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Eastern and Western Look at the History of the Silk Road
Journal of Critical Reviews ISSN- 2394-5125 Vol 7, Issue 9, 2020 EASTERN AND WESTERN LOOK AT THE HISTORY OF THE SILK ROAD Kobzeva Olga1, Siddikov Ravshan2, Doroshenko Tatyana3, Atadjanova Sayora4, Ktaybekov Salamat5 1Professor, Doctor of Historical Sciences, National University of Uzbekistan named after Mirzo Ulugbek, Tashkent, Uzbekistan. [email protected] 2Docent, Candidate of historical Sciences, National University of Uzbekistan named after Mirzo Ulugbek, Tashkent, Uzbekistan. [email protected] 3Docent, Candidate of Historical Sciences, National University of Uzbekistan named after Mirzo Ulugbek, Tashkent, Uzbekistan. [email protected] 4Docent, Candidate of Historical Sciences, National University of Uzbekistan named after Mirzo Ulugbek, Tashkent, Uzbekistan. [email protected] 5Lecturer at the History faculty, National University of Uzbekistan named after Mirzo Ulugbek, Tashkent, Uzbekistan. [email protected] Received: 17.03.2020 Revised: 02.04.2020 Accepted: 11.05.2020 Abstract This article discusses the eastern and western views of the Great Silk Road as well as the works of scientists who studied the Great Silk Road. The main direction goes to the historiography of the Great Silk Road of 19-21 centuries. Keywords: Great Silk Road, Silk, East, West, China, Historiography, Zhang Qian, Sogdians, Trade and etc. © 2020 by Advance Scientific Research. This is an open-access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.31838/jcr.07.09.17 INTRODUCTION another temple in Suzhou, sacrifices are offered so-called to the The historiography of the Great Silk Road has thousands of “Yellow Emperor”, who according to a legend, with the help of 12 articles, monographs, essays, and other kinds of investigations. -
Supplied Through the Parthians) from the 1St Century BC, Even Though the Romans Thought Silk Was Obtained from Trees
Chinese Silk in the Roman Empire Trade with the Roman Empire followed soon, confirmed by the Roman craze for Chinese silk (supplied through the Parthians) from the 1st century BC, even though the Romans thought silk was obtained from trees: The Seres (Chinese), are famous for the woolen substance obtained from their forests; after a soaking in water they comb off the white down of the leaves... So manifold is the labor employed, and so distant is the region of the globe drawn upon, to enable the Roman maiden to flaunt transparent clothing in public. -(Pliny the Elder (23- 79, The Natural History) The Senate issued, in vain, several edicts to prohibit the wearing of silk, on economic and moral grounds: the importation of Chinese silk caused a huge outflow of gold, and silk clothes were considered to be decadent and immoral: I can see clothes of silk, if materials that do not hide the body, nor even one's decency, can be called clothes... Wretched flocks of maids labour so that the adulteress may be visible through her thin dress, so that her husband has no more acquaintance than any outsider or foreigner with his wife's body. -(Seneca the Younger (c. 3 BCE- 65 CE, Declamations Vol. I) The Roman historian Florus also describes the visit of numerous envoys, included Seres (perhaps the Chinese), to the first Roman Emperor Augustus, who reigned between 27 BCE and 14 CE: Even the rest of the nations of the world which were not subject to the imperial sway were sensible of its grandeur, and looked with reverence to the Roman people, the great conqueror of nations. -
Opening Essential Questions? Lesson Objectives
Silk Road Curriculum Project 2018-2019 Ingrid Herskind Title of Lesson Plan: Silk Road: Cartography and Trade in Ancient and Modern China Ingrid Herskind, Flintridge Prep School, La Canada, CA Lesson Overview: Students will explore the “Silk Road” trade networks by investigating a route, mapping the best path, and portraying a character who navigated the route. Opening essential questions? How did the Silk Road routes represent an early version of worldwide integration and development? How does China’s modern One Belt, One Road project use similar routes and methodologies as the earlier Silk Road project? How is this modern project different? Lesson Objectives: Students will be able to: Students will also apply skills from the Global Competence Matrix and will: • Investigate the world beyond their immediate environment by identifying an issue, generating a question, and explaining its significance locally, regionally, and globally. • Recognize their own and others’ perspectives by understanding the influences that impact those perspectives. • Communicate their ideas effectively with diverse audiences by realizing how their ideas and delivery can be perceived. • Translate their ideas and findings into appropriate actions to improve conditions and to create opportunities for personal and collaborative action. 1 1 World Savvy, Global Competence Matrix, Council of Chief State School Officers’ EdSteps Project in partnership with the Asia Society Partnership for Global Learning, 2010 1 Silk Road Curriculum Project 2018-2019 Ingrid Herskind Length of Project: This lesson as designed to take place over 2-3 days (periods are either 45 min or 77 min) in 9th Grade World History. Grade Level: High School (gr 9) World History, variation in International Relations 12th grade Historical Context: • China was a key player in the networks that crossed from one continent to another. -
