Reproductive Morphology of Lycopodium and Selaginella I
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Lycopodium (Spp) L. Ground Pine
Kasey Hartz Natural Area Reference Sheet Lycopodium (spp) L. Ground pine. Lycopodiaceae (Club-moss Family) Blooming season: Not a flowering plant. Spores produced in July-September. Plant: Tree like in form, 10-25 cm tall. Horizontal stem, not a true rhizome; grows at one end only, and the opposite end dies, resulting in the plant slowly moving forward year by year (Billington 1952). Leaves: Evergreen, scale like. Flower: None, spores are produced on strobilus cones. Fruit: None, but what is formed are strobilus cones which are sessile, having no stalks. Usually 1-3 cones, 1.5-5.5 cm long, maturing July-September. Spores are sulphur yellow with a high oil content. Can be confused with: Many species of Lycopodium can be confused and hybrids may also be found. Geographic range: Type specimen location: State: Throughout. Regional: Newfoundland - Alaska, south to North Carolina and Indiana. Habitat: Local: Riparian. Regional: Moist woods. Common local companions: Pine, ferns, maples, and beech Kasey Hartz Natural Area Reference Sheet Lycopodium obscurum L. 2 Ground Pine Usages: Human: Because of the spores have a high oil content and are quite flammable, they were used as flash powder for the first photographic cameras(Harris 2003); for fireworks (Billington 1952); and to imitate lightning flashes for theatrical performances (Millspaugh 1892, 1974). Their oil content led to them being used by pharmacists in boxes of pills to prevent them sticking together (possibly a different species of Lycopodium). Medicinal uses in the past included treatments for gout, menstrual disorders, nervous disorders, fevers, and as a styptic and an emetic. -
RI Equisetopsida and Lycopodiopsida.Indd
IIntroductionntroduction byby FFrancisrancis UnderwoodUnderwood Rhode Island Equisetopsida, Lycopodiopsida and Isoetopsida Special Th anks to the following for giving permission for the use their images. Robbin Moran New York Botanical Garden George Yatskievych and Ann Larson Missouri Botanical Garden Jan De Laet, plantsystematics.org Th is pdf is a companion publication to Rhode Island Equisetopsida, Lycopodiopsida & Isoetopsida at among-ri-wildfl owers.org Th e Elfi n Press 2016 Introduction Formerly known as fern allies, Horsetails, Club-mosses, Fir-mosses, Spike-mosses and Quillworts are plants that have an alternate generation life-cycle similar to ferns, having both sporophyte and gametophyte stages. Equisetopsida Horsetails date from the Devonian period (416 to 359 million years ago) in earth’s history where they were trees up to 110 feet in height and helped to form the coal deposits of the Carboniferous period. Only one genus has survived to modern times (Equisetum). Horsetails Horsetails (Equisetum) have jointed stems with whorls of thin narrow leaves. In the sporophyte stage, they have a sterile and fertile form. Th ey produce only one type of spore. While the gametophytes produced from the spores appear to be plentiful, the successful reproduction of the sporophyte form is low with most Horsetails reproducing vegetatively. Lycopodiopsida Lycopodiopsida includes the clubmosses (Dendrolycopodium, Diphasiastrum, Lycopodiella, Lycopodium , Spinulum) and Fir-mosses (Huperzia) Clubmosses Clubmosses are evergreen plants that produce only microspores that develop into a gametophyte capable of producing both sperm and egg cells. Club-mosses can produce the spores either in leaf axils or at the top of their stems. Th e spore capsules form in a cone-like structures (strobili) at the top of the plants. -
Reproduction in Plants Which But, She Has Never Seen the Seeds We Shall Learn in This Chapter
