CONTENT

SAMPLE Written as per the latest syllabus prescribed by the Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, Pune.

STD. IX Science and Technology

Salient Features  Written as per the new textbook  Exhaustive coverage of entire syllabus  Ample numericals for thorough revision  Memory maps provided for revision at a glance  ‘Illustrative Examples’ provided for numerical elaboration  ‘Reading between the lines’ provided for concept elaboration  Chapter-wise assessment with every chapter for knowledge testing  Activity demonstration/concept explanation videos included wherever required  Includes relevant MCQs and Questions fromCONTENT practical notebook This book comprises of Q.R. Codes at strategic touch points. You can simply scan this Code through your Smartphone camera and get a plethora of subject knowledge at your disposal. The Q.R. Codes included herein would take you to videos that shall provide you a better understanding of ‘Activities’, ‘Experiments’, ‘Projects’ and ‘Try This’ section of the book. We hope students would maximize the use of this book with the aid of these videos.

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Balbharati Registration No.: 2018MH0022 P.O. No. 157500 TEID: 13300 PREFACE While designing the book, our main intention was to create a book that would act as a single point of reference for students. We wanted this book to provide students, the much needed answers for their textual questions as well as build up their knowledge quotient in the process.

Science and Technology: Std. IX has been prepared as per the new syllabus and paper pattern which is more child- centric and focuses on active learning along-with making the process of education more enjoyable and interesting.

We have infused the book with a liberal sprinkling of real life examples, pictorial explanations and additional questions. Questions titled under 'Use your brain power', 'Can you tell' and a series of 'In-text Questions', pave the way for a robust concept building.

Every chapter begins with covering all the textual content in the format of Objectives, Question - Answers, Give Reasons, Numericals, Diagram-based questions, paragraph based questions and a host of other Objective and Subjective type of questions. A detailed thinking process involved in solving numerical problems is explained in step wise manner in ‘Illustrative Examples.’ The solution to these examples is elaboration of the answer of the numerical and not the exact solution expected in examination. The chapter also includes Activity Based Questions that explain certain concepts to students in a point wise manner through the medium of an activity. For the students to grasp a better understanding of the concept lying behind the answer, ‘Reading between the lines’ (not a part of the answer) has been provided wherever necessary. To aid the students in their exam preparation, selected questions from the practical notebook are included. To enhance audio-visual learning, videos showing demonstration of activities / concept explanation are included wherever required.

Wherever possible, questions are allotted with marks in accordance with new marking scheme. The question without marks can be modified as per the new marking scheme and asked in examination. Memory maps have been included wherever needed which provides a quick revision of the important topics of a chapter. The chapter eventually ends with a Chapter wise Assessment that stands as a testimony to the fact that the child has understood the chapter thoroughly. Answers to each chapter Assessment can be viewed by scanning the given Q.R. Code.

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A book affects eternity; one can never tell where its influence stops.CONTENT

Best of luck to all the aspirants! From, Publisher Edition : Second Gyan Guru (GG) We present to you our very own mascot-'GG'. GG is a student- buddy who pops up throughout the book and draws your attention to important bits of knowledge also termed as 'Good to Know'. This 'Good to Know' section helps you understand a concept distinctly with a corresponding example, which you can relate to easily. This is our initiative that helps to link learning with life, thereby educating the students much more practically. We're hopeful that you will love this initiative.

Disclaimer This reference book is transformative work based on ‘Science and Technology; First Reprint:2018’ published by the Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, Pune. We the publishers are making this reference book which constitutes as fair use of textual contents which are transformed by adding and elaborating, with a view to simplify the same to enable the students to understand, memorize and reproduce the same in examinations. SAMPLEThis work is purely inspired upon the course work as prescribed by the Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, Pune. Every care has been taken in the publication of this reference book by the Authors while creating the contents. The Authors and the Publishers shall not be responsible for any loss or damages caused to any person on account of errors or omissions which might have crept in or disagreement of any third party on the point of view expressed in the reference book. © reserved with the Publisher for all the contents created by our Authors. No copyright is claimed in the textual contents which are presented as part of fair dealing with a view to provide best supplementary study material for the benefit of students. Contents

No. Topic Name Page No.