Hardships from the Arabian Gulf to China: the Challenges That Faced Foreign Merchants Between the Seventh
57 Dirasat Hardships from the Arabian Gulf to China: The Challenges that Faced Foreign Merchants Between the Seventh Dhul Qa'dah, 1441 - July 2020 and Thirteenth Centuries WAN Lei Hardships from the Arabian Gulf to China: The Challenges that Faced Foreign Merchants Between the Seventh and Thirteenth Centuries WAN Lei © King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies, 2020 King Fahd National Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lei, WAN Hardships from the Arabian Gulf to China: The Challenges that Faced Foreign Merchants Between the Seventh and Thirteenth Centuries. / Lei. WAN. - Riyadh, 2020 52 p ; 23 x 16.5 cm ISBN: 978-603-8268-57-5 1- China - Foreign relations I-Title 327.51056 dc 1441/12059 L.D. no. 1441/12059 ISBN: 978-603-8268-57-5 Table of Contents Introduction 6 I. Dangers at Sea 10 II. Troubles from Warlords and Pirates 19 III. Imperial Monopolies, Duty-Levies and Prohibitions 27 IV. Corruption of Officialdom 33 V. Legal Discrimination 39 Conclusion 43 5 6 Dirasat No. 57 Dhul Qa'dah, 1441 - July 2020 Introduction During the Tang (618–907) and Northern Song (960–1127) dynasties, China had solid national strength and a society that was very open to the outside world. By the time of the Southern Song (1127–1279) dynasty, the national economic weight of the country moved to South China; at the same time, the Abbasid Caliphate in the Mideast had grown into a great power, too, whose eastern frontier reached the western regions of China, that is, today’s Xinjiang and its adjacent areas in Central Asia. -
The Silk Road in World History
The Silk Road in World History The New Oxford World History The Silk Road in World History Xinru Liu 1 2010 3 Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offi ces in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Liu, Xinru. The Silk Road in world history / Xinru Liu. p. cm. ISBN 978-0-19-516174-8; ISBN 978-0-19-533810-2 (pbk.) 1. Silk Road—History. 2. Silk Road—Civilization. 3. Eurasia—Commerce—History. 4. Trade routes—Eurasia—History. 5. Cultural relations. I. Title. DS33.1.L58 2010 950.1—dc22 2009051139 1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper Frontispiece: In the golden days of the Silk Road, members of the elite in China were buried with ceramic camels for carrying goods across the desert, hoping to enjoy luxuries from afar even in the other world. -
The Opening of the Silk Road 161
'T GLOBAL CONTACTS: THE OPENING 25 OF THE SILK ROAD During the early Han dynasty (206 B.cE.-220 CE.) Chinese emperors began to send large amounts of silk-for both diplomatic and commercial reasons-to the nomads of Central Asia, especially the Xiongnu. Within a short time some of this silk found its way, by means of a type of relay trade, to Rome. Modern scholars refer to the East- West routes on which the fabric, and other commodities, moved as the Silk Road. By 100 CE. the land routes linking China to Rome also had a maritime counterpart. Seaborne commerce flourished between Rome and India via the Red Sea and the Ara- bian Sea. Other routes farther east, connected Indian ports with harbors in Southeast Asia and China. A great Afro-Eurasian commercial network had now come into being. Silk from China (the only country that produced it until after 500 CE.), pepper and jewels from India, and incense from Arabia were sent to the Mediterranean region on routes that ter- minated in Roman cities such as Alexandria, Gaza, Antioch, and Ephesus. In exchange for the precious commodities, the Romans sent large amounts of silver and gold east- ward to destinations in Asia. Because the long-distance trade of the classical period was mainly in luxuries rather than in articles of daily use, its overall economic impact was probably limited. Most present-day historians think that the Rome-India-China trade was significant pri- marily because of its role in promoting the spread of religions, styles of art, technologies, and epidemic diseases. -
The Parthians Between Rome and China Gan Ying’S Mission Into the West (1St Century AD)