Reproduction in 12 Plants o produce its kind is a reproduction, new plants are obtained characteristic of all living from seeds. Torganisms. You have already learnt this in Class VI. The production of new individuals from their parents is known as reproduction. But, how do Paheli thought that new plants reproduce? There are different plants always grow from seeds. modes of reproduction in plants which But, she has never seen the seeds we shall learn in this chapter. of sugarcane, potato and rose. She wants to know how these plants 12.1 MODES OF REPRODUCTION reproduce. In Class VI you learnt about different parts of a flowering plant. Try to list the various parts of a plant and write the Asexual reproduction functions of each. Most plants have In asexual reproduction new plants are roots, stems and leaves. These are called obtained without production of seeds. the vegetative parts of a plant. After a certain period of growth, most plants Vegetative propagation bear flowers. You may have seen the It is a type of asexual reproduction in mango trees flowering in spring. It is which new plants are produced from these flowers that give rise to juicy roots, stems, leaves and buds. Since mango fruit we enjoy in summer. We eat reproduction is through the vegetative the fruits and usually discard the seeds. parts of the plant, it is known as Seeds germinate and form new plants. vegetative propagation. So, what is the function of flowers in plants? Flowers perform the function of Activity 12.1 reproduction in plants. Flowers are the Cut a branch of rose or champa with a reproductive parts. -
WRA Species Report
Family: Selaginellaceae Taxon: Selaginella braunii Synonym: Lycopodioides braunii (Baker) Kuntze Common Name: arborvitae fern Selaginella braunii fo. hieronymi Alderw. Braun's spike-moss Selaginella hieronymi Alderw. Chinese lace-fern spike-moss Selaginella vogelii Mett. treelet spike-moss Questionaire : current 20090513 Assessor: Assessor Designation: H(HPWRA) Status: Assessor Approved Data Entry Person: Assessor WRA Score 7 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? y=1, n=-1 103 Does the species have weedy races? y=1, n=-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet habitat, then (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- Low substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appendix 2) 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High high) (See Appendix 2) 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y 204 Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates y=1, n=0 n 205 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2), n= question 205 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2) 401 Produces spines, thorns or -
Variation in Sex Expression in Canada Yew (Taxus Canadensis) Author(S): Taber D
Variation in Sex Expression in Canada Yew (Taxus canadensis) Author(s): Taber D. Allison Source: American Journal of Botany, Vol. 78, No. 4 (Apr., 1991), pp. 569-578 Published by: Botanical Society of America Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2445266 . Accessed: 23/08/2011 15:56 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Botanical Society of America is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to American Journal of Botany. http://www.jstor.org AmericanJournal of Botany 78(4): 569-578. 1991. VARIATION IN SEX EXPRESSION IN CANADA YEW (TAXUS CANADENSIS)1 TABER D. ALLISON2 JamesFord Bell Museumof Natural History and Departmentof Ecology and BehavioralBiology, Universityof Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 Sex expressionwas measuredin severalCanada yew (Taxus canadensisMarsh.) populations of theApostle Islands of Wisconsinand southeasternMinnesota to determinethe extent of variationwithin and among populations. Sex expression was recorded qualitatively (monoecious, male,or female) and quantitatively (by male to female strobilus ratios or standardized phenotypic gender).No discernibletrends in differencesin sex expressionamong populations or habitats wererecorded. Trends in sexexpression of individuals within populations were complex. Small yewstended to be maleor, if monoecious, had female-biasedstrobilus ratios. -
Effects of Lycopodium Clavatum and Equisetum Arvense Extracts from Western Romania