1. Laws of Motion 1

2. Work and Energy 30

3. Current Electricity 51

4. Measurement of Matter 72

5. Acids, Bases and Salts 100

6. Classification of Plants 127

7. Energy Flow in an Ecosystem 139

8. Useful and Harmful Microbes 153

9. Environmental Management 167

10. Information Communication Technology (ICT) 184 11. Reflection of Light CONTENT193 12. Study of Sound 216

13. Carbon : An Important Element 234

14. Substances in Common Use 251

15. Life Processes in Living Organisms 270

16. Heredity and Variation 292

17. Introduction to Biotechnology 311

18. Observing Space : Telescopes 330

Note: Textual exercise questions are represented by * mark. SAMPLE Textual solved examples are represented by + mark. Practical notebook questions are represented by  mark. 6 Classification of Plants

3. Fill in the blanks by selecting the correct Fill in the blanks word from the bracket and complete the given paragraph. [3 Marks] 1. Complete the following statements. (Funaria, Pteridophytes, heterotrophic, [1 Mark each] multicellular, spore, rod, autotrophic, i Multicellular eukaryotic organisms without Marsilea, unicellular, Bryophytes, seed, cell wall belong to kingdom ______. ribbon) ______are also known as amphibians of ii. Plants are autotrophic because they can plant kingdom. These plants are thalloid, perform ______with the help of chlorophyll. ______and ______. They reproduce by iii. Angiosperms are classified as monocots and ______formation. The plant body of these dicots depending upon the number of ______plants is flat, ______like long, without true in seeds. roots, stem and leaves. Example of this group of plants is ______. iv. Marchantia, Riccia and Anthoceros belong to Answer: division ______. Bryophytes are also known as amphibians of plant kingdom. These plants are thalloid, v. Nephrolepis belongs to division ______. multicellular and autotrophic. They vi. Plants belonging to division thallophyta, reproduce by spore formation. The plant body bryophyta and pteridophyta are called ______of these plants is flat, ribbon like long, as their reproductive organs cannot be seen. without true roots, stem and leaves. Example of this group of plants is Funaria. vii. The plants whose seeds can be divided into two equal halves are called ______plants. Choose the correct alternative [1 Mark each] Answers: CONTENT i. Animalia ii. photosynthesis 1. Five kingdom classification system was iii. cotyledons iv. Bryophyta proposed by ______for the study of living v. Pteridophyta vi. Cryptogams organisms. vii. dicotyledonous (A) Eichler 2. Fill in the blanks by selecting the correct (B) Robert Whittaker word from the given bracket. (C) Gregor Mendel [1 Mark each] (D) Frederick Miescher (Pteridophyta, Ulva, Embryo, Flowers, 2. Which of the following is NOT true for Gymnosperm, Spirogyra) bryophytes? i. Spirally arranged, green, thread like (A) Amphibians of plant kingdom chloroplasts are found in ______. (B) Thalloid plant body (C) Heterotrophic mode of nutrition ii. Selaginella, Pteris are examples of ______. (D) Multicellular iii. In phanerogams, during germination of the 3. Lycopodium belongs to division seed, the stored food is used for initial growth of the ______. (A) Bryophyta (B) Thallophyta (C) Pteridophyta (D) Gymnosperms iv. Cycas belongs to division ______. 4. Which of the following is characteristic of v. ______are the reproductive organs in pteridophytes? SAMPLEangiosperms. (A) Asexual reproduction by spore Answers: formation i. Spirogyra ii. Pteridophyta (B) Non – flowering plants iii. Embryo iv. Gymnosperm (C) Well developed conducting system v. Flowers (D) All of these 127  Std. IX: Science and Technology

5. Tetramerous or pentamerous flowers are found 11. The type of root in the plant of Catharanthus in is ______. (A) Bryophytes (A) tuber (B) Monocotyledons (B) tap root (C) Pteridophytes (C) fibrous (D)Dicotyledons (D) pneumatophores Answers: 1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (C) 12. Which of the following is NOT true about Periwinkle plant? 4. (D) 5. (D) (A) It belongs to Phanerogams MCQs based on Practicals/Activities (B) Its seeds are enclosed in fruits (C) It possesses fibrous roots 1. Which one of the following is present in both (D) Its leaves show reticulate venation plant cell as well as in animal cell? (A) Cell wall (B) Plastids 13. Which of the following plant shows (C) Nucleus (D) Large vacuole parallel venation? (A) Banana (B) Mango 2. The spots on the posterior surface of the (C) Sweet pea (D) Banyan leaflets of fern are______. (A) Fruits (B) Buds 14. The number of petals in Hibiscus rosasinesis is (C) Sporangia (D) Stomata (A) four (B) five 3. Identify INCORRECT statement with respect (C) three (D) ten to Thuja and Banyan. 15. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic (A) They belong to phanerogams. of Tuberose? (B) They reproduce by sexual reproduction. (A) Trimerous symmetry of flowers (C) They possess fruits. (B) Perianth present (D) They have seeds which contain embryo (C) Fibrous roots and stored food. (D) Reticulate venation of leaves 4. Which of the following seed cannot be divided Answers: into two equal halves? 1. (C) 2. (C) 3. (C) (A) Moong (B) Pea 4. (C) 5. (B) 6. (C) (C) Maize (D) Mango CONTENT7. (D) 8. (D) 9. (D) 10. (D) 11. (B) 12. (C) 5. Thread like spiral chloroplast is found in 13. (A) 14. (B) 15. (D) (A) Riccia (B) Spirogyra (C) Chara (D) Ulva Right or Wrong. 6. ______is a saprophytic organism growing on If wrong, write the correct sentence dead and decaying organic matter. [1 Mark each] (A) Fern (B) Catharanthus (C) Mushroom (D) Spirogyra 1. Algae are autotrophic. 7. In Moss, spores are produced 2. Spirogyra contains star shaped chloroplast. (A) in seeds (B) on leaflet 3. Bryophytes have specific tissues for (C) in cones (D) in capsule conduction of food and water. 8. The plant of ‘wheat’ belongs to 4. Pteridophytes reproduce sexually by flower division ______. formation. (A) Bryophyta (B) Pteridophyta (C) Gymnosperms (D) Angiosperms 5. Marsilea belongs to division Bryophyta.