akademiskkvarter Volume 04. Spring 2012 • on the web academic quarter The Parthians between Rome and China Gan Ying’s mission into the West (1st century AD) Leonardo Gregoratti, PhD, is Post-Doc fellow at the University of Udine. In 2010 he was DAAD fellow at the University of Kiel, Germany in order to work on the publication of his PhD thesis : Between Rome and Ctesiphon, Roy- al authority and peripheral powers along the trade routes of the Parthian kingdom. Most of his work concerns the Roman Near East, Palmyra, the long distance Trade and the Parthian Kingdom. Abstract Following the expansion westwards of the Chinese Han Empire at the end of the 1st century AD the Parthian kingdom entered Chi- na’s political horizon. Gan Ying, a Chinese envoy was at the head of a diplomatic mission charged with establishing direct contacts and business relationships with the Roman Empire, the final destination for most of the goods they were exporting to the West. Gan Ying was able to reach Arsacid-controlled south Mesopotamia. Although very close to the Roman territory he did not manage to go further and accomplish his task. The Parthian leaders, well aware of the commercial role they played between Rome and China, dissuaded him from trying to proceed. This largely unknown but extremely interesting episode in the ancient history of Asia provides direct evidence concerning the political and commercial role of Parthia, Rome’s fierce enemy, in central Asia and along the Silk Route. At the beginning of the 1940s the sinologist Homer H. Dubs specu- lated on the possibility that the small unit of one hundred men in “fish scale” formation which, according to Chinese sources was crushed by the Han cavalry at the Talas River battle in eastern Ka- zakhstan (36 BC), may have been formed by Roman legionaries cap- Volume 04 109 The Parthians between Rome and China akademiskkvarter Leonardo Gregoratti academic quarter tured by Parthians during the battle of Carrhae several years before (53 BC) and used as mercenaries by Zhizhi, a chieftain of the Xiongnu barbarians1. -
The Opening of the Silk Road
,~ GLOBAL CONTACTS: THE OPENING 25 OF THE SILK ROAD , . During the early Han dynasty (206 B.C.E,-220 C.E.)Chinese emperors began to send large amounts of silk-for both diplomatic and commercial reasons-to the nomads of Central Asia, especially the Xiongnu. Within a short time some of this silk found its way, by means of a type of relay trade, to Rome. Modern scholars refer to the East- West routes on which the fabric, and other commodities, moved as the Silk Road. By 100 C.E.the land routes linking China to Rome also had "a maritime counterpart. Seaborne commerce flourished between Rome and India via the Red Sea and the Ara- bian Sea. Other routes farther east, connected Indian ports with harbors in Southeast Asia and China. A great Afro-Eurasian commercial network had now come into being. Silk from China (the only country that produced it until after 500 CE.), pepper and jewels from India, and incense from Arabia were sent to the Mediterranean region on routes that ter-' minated in Roman cities such as Alexandria, Gaza, Antioch, and Ephesus. In exchange for the precious commodities, the Romans sent large amounts of silver and gold east- ward to destinations in Asia. Because the long-distance trade of the classical period was mainly in luxuries rather than in articles of daily use, its overall economic impact was probably limited. Most present-day historians think that the Rome-India-China trade was significant pri- '"", ",' ~. marily becauseof its role in promoting the spreadof religions, styles of art, technologies, and epidemic diseases. -
BUDDHISM (Statue of Buddha) This Statue, Dating to the Year 338 C
BUDDHISM (Statue of Buddha) This statue, dating to the year 338 C. E., is the earliest known depiction of a Chinese Buddha. Buddhism, which originated in India during the fifth century B.C.E, was gradually introduced into China through Central Asia via the Silk Road. Buddhism, which entered China during the Han dynasty, was influenced by other religions that were present in Central Asia at that time. Once in China, Buddhism was combined, for a time, with another popular Chinese belief system, Daoism. In fact, until the end of the Han dynasty, the two belief systems were virtually one and shared many beliefs. The early statues of Chinese Buddhas resembled the statues of Indian Buddhas from the fourth to fifth centuries B.C.E., but have some different features. For example, the Buddha pictured here has a more rounded head than his Indian counterpart; his nose is sculpted as a simple wedge; and his eyes, which are closed, look Chinese. TRANSPORTATION (Camel Figurine) This twin-humped camel was introduced into China from Bactria (BOK-tree-ah), in southwestern Asia, sometime around the first century B.C.E. As trade along the Silk Road grew, these pack animals became greatly valued for their ability to travel long distances over mountains and across deserts. Camels were uniquely suited to crossing the roughest terrain in an extremely difficult climate because they could go for days without food or water by living off the fat stored in their humps. Chinese traders used camels to transport such goods as silk, jade, tea, spices, and grain to the West. -
Silk Roads in History by Daniel C