Romanian Biotechnological Letters Vol. , No. x, Copyright © 2016 University of Bucharest Printed in Romania. All rights reserved ORIGINAL PAPER Effects of Lycopodium clavatum and equisetum arvense extracts from western Romania Received for publication, July, 07, 2014 Accepted, October, 13, 2015 MARIA SUCIU1, FELIX AUREL MIC1, LUCIAN BARBU-TUDORAN2, VASILE MUNTEAN2, ALEXANDRA TEODORA GRUIA3,* 1University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babes”, Department of Functional Sciences, Timisoara, 2, Eftimie Murgu Sq., Timisoara, 300041, Timis County, Romania 2Babes-Bolyai University, Biology and Geology Department, 5-7 Clinicilor Str., Cluj-Napoca, 400084, Cluj County, Romania. 3Emergency Clinical County Hospital Timisoara, Regional Centre for Transplant Immunology Department, 10, Iosif Bulbuca Blvd., Timisoara, 300736, Timis County, Romania. *Address for correspondence to: [email protected], 10, Iosif Bulbuca Blvd., Timisoara, 300736, Timis County, Romania. Abbreviations: ALT–alanin transaminases, AST–aspartate transaminases, GC-MS–gas chromatograph coupled with mass spectrometry. Abstract Plants have always excited interest because of their active principles that could be a source of healing in various affections. The aim of this study was to demonstrate that the hepatoprotective and antimicrobial effects of Lycopodium clavatum and Equisetum arvense from the Western parts of Romania (Arad County) are not as pronounced as described in literature, against xenobiotic intoxication or microbial infection. To identify the plants active compounds, -
Selaginellaceae: Traditional Use, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology
MS Editions BOLETIN LATINOAMERICANO Y DEL CARIBE DE PLANTAS MEDICINALES Y AROMÁTICAS 19 (3): 247 - 288 (2020) © / ISSN 0717 7917 / www.blacpma.ms-editions.cl Revisión | Review Selaginellaceae: traditional use, phytochemistry and pharmacology [Selaginellaceae: uso tradicional, fitoquímica y farmacología] Fernanda Priscila Santos Reginaldo, Isabelly Cristina de Matos Costa & Raquel Brandt Giordani College of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Department. University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil. Contactos | Contacts: Raquel Brandt GIORDANI - E-mail address: [email protected] Abstract: Selaginella is the only genus from Selaginellaceae, and it is considered a key factor in studying evolution. The family managed to survive the many biotic and abiotic pressures during the last 400 million years. The purpose of this review is to provide an up-to-date overview of Selaginella in order to recognize their potential and evaluate future research opportunities. Carbohydrates, pigments, steroids, phenolic derivatives, mainly flavonoids, and alkaloids are the main natural products in Selaginella. A wide spectrum of in vitro and in vivo pharmacological activities, some of them pointed out by folk medicine, has been reported. Future studies should afford valuable new data on better explore the biological potential of the flavonoid amentoflavone and their derivatives as chemical bioactive entities; develop studies about toxicity and, finally, concentrate efforts on elucidate mechanisms of action for biological properties already reported. Keywords: Selaginella; Natural Products; Overview. Resumen: Selaginella es el único género de Selaginellaceae, y se considera un factor clave en el estudio de la evolución. La familia logró sobrevivir a las muchas presiones bióticas y abióticas durante los últimos 400 millones de años. -
Vascular Plants (About 425 Mya)
LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Chapter 29 Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land Lectures by Erin Barley Kathleen Fitzpatrick © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Overview: The Greening of Earth • For more than the first 3 billion years of Earth’s history, the terrestrial surface was lifeless • Cyanobacteria likely existed on land 1.2 billion years ago • Around 500 million years ago, small plants, fungi, and animals emerged on land © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. • Since colonizing land, plants have diversified into roughly 290,000 living species • Land plants are defined as having terrestrial ancestors, even though some are now aquatic • Land plants do not include photosynthetic protists (algae) • Plants supply oxygen and are the ultimate source of most food eaten by land animals © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 29.1 1 m Concept 29.1: Land plants evolved from green algae • Green algae called charophytes are the closest relatives of land plants © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Morphological and Molecular Evidence • Many characteristics of