9. The plant of ‘Hibiscus’ belongs to 6. Thallophytes, Bryophytes and Pteridophytes division ______. have hidden reproductive organs. SAMPLE(A) Bryophyta (B) Pteridophyta 7. In Cycas, seeds are covered within fruit. (C) Gymnosperms (D) Angiosperms 8. Dicotyledonous plants have parallel venation. 10. Catharanthus belongs to ______division. (A) Bryophyta (B) Pteridophyta 9. Flowers of monocotyledonous plants show (C) Gymnosperms (D) Angiosperms trimerous symmetry. 128 128  Chapter 6: Classification of Plants Answers: 3. Sargassum: Thallophyta :: Adiantum : 1. Right ______

2. Wrong 4. Pteridophytes: Cryptogams :: Angiosperms: Spirogyra shows spirally arranged chloroplast. ______3. Wrong Bryophytes do not have specific tissues for 5. Mustard : Tap root :: Maize : ______conduction of food and water. 6. Pea: Two cotyledons :: Rice: ______4. Wrong Pteridophytes reproduce sexually by zygote 7. Rose: ______:: Bamboo: Parallel venation formation whereas angiosperms reproduce sexually by flower formation. 8. Pinus : Roots :: Marchantia : ______Answers: 5. Wrong Marsilea belongs to division Pteridophyta. 1. Heterotrophic Spirogyra can photosynthesize to prepare its 6. Right own food, hence it is autotrophic, whereas 7. Wrong yeast cannot photosynthesize, hence it is In Cycas, seeds are not covered within fruit. heterotrophic. 8. Wrong 2. Gymnosperms Dicotyledonous plants have reticulate venation In Angiosperms, seeds are enclosed within a whereas monocotyledonous plants have fruit, whereas in gymnosperms, seeds are parallel venation. naked i.e. they are not enclosed within a fruit. 9. Right 3. Pteridophyta Odd one out [1 Mark each] Sargassum belongs to division Thallophyta whereas Adiantum belongs to division 1. Spirogyra, Ulva, Sargassum, Riccia Pteridophyta. 2. Funaria, Marsilea, Marchantia, Anthoceros 4. Phanerogams 3. Pinus, Pteris, Selaginella, Lycopodium Pteridophytes are cryptogams as they have 4. Onion, Cycas, Picea, Thuja CONTENThidden reproductive structures, whereas angiosperms are phanerogams as they have 5. Hibiscus, Jowar, Banana, Thuja well differentiated visible reproductive Answers: structures. 1. Riccia Riccia belongs to bryophyta whereas rest all 5. Fibrous roots belong to thallophyta. Mustard is a dicotyledonous plant, hence it 2. Marsilea shows tap root, whereas Maize is a Marsilea is a Pteridophyte whereas rest all are monocotyledonous plant hence it shows bryophytes. fibrous roots. 3. Pinus 6. One cotyledon Pinus belongs to gymnosperm whereas rest all Pea is a dicotyledonous plant, hence it belong to Pteridophyta. contains two cotyledons, whereas rice is a 4. Onion monocotyledonous plant, hence it contains one Onion belongs to angiosperms whereas rest all cotyledon. belong to gymnosperms. 7. Reticulate venation 5. Thuja Bamboo is a monocotyledonous plant hence it Thuja belongs to gymnosperms whereas rest shows parallel venation, whereas rose is a all belong to angiosperms. dicotyledonous plant hence it shows reticulate venation. SAMPLE Complete the analogy [1 Mark each]

8. Rhizoids 1. Spirogyra: Autotrophic :: Yeast: ______Pinus shows well developed root system 2. Angiosperms: Seeds enclosed :: ______: whereas in Marchantia root like rhizoids are Seeds naked present. 129  Std. IX: Science and Technology

