advice of Dr. Lenny Markowitz, Dr. Thomas Weiss and Dr. Susan Woodward. I am also very grateful for the rich discussions that I had with fellow doctoral students Rich Meagher, Miriam Jimenez, Penny Lewis, Victoria Allen 4 and Arielle Goldberg during the convivial dissertation workshops that Dr. Frances Fox Piven had the kindness to host. Beyond the borders of my home universities, my conservations with a number of trade and labor experts have also considerably enriched my analysis. I especially thank Dr. Frederick Mayer (Duke University), Dr. Lance Compa (Cornell University), Jeremy Brecher at Global Labor Strategies, David Brooks at La Jornada and Bruce Stokes and Richard Cohen at the National Journal. Finally, I am particularly grateful to all the trade policy actors that accepted to be interviewed, whether in Washington DC, or on the phone. My interactions with a great variety of stakeholders gave me the opportunity to witness first hand the conflicts inherent to the formation of trade policy. First of all, I am indebted to the officials of the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, including former Assistant U.S. Trade Representative (USTR) on Labor William Clatanoff, Assistant USTR for the Americas Everett Eissenstat for their advice, as well as Robert Sumner, Lois Stith, Patrick Kilbride and Christina Sevilla for providing access to archives. On Capitol Hill, I am grateful to Timothy Reif, trade adviser for Representative Sander Levin (D- MI) and Kim Glas, Legislative Director for Michael Michaud (D-ME) for their insights into congressional politics. I would also like to thank Lee Swepston at the International Labor Organization for his precious advice. I would especially like to thank former and current officials of the AFL-CIO Mark Anderson and Thea Lee for sharing their views with me. My gratitude also goes to Lisa Robbins for helping me access the AFL-CIO’s internal documents. Likewise, I am greatly indebted to Lori Wallach, Director of Public Citizen’s Global Trade Watch for her invaluable insights into the trade policy process, and to her assistant Kate Pollard for assisting me in my archival work. My discussions with Mark Levinson at UNITE-HERE, Jeff Faux at the Economic Policy Institute, Gary Hubbard at United Steelworkers, David Foster at the Blue-Green Alliance, Margrete Strand at the Sierra Club, Daniel Magraw at the Center for International Environmental Law, Ari Hershowitz at the Natural Resources Defense Council, Elizabeth Reilly and Christopher Wenk at the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, Douglas Goudie at the National Association of Manufacturers and Linda Menghetti at the Emergency Committee for American Trade considerably helped me to understand American trade politics. I am grateful to all of them for allowing me to benefit from their political experience. Finally, I would like to thank Susan Szkotnicki for providing access to the archives of Inside U.S. Trade. Excellent academic advisers, solid administrative and financial support, and collaborative research “subjects” are all invaluable assets for the completion of doctoral research. However, writing a dissertation is also about passion and perseverance, sacrifices and compromises, all of which rest upon the support of family and friends. I would, therefore, like to express all my gratitude to my wife Emily Sindelar, my parents Bernard and Janine Velut, the rest of my family and all my friends for the energizing support, trust and understanding
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