land plants also appear in a variety of algal clades, mainly algae • However, land plants share four key traits with only charophytes – Rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes – Peroxisome enzymes – Structure of flagellated sperm – Formation of a phragmoplast © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 29.2 30 nm 1 m • Comparisons of both nuclear and chloroplast genes point to charophytes as the closest living relatives of land plants • Note that land plants are not descended from modern charophytes, but share a common ancestor with modern charophytes © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. -
Heterospory: the Most Iterative Key Innovation in the Evolutionary History of the Plant Kingdom
Biol. Rej\ (1994). 69, l>p. 345-417 345 Printeii in GrenI Britain HETEROSPORY: THE MOST ITERATIVE KEY INNOVATION IN THE EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF THE PLANT KINGDOM BY RICHARD M. BATEMAN' AND WILLIAM A. DiMlCHELE' ' Departments of Earth and Plant Sciences, Oxford University, Parks Road, Oxford OXi 3P/?, U.K. {Present addresses: Royal Botanic Garden Edinburiih, Inverleith Rojv, Edinburgh, EIIT, SLR ; Department of Geology, Royal Museum of Scotland, Chambers Street, Edinburgh EHi ijfF) '" Department of Paleohiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC^zo^bo, U.S.A. CONTENTS I. Introduction: the nature of hf^terospon' ......... 345 U. Generalized life history of a homosporous polysporangiophyle: the basis for evolutionary excursions into hetcrospory ............ 348 III, Detection of hcterospory in fossils. .......... 352 (1) The need to extrapolate from sporophyte to gametophyte ..... 352 (2) Spatial criteria and the physiological control of heterospory ..... 351; IV. Iterative evolution of heterospory ........... ^dj V. Inter-cladc comparison of levels of heterospory 374 (1) Zosterophyllopsida 374 (2) Lycopsida 374 (3) Sphenopsida . 377 (4) PtiTopsida 378 (5) f^rogymnospermopsida ............ 380 (6) Gymnospermopsida (including Angiospermales) . 384 (7) Summary: patterns of character acquisition ....... 386 VI. Physiological control of hetcrosporic phenomena ........ 390 VII. How the sporophyte progressively gained control over the gametophyte: a 'just-so' story 391 (1) Introduction: evolutionary antagonism between sporophyte and gametophyte 391 (2) Homosporous systems ............ 394 (3) Heterosporous systems ............ 39(1 (4) Total sporophytic control: seed habit 401 VIII. Summary .... ... 404 IX. .•Acknowledgements 407 X. References 407 I. I.NIRODUCTION: THE NATURE OF HETEROSPORY 'Heterospory' sensu lato has long been one of the most popular re\ie\v topics in organismal botany. -
Notes on Some Species of Diphasiastrum
Preslia, Praha, 47: 232 - 240, 1975 Notes on some species of Diphasiastrum Poznamky k n~kterym druhum rodu Dipha11iaatrum Josef Holub HOLUB J. (1975): Notes on some species of Diphasiastrum. - Preslia, Praha, 47: 232- 240. Taxonomic and nomenclatural problems of some species of Diphasiastrum HOLUB are discussed. A special attention is pa.id to the interspecies D. / X / issleri and D. / x / zei leri. Original plants of D. / x / issleri correspond to the combination D. alpinum - D. complanatum. Plants corresponding to the combination D. alpinum - D. tristachyum have been collected in the ~umava Mts. Some taxa described from the subarctic regions of Europe and North America are shown to belong most probably to the neglected interspecies D. / x / zeileri. Botanical I nstitute, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, 25~ 43 Prithonice, Czecho.,lovakia. INTRODUCTION This is a second part of my study of the new genus Diphasiastrum (HOLUB 1975), which could not be published in this journal in its entirety. Notes on taxonomy and nomenclature are selected from materials gathered originally for my "Catalogue of Czechoslovak vascular plants". With regard to the character of that work the present observations summarize the results of my own studies and suggests problems to be studied in the future. OBSERVATIONS f!.iphasiastrum alpinum (L.) HOLUB Two varieties have been described in this species (both under the name Lycopodium alpi nttm L.): var. thellungii HERTER from Switzerland and var. planiramulosum TAKEDA from Japan. Both these taxa, especially the first one, require a taxonomic revision; the possibility cannot be exclu<led that they are conspecific with D. / x / issleri. -