Match the following *2. Which criteria are used for the classification of plants? Explain with reason. [5 Marks] *1. Match the proper terms from Column A OR and C with description in Column B. Which criteria are used for classifying the plants? A B C Ans: The basic criteria used for classification of Seeds are formed Thallophyta Fern plants are as follows: in fruits i. The presence or absence of organs: No natural Bryophyta Cycas If the plants have organs like roots, stem and covering on seeds leaves they belong to divisions like These plants mainly pteridophyta, angiosperms and gymnosperms. Pteridophyta Tamarind grow in water If the plants have thalloid body they belong to These plants need thallophyta and bryophyta. Gymnosperms water for Moss ii. The presence or absence of separate reproduction conducting tissues for conduction of water Tissues are present and food: Angiosperms for conduction of Algae The plants belonging to pteridophyta and water and food phanerogams show special conducting tissues for water and food conduction. While lower Answer: plants like bryophytes and thallophytes do not have such tissues. A B C iii. Depending upon presence or absence of These plants mainly Thallophyta Algae flowers, fruits and seeds: grow in water Based on this criterion, plants are classified as These plants need cryptogams and phanerogams. Phanerogams Bryophyta water for Moss have seeds while cryptogams lack flowers, reproduction fruits and seeds. Tissues are present iv. Depending upon whether seeds are enclosed Pteridophyta for conduction of Fern within a fruit or not: Phanerogams are water and food further classified as gymnosperms and No natural angiosperms. Gymnosperms Cycas CONTENT covering on seeds In gymnosperms, seeds are not enclosed in Seeds are formed natural coverings whereas in angiosperms, seeds Angiosperms Tamarind in fruits are covered within fruits. v. Depending upon the number of cotyledons 2. Match the pairs. [½ Mark for each pair] in the seeds: Group ‘A’ Group ‘B’ Angiosperms are further classified as dicots and monocots. Monocots include plants whose i. Gymnosperms a. Mustard seeds cannot be divided into equal parts and ii. Bryophyta b. Funaria dicots include plants whose seeds can be iii. Angiospems c. Yeast divided into two equal halves. iv. Pteridophyta d. Equisetum Good to know e. Deodar

Answer: (i – e), (ii – b), (iii – a), (iv – d) Strawberry is the only fruit that bears its seeds on the outside. Each strawberry Answer the following has an average of 200 seeds. 1. Who proposed ‘Five kingdom’ classification system? Name the five kingdoms of this *3. Write the characteristics of subkingdom SAMPLEclassification system. Phanerogams. [2 Marks] Ans: The ‘Five kingdom’ classification system was Ans: proposed by Robert Whittaker. This i. Phanerogams have special structures for classification system includes kingdom Monera, reproduction. Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia. ii. They are seed bearing plants. 130 130  Chapter 6: Classification of Plants iii. Seeds are formed after the process of *7. Sketch and label the figures of the following reproduction and contain embryo and stored plants and explain them in brief. food. i. Marchantia: iv. Phanerogams are further classified into two Ans: Capsule

divisions gymnosperms and angiosperms. a. It belongs to subkingdom Stalk

v. They show presence of separate conducting cryptogams and division tissues for conduction of water and food. bryophyta. [Any four points] b. It grows on damp ground 4. Name the type of fungi included in division and old walls, especially thallophyta. [1 Mark] during rainy season, forming a sort of green Rhizoids Ans: Fungi like yeasts and moulds, which do not Marchantia have chlorophyll are included in division carpet. thallophyta. c. The thallus bears number of rhizoids on lower surface. *5. Sketch, label and describe Spirogyra. d. On the upper surface thallus shows stalk Ans: Cell wall bearing a capsule which contains spores. Nucleus Pyrenoid e. The capsule at maturity liberates spores for asexual reproduction. ii. Funaria: Ans: Capsule Spiral Stalk chloroplasts Spirogyra Leaf-like parts i. Spirogyra is a green free-floating filamentous alga that belongs to subkingdom cryptogams and division thallophyta. Rhizoids ii. It is found growing abundantly in ponds, ditches, Funaria springs, slow running water or streams, etc. iii. The Spirogyra filament is unbranched and a. It is the most commonly found bryophyte. It

