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Direct Link to Fulltext ISOLATION, IDENTIFICATION AND SUBSTRATE SPECIFICITY OF A NITRILASE PRODUCING BACTERIA, Acidovorax sp. SK1 Soumya Koippully, Subha Swaraj Pattnaik, Siddhardha Busi* Address(es): Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry-605 014, India. *Corresponding author: [email protected] doi: 10.15414/jmbfs.2018.8.2.788-793 ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Received 13. 5. 2018 The process of biocatalysis or biotransformation remains the core of industrial biotechnology owing to its importance in the synthesis of Revised 3. 9. 2018 high-value products in a cost effective manner. Nitrile biotransformation has also achieved considerable attention in last few decades Accepted 5. 9. 2018 due to its widespread biotechnological and industrial applications. In the present study, a versatile, potent nitrile-degrading bacterium, Published 1. 10. 2018 Acidovorax sp. SK1 was isolated from the cracker waste dumping site of Sivakasi, Tamilnadu and characterized for its biocatalytic potential, nitrilase production and enzyme activity. A pH sensitive indicator-based assay was performed to identify the nitrile degrading ability of the isolated samples. Semi quantitative High performance thin layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method was performed for Regular article quantitative measurement of mandelic acid produced from degradation of nitrile compound, mandelonitrile. The optimization of medium and nutritional parameters were studied for the improvement of nitrilase activity, which indicated that maximum nitrilase activity was observed at an optimum pH of 7.0, agitation at 100 rpm, glucose as best carbon source (10 g/L) and yeast extract (0.1 g/L) as principal nitrogen source. Biomass is also a critical parameter in the biocatalysis of mandelonitrile to mandelic acid and at a biomass of 100 mg/L, maximum nitrilase activity of 0.026 I.U was observed. The versatility of Acidovorax sp. in the hydrolysis of mandelonitrile to pharmaceutically valuable mandelic acid makes it a potential biocatalyst in organic synthesis. The present work demonstrates the production of nitrilase and the biotransformation of mandelonitrile to mandelic acid using the newly isolated strain of Acidovorax sp. SK1 and also suggests that this strain open avenues for biotechnological application as an effective green catalyst. Keywords: Acidovorax sp., Biocatalysis, HPTLC, Mandelonitrile, Mandelic acid, Nitrilase INTRODUCTION cephalosporin, and other antibiotics. Though a number of enzymatic methods were developed for the synthesis of mandelic acid; the nitrilase-catalyzed The enzymatic biocatalysis or biotransformation process offers an efficient hydrolysis gains considerable interest. The properties such as mild reaction catalytic strategy and remains the core of industrial biotechnology for the conditions, high enantioselectivity, independence of expensive cofactor, and most synthesis of valuable products such as mandelic acid and nicotinic acid of importantly, this bioprocess can afford 100% theoretical yield with greater industrial importance (Choi et al., 2015). Nitrile biotransformation has been the industrial importance makes the nitrilase-catalyzed hydrolysis process of subject of attention for a couple of years due to the interest for industrial significant interest (He et al., 2007; Zhang et al., 2015). production of high value chemicals i.e. acids and amides. Nitrilase, nitrile amino The conventional methods of screening are more tedious and time consuming. So hydrolases which hydrolyze nitriles and forms corresponding carboxylic acids, that high throughput calorimetric methods were used for nitrilase producing ammonia and also amide as intermediate are commercially important enzymes. A organisms. It’s a simple pH responsive calorimetric method where pH indicators wide variety of microorganisms like bacteria, Actinomycetes, filamentous fungi, like bromothymol blue, neutral red, phenol red or cresol red can be used. These yeasts and also plants have the inherent ability to metabolize nitrile compounds pH indicators detect a decrease in pH on formation of the corresponding acid by virtue of the presence of nitrilases (Gong et al., 2012). Nitrile hydrolyzing from nitriles during the biotransformation process. Most of these screening enzymes such as nitrilase, nitrile hydratase, and amidases have the inherent methods are quantitative in nature and are readily available. Reaction products properties to carry out selective hydrolysis at specific temperature and pressure are separated and analyzed by chromatographic methods or calculated in coupled which allow their importance in industrial biocatalysis process (Howden and reactions. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) or Gas Preston, 2009). chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is mainly used for precise analysis Nitriles are a group of highly toxic organic compounds, commonly found in of the reaction products and specifically for enantioselectivity. Thin layer nature. Among the different nitriles, cyanoglycosides and cyanolipids are formed chromatography or high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) have by a number of plants especially among the members of family Brassicaceae. been often employed for semi quantitative and qualitative detection of nitrilase These nitriles are highly toxic and carcinogenic and nitrile degrading enzyme activity (Gong et al., 2012). microorganisms seems to be promising method for eliminating these pollutants Enzyme or biocatalyst which helps organisms to carry out metabolism is also without forming any toxic byproducts (Fang et al., 2015). Nitrilase (3.5.5.1) used for the commercial production of natural and non-natural compounds. In hydrolyzes carbon nitrogen triple bond of nitriles to form corresponding acid and the present study, a versatile, potent nitrile-degrading bacterium, Acidovorax sp. liberate ammonia. The inherent properties of high substrate specificity, SK1 was isolated and its biocatalytic potential, nitrilase production and enzyme enantioselectivity, and regio-selectivity make nitrilases attractive biocatalysts for activity was evaluated for synthesis of industrially important mandelic acid by the production of fine chemicals and industrially important pharmaceutical enzymatic degradation of mandelonitrile amply supported by GC-MS and intermediates such as nicotinic acid, isonicotinic acid, mandelic acid, glycolic HPTLC analysis. acid, benzoic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid etc. (Bhalla et al., 2018). Based on the above facts and also due to its commercial importance the present study using the microbial route for the synthesis of mandelic acid by enzymatic degradation of mandelonitrile was undertaken in the present study. Mandelic acid is an important intermediate for the preparation of semisynthetic penicillin, 788 J Microbiol Biotech Food Sci / Koippully et al. 2018 : 8 (2) 788-793 MATERIALS AND METHODS following parameters like substrate, concentration of substrate pH carbon source nitrogen source biomass time of incubation were investigated. Chemicals and culture media Substrate specificity Analytical grade media components, DNA isolation kit, 16S rRNA amplification chemicals, reagents for ammonia assay, organic solvents for HPTLC and The Acidovorax sp. SK1 was grown in minimal salt media, cells were harvested materials for immobilization were purchased from Hi-Media laboratory, Mumbai, by centrifugation and suspended in phosphate buffer and the reaction was carried India. All nitriles, isobutyronitrile, mandelonitrile, 3-phenyl propionitrile, 4- out using different nitrile substrates like mandelonitrile, 4-methoxy, 2- methoxy 2-nitrobenzonitrile and mandelic acid were obtained from Sigma nitrobenzonitrile, 3-phenyl propionitrile and isobutyronitrile. Enzyme assay was Aldrich, New York, USA. carried out to determine the substrate specificity. Sample collection Substrate concentration Cracker waste samples were used for isolating nitrile-degrading microorganisms. To check the effect of concentration of substrate on the activity of enzyme, assay These samples were obtained from the cracker manufacturing industries of was carried out with various concentrations (1mM to 4mM) of mandelonitrile. Sivakasi, Tamilnadu, India and transported to the laboratory in sterile Himedia bags and stored at 4 °C until further use. Effect of pH Isolation of nitrile-converting new biocatalysts Enzyme assay was carried out at different pH (5-8) to study the suitable pH for enhanced nitrilase activity. Conventional methods of isolating microbial colonies and enrichment culture were carried out. The isolated colonies were streaked onto minimal salt media Effect of carbon source plates supplemented with Isobutyronitrile for selecting nitrile utilizing colonies. In enrichment culture method Mineral salt media components were dissolved in 1 The Acidovorax sp. SK1 grown on different carbon source such as sucrose, liter of double distilled water and autoclaved. 1.0 g of soil sample added to 1 liter glucose, maltose and fructose of 10 g/L concentration keeping other media mineral salt medium spiked with an isobutyronitrile (2%, v/v) as an inducer for a constituents and physiological parameters constant and the activity was assayed period of 15 days at pH 7.0 and the flask was incubated at 37 °C with agitation at after 24 h of growth. 150 rpm. After enrichment, serial dilutions were performed and plated on solid Enriched mineral salt agar medium plates containing isobutyronitrile as substrate. Glucose concentration Colonies that appeared after 72
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