The Silk Roads in History by daniel c. waugh here is an endless popular fascination with cultures and peoples, about whose identities we still know too the “Silk Roads,” the historic routes of eco- little. Many of the exchanges documented by archaeological nomic and cultural exchange across Eurasia. research were surely the result of contact between various The phrase in our own time has been used as ethnic or linguistic groups over time. The reader should keep a metaphor for Central Asian oil pipelines, and these qualifications in mind in reviewing the highlights from Tit is common advertising copy for the romantic exoticism of the history which follows. expensive adventure travel. One would think that, in the cen- tury and a third since the German geographer Ferdinand von Richthofen coined the term to describe what for him was a The Beginnings quite specific route of east-west trade some 2,000 years ago, there might be some consensus as to what and when the Silk Among the most exciting archaeological discoveries of the Roads were. Yet, as the Penn Museum exhibition of Silk Road 20th century were the frozen tombs of the nomadic pastoral- artifacts demonstrates, we are still learning about that history, ists who occupied the Altai mountain region around Pazyryk and many aspects of it are subject to vigorous scholarly debate. in southern Siberia in the middle of the 1st millennium BCE. Most today would agree that Richthofen’s original concept These horsemen have been identified with the Scythians who was too limited in that he was concerned first of all about the dominated the steppes from Eastern Europe to Mongolia. -
The Ornamental Trousers from Sampula (Xinjiang, China): Their Origins and Biography
The ornamental trousers from Sampula (Xinjiang, China): their origins and Biography Mayke Wagner1*, Wang Bo2, Pavel Tarasov3, Sidsel Maria Westh-Hansen4, Elisabeth Völling5 & Jonas Heller1 Published in: ANTIQUITY 83 (2009): 1065–1075. A decorated pair of trousers excavated from a well-preserved tomb in the Tarim Basin proved to have a highly informative life history, teased out by the authors – with archaeological, historical and art historical dexterity. Probably created under Greek influence in a Bactrian palace, the textile started life in the third/second century BC as an ornamental wall hanging, showing a centaur blowing a war-trumpet and a nearly life-size warrior of the steppe with his spear. The palace was raided by nomads, one of whom worked a piece of the tapestry into a pair of trousers. They brought no great luck to the wearer who ended his days in a massacre by the Xiongnu, probably in the first century BC. The biography of this garment gives a vivid glimpse of the dynamic life of Central Asia at the end of the first millennium. Keywords: China, Tarim, Xinjiang, Iron Age, Greek, Macedonian, textiles, wall hanging, trousers, centaur, Xiongnu (1065) Introduction Since the discovery of mummies in the Tarim Basin in Xinjiang (e.g. Wang 1999; Figure 1), cultural contacts and migrations of the early inhabitants of eastern Central Asia have become intensely debated issues (e.g. Posch 1995; Mair 1998; Parzinger 2008). Information about this area appears in Chinese historical records only after 126 BC, when Zhang Qian returned to the Imperial court in Chang’an from his first voyage to the West (Hulsewé 1979). -
Empires of Ancient Eurasia Craig Benjamin Index More Information
Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-11496-8 — Empires of Ancient Eurasia Craig Benjamin Index More Information Index Achaemenid Persian Empire, 149 Aryan Language, 189 Adulis, 228 Ashoka, 154 Afanasevo,24 Assyrian Empire, 158 Afrasiab, 179 Atheas, 159 Age of Disunity, 241, 244, 261, 263, 264 Augustus, 120, 127, 129, 130 Aksu, 105 Augustus, 117, 131, 133, 138, 142, 144, Alai Valley, 139 146, 161, 162, 167, 170, 186, 194, 213, Alexander of Macedon, 151 225, 226, 227, 258, 278 Alexander Severus, 255, 256 Aurelius Victor, 258 Alexandria, 154 Avesta, 268 Alexandria on the Tigris, 229 Ammianus Marcellinus, 248, 272, 284 Bactra, 38, 75, 78, 84, 101, 108, 132, 137, Amu Darya, 37, 38, 68, 76, 98, 108, 139, 140 180, 183 Bactria, 75 Amyrgian Saka, 159 Bactrian Camel, 112 An Shigao, 157 Bai Yue, 232 Ancient Globalization, 12 Balikh River, 131 Andronovo,24 Ball, Warwick, 5 Angkor, 270 Ban Chao, 173, 182, 187 Angkor Thom, 270 Barbaricum, 219 Angkor Wat, 270 barracks-emperors, 259 Angra Mainyu, 267 Barygaza, 219 Annales group, 11 Basra, 229 Antigonids, 154 Battle of Cannae, 124 Antioch, 131, 133, 135, 166, 175, 284 Battle of Carrhae, 119, 161, 162 Antiochus IV, 230 Battle of Gaugamela, 153 Antiochus VII, 156 Battle of Hormozdgan, 250 Antonine Plague, 272 Battle of Naissus, 257 Antoninus, 164, 174, 272 Battle of Nihawand, 254 Anxi, 76 Battle of Philippi, 162 Apologos, 135, 229, 230, 231, Battle of Plataea, 152 Appian of Alexandria, 136, 284 Battle of the Milvian Bridge, 266 Arabian Peninsula, 226 Bay of Bengal, 206, 232 Ardashir, 198, 238, 245, 249,