consists of a single row of cylindrical cells. grows on old damp walls, trunks of trees and CONTENT iv. Each cell is lined by cell wall and nucleus is damp ground during rainy season. situated in the middle of cell. b. A Funaria plant is small and consists of minute v. Chloroplast in Spirogyra is spirally arranged, green leaf-like structures crowded at the apex. green, thread-like structure. Several pyrenoids c. On its lower side, the plant bears a number of are seen in spiral chloroplasts. slender multicellular thread like rhizoids which vi. Chloroplasts synthesize food by perform the functions of roots. photosynthesis. d. The Funaria plant reproduces sexually by the fusion of gametes. This results in development *6. Write the characteristics of the plants of plant body (Sporophyte). belonging to division Bryophyta. [2 Marks] e. Sporophyte shows presence of stalk bearing a Ans: capsule which contains spores. The capsule at i. Plants belonging to division bryophyta are called maturity liberates spores for asexual the amphibians of the plant kingdom. It is reproduction. because they grow in moist soil but need water for reproduction. iii. Fern: ii. The plants belonging to this division are Ans: thalloid, multicellular and autotrophic. a. Ferns are a big group of iii. The structure of the plant body is flat, ribbon- highly advanced Leaflets like long, without true roots, stem and leaves. cryptogams and are widely iv. Plant body is made up of stem-like or leaf-like distributed all over the SAMPLEparts and root-like rhizoids. earth. v. Bryophytes do not have specific tissues for b. They grow abundantly in conduction of food and water. cool, shady, moist places. vi. They reproduce by spore formation. c. Roots are adventitious e.g. Moss (Funaria), Marchantia, Anthoceros, (fibrous) growing from the Roots Riccia, etc. underground stem. Ferns 131  Std. IX: Science and Technology d. Leaves are well developed on the stem (Rhizome). iii. They are green and have feathery structures e. They show presence of well developed (hence ornamental). They grow luxuriantly in conducting system for transportation of water moist and shady places. and food. iv. Ferns do not bear flowers and fruits. f. They reproduce asexually by spores produced v. Ferns reproduce asexually with the help of within sporangia, which are present in sori. spores formed within sporangia, present in sori These sori are located along the posterior at the posterior surface of their leaflets and surface of leaflets. reproduce sexually by zygote formation.

g. These plants have neither fruits nor flowers. e.g. Nephrolepis (garden fern), Marsilea (aquatic h. Some ferns are used as food, medicine or as fern), Equisetum (Xerophytic fern), Lycopodium

ornamental plants. (epiphytic fern), Adiantum (Walking fern or iv. Spirogyra: maidenhair fern) Ans: Refer Answer the following: Q.5. Give reasons 8. Give any four examples of each division: i. Thallophyta ii. Bryophyta 1. Plants are autotrophic. iii. Pteridophyta iv. Gymnosperms Ans: v. Angiosperms [2 Marks each] i. Plants have chlorophyll pigments in the Ans: chloroplast of their cells. Division Examples ii. These chlorophyll pigments are capable of Thallophyta Ulothrix, Yeast, Ulva, Sargassum absorbing solar energy and converting it into Bryophyta Marchantia, Anthoceros, Riccia, chemical energy by the process of Moss photosynthesis. Pteridophyta Marsilea, Selaginella, Pteris, iii. Thus, plants are autotrophic as they can Lycopodium synthesize their own food.

Gymnosperms Cycas, Pinus, Picea, Thuja *2. Complete the sentences by filling the blanks Angiosperms Bamboo, Onion, Banyan, Rose and explain these statements. (angiosperms, gymnosperms, spore, Good to know bryophyta, thallophyta, zygote) i. ______plants have soft and fibre-like body.  Bamboos are the tallest CONTENTii. ______is called the 'amphibian' of plant grasses in the world. kingdom.  They are also the fastest- iii. In pteridophytes, asexual reproduction occurs growing plants in the world by ______formation and sexual reproduction and can grow around 35 occurs by ______formation. inches in a single day. iv. Male and female flowers of ______are borne  Certain bamboo species on different sporophylls of the same plant. may develop flowers after about 65 or 120 years. Answers: i. Thallophyta 9. In which plants fibrous roots are present? a. Thallophyta does not have specific parts like Ans: Fibrous roots are present in monocotyledonous root, stem, leaves and flowers. plants. For e.g. Wheat, Maize, Onion, etc. b. Since, they grow in water these plants have soft and fibre-like body. 10. How seeds of gymnosperms differ from that ii. Bryophyta of angiosperms? [1 Mark] a. Bryophytes grow in moist soil, but they need Ans: In gymnosperms, seeds do not have any natural water for reproduction. covering, whereas in angiosperms seeds are b. As they depend on water as well as soil for formed within fruits hence they are covered. their growth, they are called ‘amphibians’ of *11. Write a paragraph in your own words about plant kingdom. the ornamental plants called fern. iii. spore; zygote SAMPLEAns: a. Plants belonging to Pteridophyta do not bear i. Ferns are ornamental plants which belong to flowers and fruits. subkingdom cryptogams and division pteridophyta. b. They have sporangia in sori present on posterior ii. They have well developed roots and stems. surface of their leaflets that produces spores. The leaves are broad, simple or compound and c. They reproduce asexually by spore-formation are called as frond. and sexually by zygote formation. 132 132  Chapter 6: Classification of Plants iv. Gymnosperms iii. Plants reproduce by Plants have special The reproductive organs of gymnosperms are spore formation and structures for produced on the different sporophylls of the do not produce seed. reproduction and same plant (Microsporophyll bearing male produce seed. reproductive organ and megasporophyll iv. Except Pteridophyta, Conducting tissues are bearing female reproductive organ), so as to conducting tissues are present in both help in sexual reproduction. absent in other angiosperms and [Note: Gymnosperms do not bear flowers divisions. gymnosperms. instead, they bear male and female cones.] Complete the given chart/table

Distinguish between [2 Marks each] [3 Marks each]