Earliest Record of Megaphylls and Leafy Structures, and Their Initial Diversification
Review Geology August 2013 Vol.58 No.23: 27842793 doi: 10.1007/s11434-013-5799-x Earliest record of megaphylls and leafy structures, and their initial diversification HAO ShouGang* & XUE JinZhuang Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belts and Crustal Evolution, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China Received January 14, 2013; accepted February 26, 2013; published online April 10, 2013 Evolutionary changes in the structure of leaves have had far-reaching effects on the anatomy and physiology of vascular plants, resulting in morphological diversity and species expansion. People have long been interested in the question of the nature of the morphology of early leaves and how they were attained. At least five lineages of euphyllophytes can be recognized among the Early Devonian fossil plants (Pragian age, ca. 410 Ma ago) of South China. Their different leaf precursors or “branch-leaf com- plexes” are believed to foreshadow true megaphylls with different venation patterns and configurations, indicating that multiple origins of megaphylls had occurred by the Early Devonian, much earlier than has previously been recognized. In addition to megaphylls in euphyllophytes, the laminate leaf-like appendages (sporophylls or bracts) occurred independently in several dis- tantly related Early Devonian plant lineages, probably as a response to ecological factors such as high atmospheric CO2 concen- trations. This is a typical example of convergent evolution in early plants. Early Devonian, euphyllophyte, megaphyll, leaf-like appendage, branch-leaf complex Citation: Hao S G, Xue J Z. Earliest record of megaphylls and leafy structures, and their initial diversification. Chin Sci Bull, 2013, 58: 27842793, doi: 10.1007/s11434- 013-5799-x The origin and evolution of leaves in vascular plants was phology and evolutionary diversification of early leaves of one of the most important evolutionary events affecting the basal euphyllophytes remain enigmatic. -
Laboratory 8: Ginkgo, Cycads, and Gnetophytes
IB 168 – Plant Systematics Laboratory 8: Ginkgo, Cycads, and Gnetophytes This is the third and final lab concerning the gymnosperms. Today we are looking at Ginkgo, the Cycads, and the Gnetophytes, the so-called non-coniferous gymnosperms. While these groups do not have cones like the true conifers, many do produce strobili. Order Ginkgoales: leaves simple (with dichotomously branching venation); dimorphic shoots; water-conducting cells are tracheids; dioecious; generally two ovules produced on an axillary stalk or "peduncle"; microsporangiate strobili loose and catkin-like; multi-flagellate sperm. Ginkgoaceae – 1 genus, 1 sp., cultivated relict native to China Tree, tall, stately with curving branches attached to a short trunk. Leaves fan shaped, deciduous, attached in whorls to the end of "short shoots" growing from the longer branches ("long shoots"); veins of the leaves dichotomously branched; dioecious; paired ovules at the end of a stalk and naked, hanging like cherries; seeds enclosed in a fleshy whitish-pink covering. Ginkgo Order Cycadales: pinnately-compound leaves, whorled, attached spirally at the stem apex; main stem generally unbranched; circinate vernation in some representatives; water-conducting cells are tracheids; dioecious; both male and female cones are simple structures; seeds generally large and round, unwinged; numerous microsporangia per microsporophyll; multi-flagellate sperm. Cycadaceae – 1 genus, 17 spp., Africa, Japan, and Australia Stems palm-like and rough, usually not branched; leaves fern-like, pinnately compound, thick and leathery; attached spirally at the stem apex, young pinnae with circinate vernation, leaf bases remaining after the leaves drop; dioecious; whorls of wooly-covered micro- and megasporophylls alternate with whorls of scales and foliage leaves at the stem apex; ovules born along the sporophyll margins; seed almond or plum like; ovules borne along the margin of the leaf- like megasporophyll.