1. Thallophyta and Bryophyta 1. Living Organisms Ans: Thallophyta Bryophyta i. They grow in moist Prokaryotic i. These plants mainly soil but need water for grow in water. reproduction. ii. ii. They do not have They have stem like Unicellular Multicellular specific parts like root, or leaf like structures stem, leaves and flowers. and root like rhizoids. iii. iii. They may be unicellular They are With cell wall Without cell or multicellular. multicellular. wall iv. These plants have a soft These plants have flat, Heterotrophs and fibre-like body. ribbon-like long body. Autotrophs vi. e.g. Spirogyra, e.g. Funaria, Riccia. Ulothrix. iv. v. *2. Monocots and Dicots Ans: i − Eukaryotic ii − Monera iii − Protista Ans: iv − Plantae v − Fungi vi − Animalia Monocots Dicots 2. Kingdom: Plantae i. Plants whose seeds Plants whose seeds CONTENT have single cotyledon. have two cotyledons. ii. They have well They have fibrous Cryptogams i. developed primary roots. roots (tap root). iii. Stems are hollow, Stems are strong and Thallophyta ii. iii. iv. v. false or disc-like. hard. iv. Leaves show parallel Leaves show venation. reticulate venation. Dicotyledons vi. v. Flowers are Flowers are trimerous. tetramerous or Ans: i − Phanerogams ii − Bryophyta pentamerous. iii − Pteridophyta iv − Gymnosperms e.g. Bamboo, Banana, e.g. Banyan, Mango, v − Angiosperms vi − Monocotyledons Onion, Coconut. Bengal gram, Sweet pea. [Any four points] Question based on paragraph [5 Marks] 3. Cryptogams and Phanerogams Ans: 1. While playing in a garden, Rahul noticed Cryptogams Phanerogams some ornamental plants. When he observed i. They have hidden They have well them carefully, he found some powdery spots reproductive organs. differentiated visible on the posterior surface of leaflets of plant. He SAMPLE was curious to observe the flowers or fruits of reproductive structures. ii. They include three They include two these plants, but he could not find any of these. divisions thallophyta, divisions gymnosperms i. If Rahul considers ‘the presence or absence of bryophyta and and angiosperms. organs’ as a criteria to classify this plant, pteridophyta. which are the possible divisions? 133  Std. IX: Science and Technology ii. Since, Rahul could not find any fruits or Ans: flowers, in which division he should place this i. The greenish colour of the pond indicates plant? presence of green algae. iii. Can you guess the plant observed by Rahul in ii. Since pond is a fresh water reserve, it contains the garden? fresh water type of algae. iv. What is the use of powdery spots present on iii. The fibre-like structure collected from pond posterior surface of leaflets? when placed under microscope appears to be v. Give two more examples of plants belonging green algae Spirogyra. to same division. iv. Spirogyra can be easily identified under Answer: microscope due to presence of spirally arranged i. Since the plant observed by Rahul showed thread-like chloroplasts in its cell. presence of well developed leaves, it can be v. It appears as a linear fibre with cells arranged placed under division Pteridophyta or in straight line. Nucleus is centrally located Angiosperms or Gymnosperms. and cells are lined by cell wall. ii. Due to absence of flower or fruit the plant can vi. Several pyrenoids are seen in spiral be placed under division Pteridophyta. chloroplast. iii. The plant observed by Rahul in the garden can [Note: Students are expected to be Fern. refer the accompanying QR code iv. The powdery spots on posterior surface of for better understanding.] leaflets of Fern are sori containing spores. These spores help in asexual reproduction. 4. Observe and discuss. (Textbook page no. 76) v. Some other examples of plants belonging to You may have seen a lush green soft carpet division Pteridophyta are Pteris and Selaginella. on old walls, bricks and rocks in the rainy season. Scrape it gently with a small ruler, Apply your Knowledge observe it under a magnifying lens and discuss. 1. Can you recall? (Textbook page no. 75) How have living organisms been classified? Ans: Ans: i. During rainy season, lush green soft carpet develops on old walls, bricks and rocks due to i. Living organisms are classified based on the growth of some bryophytes. criteria such as cell structure, body organisation, mode of nutrition and reproduction. CONTENTii. Bryophytes grow in moist soil but need water ii. Classification starts at kingdom level and further for reproduction. groups and subgroups are formed depending iii. When we scrape the old walls, bricks and upon basic similarities and differences. rocks and observe under magnifying lens, we iii. Refer Complete the chart/ table: Q.1 will be able to see different type of bryophytes like, Funaria, Marchantia, etc. 2. Can you tell? (Textbook page no. 75) iv. Most commonly found bryophyte is Funaria. Which are the special cell organelles that differentiate plant cells from animal cells? 5. Observe and discuss. (Textbook page no. 77) Ans: The special cell organelles that differentiate You may have seen ferns among the plant cells from animal cells are: ornamental plants in a garden. Take a leaf of i. Plastids: These organelles are present in plant a fully grown fern and observe it carefully. cells which contain pigments, helping in Ans: photosynthesis (chloroplast) and storage of i. The leaf of fern is large and compound. food material. However, these organelles are ii. The leaflets are directly attached to central absent in animal cells. axis known as rachis. ii. Vacuoles: Plants show large central vacuole iii. Old leaflets are broad and are towards the whereas animals have small temporary vacuoles. base, whereas younger leaflets are small and are towards apex. 3. Observe. (Textbook page no. 76) iv. Posterior surface of fern leaf shows dark brown Search for a pond with greenish water. spots known as sori containing sporangia. Collect some of the green fibres from the SAMPLE v. These sporangia contain spores required for water. Put the fibres in a petridish and wash asexual reproduction. them clean with water. Put one of the fibres in [Note: Students are expected to a drop of water on a glass slide and spread it out straight. Put a cover-slip over the slide refer the accompanying QR code and observe under a compound microscope. for better understanding.] 134 134  Chapter 6: Classification of Plants

6. Use your Brain Power! (Textbook page no. 77) 9. Write the classification of Hibiscus and What is the similarity between the plants of tuberose. the groups Thallophyta, Bryophyta and Hierarchy Hibiscus Tuberose Pteridophyta irrespective of differences in their body structure? Kingdom Ans: Division i. The given groups, thallophyta, bryophyta and Class pteridophyta do not produce flowers, fruits and Order seeds. Family ii. They all belong to the subkingdom cryptogams. iii. Their reproductive organs are not visible. Genus iv. They all are autotrophic, as they perform Species photosynthesis. Ans: 7. Observe. (Textbook page no. 78) Hierarchy Hibiscus Tuberose Observe all garden plants like Cycas, Christmas Kingdom Plantae Plantae tree, Hibiscus, Lily, etc. and compare them. Division Angiospermae Angiospermae Note the similarities and differences among Class Dicotyledons Monocotyledons them. Which differences did you notice Order Malvales Asparagales between gymnosperms and angiosperms? Ans: Cycas and Christmas tree are gymnosperms Family Malvaceae Asparagaceae and Hibiscus and Lily are angiosperms. Genus Hibiscus Polianthus Similarities: Species rosa-sinensis tuberosa i. Both the divisions gymnosperms and angiosperms, belong to subkingdom phanerogams. 10. Try this. (Textbook page no. 78) ii. They have special structures for sexual Soak the seeds of corn, beans, groundnut, reproduction. tamarind, mango, wheat, etc. in water for 8 to iii. They produce seeds that contain embryo and 10 hrs. After they are soaked, check each seed stored food. to see whether it divides into two equal halves Differences: or not and categorize them accordingly. i. Stems of gymnosperms are without branches, Ans: while angiosperms may show branching. i. When the given seeds are soaked in water for 8 to 10 hrs, they swell up. ii. Seeds in gymnosperms are naked or not CONTENT enclosed in fruit. Seeds are enclosed in the ii. Cotyledons of such seeds become more prominent and can be separated if the seed is dicotyledonous. fruits in angiosperms. iii. Gymnosperms do not form fruits while iii. Plants with seeds having single cotyledon are angiosperms bear flowers that develop into fruits. called monocotyledonous plants and plants with seeds having two cotyledons are called 8. Explain the difference between coconut and dicotyledons plants. mango tree as per the classification criteria. iv. Thus, we can classify the angiosperms on the

Ans: basis of number of cotyledons in seeds. Classification v. The given seeds can be categorized Coconut Mango accordingly in the table given below: criteria It is a It is a Monocot Dicot monocotyledonous dicotyledonous Corn (Maize) Beans plant plant Seed contains Seed contains two Wheat Groundnut Seed single cotyledon. cotyledons. Rice Tamarind Well developed, Jowar Mango Root Roots are fibrous. primary root (Tap Coconut Bengal gram root) is present. Stem is Bajra Mustard Stem Stem is branched. unbranched. [Students can perform same activity by Leaves show Leaves show SAMPLELeaf studying seeds of rice, Bengal Gram, Jowar, parallel venation. reticulate venation. Mustard, Coconut, Bajra] Flowers show Flowers show tetramerous and [Note: Students are expected to Flower trimerous pentamerous refer the accompanying QR code symmetry. symmetry. for better understanding.] 135  Std. IX: Science and Technology 11. Using ICT. (Textbook page no. 80) i. Sketch the diagrams of the plants mentioned in the lesson with the help of the drawing software in the computer. ii. Using those sketches, prepare a power point presentation about plant classification and present it in the class. [Students are expected to perform this activity on their own.] 12. Observe the following figures and explain the differences.

Fig. a Fig. b Fig. c Fig. d

Fig. e Fig. f Fig. g Fig. h Ans: In the given figures, Figure a : Seed with single cotyledon Figure b : Stem with scattered vascular bundles Figure c : Parallel Venation Figure d : Trimerous symmetry of flower Figure e : Seed with two cotyledons Figure f : Stem with vascular bundles arranged in a ring Figure g : Reticulate Venation Figure h : Pentamerous symmetry of flower Thus, figure ‘a’ to figure‘d’ represent characteristics CONTENTof monocotyledonous plants. Whereas, figure ‘e’ to figure ‘h’ represent characteristics of dicotyledonous plants. [For characteristics of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants Refer Distinguish between: Q.2.]

*13. Collect monocot and dicot plants available in your area. Observe the plants carefully and describe them in scientific language. Ans:

Type of Name of Type of Type of Symmetry No. Type of Stem Leaf Type of Seed Plant Plant Root of Flowers Venation i. China Dicot Tap root Strong, hard Reticulate Pentamerous Dicotyledonous rose and woody venation ii. Aloe Monocot Fibrous Short, Parallel Trimerous Monocotyledonous vera root underground venation iii. Coconut Monocot Fibrous Woody, without Parallel Trimerous Monocotyledonous root branching venation [Students are expected to attempt this activity by their own using the given table and examples as a reference.] *14. Project: i. Collect more information about plant classification from the internet, prepare a talk of about 5 to 7 SAMPLEminutes on that topic and present it in school during assembly. [Students can collect the basic information about classification of plant regarding their subkingdom, division, and characteristics to prepare a talk.] ii. Prepare an album of monocot and dicot seeds and display it in the classroom. [Students can prepare an album of monocot and dicot seeds by referring: Apply your Knowledge: Q.10.(v)] 136 136  Chapter 6: Classification of Plants iii. Collect photographs of 5 plants each of the Thallophyta, Bryophyta and Pteridophyta divisions and write description of each. [Students can refer to any 5 plants of each division from examples given below and can write description of each plant on their own.] Thallophyta: Spirogyra, Ulothrix, Ulva, Sargassum, Fucus, Fungi like yeasts and moulds. Bryophyta: Riccia, Marchantia, Funaria, Anthoceros, Polytrichum. Pteridophyta: Nephrolepis, Marsilea, Pteris, Adiantum, Equisetum, Selaginella, Lycopodium.

Memory Map

Kingdom: Plantae

Cryptogams Phanerogams (Non-flowering) (Flowering)

Thallophyta Bryophyta Pteridophyta Gymnosperms Angiosperms

Dicotyledons Monocotyledons

Chapter Assessment [Total Marks: 25] Q.1. (A) Answer the following: [5] i. How phanerogams differ from cryptogams? CONTENT ii. Find the odd one out from the given figures.

Funaria Fern Marchantia Anthoceros

iii. Match the following. Group ‘A’ Group ‘B’ a. Lycopodium 1. Bryophyta b. Ulothrix 2. Pteridophyta 3. Thallophyta SAMPLE4. Gymnosperms iv. Name the following: A group of non-flowering plants with well developed conducting system. v. Complete the given analogy. Sargassum : Thallophyta :: Picea : ______137  Std. IX: Science and Technology (B) Choose the correct alternative. [3] i. Which among the following CANNOT be observed in Spirogyra? (A) Pyrenoid (B) Nucleus (C) Sori (D) Cell wall ii. Male and female cones are present in (A) Funaria (B) Pinus (C) Fungi (D) Catharanthus iii. Which of the following is FALSE about Nephrolepis? (A) It possesses rhizome. (B) It reproduces only by sexual reproduction. (C) It has pinnately compound leaves. (D) It is used as an ornamental plant. Q.2. Answer the following (any three): [6] i. What are cryptogams? Give two examples of it. ii. Complete the given flow chart. Angiosperm

Dicotyledons

Tap root Tetramerous Parallel Venation OR Venation roots symmetry Pentamerous symmetry

iii. Give scientific reason: Chara is an autotrophic plant. iv. Differentiate between Thallophyta and Bryophyta. Q.3. Answer the following (any two): [6] i. Observe the diagram and answer the questions given below it. a. Identify the given figure. b. To which division does it belong? c. Identify label ‘X’ in the given figure. CONTENT

‘X’ ii. ‘Both asexual and sexual reproduction occurs in pteridophytes’. Explain the given sentence. iii. Funaria is classified under which division? Mention any four characteristics of plants belonging to that division. Q.4. Answer the following (any one): [5] i. Enlist the criteria used for classification of plants and explain them in brief. ii. Classify given examples of phanerogams into dicotyledons and monocotyledons. Write the characteristics of each class. Examples: Banana, Rice, Mustard, Coriander, Maize, Groundnut, Wheat, Coconut, Tamarind, Bamboo.

SAMPLEDownload the answers of the Chapter Assessment by scanning the given Q.R. Code.

138 138 CONTENT

SAMPLE