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106 Proceedings of the Society, 1952-53. Scottish 106 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1952-53. VI. SCOTTISH BISHOPS' SEES BEFOR E REIGTH EF NO DAVID I. BY GORDON DONALDSON, M.A., PH.D., D.LiTT., F.S.A.ScoT. The attribution to David I of the establishment of most of the Scottish episcopal sees has, if only through repetition, become a convention. Yet, while historians have bee generan ni l agreement about David's work, they have differed profoundly as to the details. A very recent writer has gone so far as to remark, "Before David's time St Andrews was the only bishopric Scotlann i d proper addedmorr e o h ; x esi probably eight." 1 Other modern historians have allowe r thredo thao e tw tsee s were founde e reigth nn i d of David's predecessor, Alexander I.2 The older historians and chroniclers were less confident about the extent of David's work. Boece attributed to Davi foundatioe dth onlf no y four bishoprics addition i , previouslx si o nt y existing,3 and he was followed by George Buchanan.4 John Major says of David, "Finding four bishoprics in his kingdom, he founded nine more." 8 Two versions of Wyntoun, again, tell each a different story: Bischopriki fan e t thresh dbo ; deite Both . i lefr x ,o he ,t Or Bischopis he fande bot foure or thre; Bot, or he deit, ix left he.6 This confusion might have suggested tha e conventioth t n requires critical examination. The source of the convention is undoubtedly the Scotichronicon; but the Scotichronicon is content to reproduce the statement of David's contemporary, Ailred of Rievaulx,7 who says something quite different from all later works, versione th wit f exceptioe o hWyntoun f th e o s on sayf e no H se .tha th n ti 1 Mackenzie, W. M., Scottish Burghs, p. 8. 2 E.g. Dowden, Bishops of Scotland, pp. 47, 98, 144, 294-5; Dunbar, Scottish Kings, pp. 51-52; cf. McBwan, Church History, I, 164. 3 Bettenden's Boece (S.T.S.), n, 172, 185. 4 Buchanan, Historia (1582) . 77vfo , . 5 Sistoria Majoris Britannice (S.H.S.), 141. These figures would giv etotaa thirteef o l n bishoprics kingdoe inth David'n mo s death, whe trutn i h there were onl (Orknen yte y anIslee dth s t beinye s ga outwith the Scottish realm, and Argyll not yet in existence). 6 Original Chronicle (S.T.S.), iv, 384-5. 7 Scotichron., . AndersonO . xlviii, A V . cf ; , Scottish Annals, . 233p . SCOTTISH BISHOPS' SEES BEFORE REIG 7 DAVIF NO 10 . DI whole kingdom of the Scots David found three or four bishops—not bishop- rics; the other "churches" were suffering from lack of a pastor—and "churches" here means episcopal apparenseess i s a , t fro contexe mth d an t as can be proved by parallel statements in contemporary writings.1 David, Ailred goe , restoreson d som bishopricd eol founded san d som onesw ene o t , makedeaths hi t a ,totaa , ninef lo . This accoun Ailredy b t t wili , l emerge, is altogether more credible than the statements of later writers. Columbae th n I n Church wels i t li , known, jurisdictio pertained nha o dt abbote mighth o bishopa e mighr wh b ,therreasod o o t t n an , s eno i to nt dispute Bede's statement that in Scotland the primacy (if we may use the term) belonge e abboth f lonao o t d o whomt , , s onlthougwa a y e h presbyter, the whole province, including the bishops, were subject.2 Some of the developments in the century after Columba suggest that this scheme might readily undergo modification. When Oswald, kin f Northumbriago , was introducing the mission from lona into his realm, it was for a bishop, not an abbot, that he asked,3 and Aidan and his successors, Finan and Colman, were abbot f Lindisfarno s e arid bishop e e Angles.th th n f I o s same period two Scots, Diuma and Ceollach, becam4 e bishops of the Mercians, and Finan consecrated Cedd as bishop of the East Saxons.5 Thus a kind of tribal, if not regional, episcopate would seem to have been taking shape,- under "Columban" auspices, even before the Synod of Whitby. The success of the Roman party at Whitby was very soon followed by change ecclesiastican i s l organisation. Archbishop Theodore, regardes da organisee th Englise th f o r h Church, rule t Canterburda y690o t fro8 , m66 severa d diocesee an th e souther f th o l f so n province date their foundation in that period. In the north the same kind of thing seems to have happened, bishop1 68 fon i rs were appointe Hexhar dfo Abercornd man somewhad an , t later for Whithorn—a development which represents something a little more like diocesan6 episcopacy s trui t eI tha . e Abercorth t n experiment was shortlived, for Bishop Trumwin, appointed in 681, had to withdraw after Nechtansmere. t NorthumbriaBu 7 , thoug t hsufferei militara d d yan political defeat ecclesiastican presentls a n wa , wi o yt l victory, when early in the 8th century the king of the Picts decided to submit to Rome. About 710 King Nechtan, on the advice of Ceolfrid, abbot of Jarrow, accepted the E.g. "ne diutius [sine] pastore vacillaret eoclesia" (Symeou of Durham [Rolls Series], II, 204); " di1u ecclesia sine pastore fuit" (Raine, Historians Churche oth f of York, n, 127). 2 Bede, III. 4 , * Ibid., m, 3. e Iris* th Ibid., ho T annalists . in25 , , Aida "bishos ue Saxonswa th f po " (Skene, Chronicles of the Picts and Scots, pp. 71, 348). 6 Bede, in, 21, 22, 24. 6 Bede, IV, 12; v, 23. One can only note, without comment, the appearance in 660 and 689 of bishop Kingartf so , 349h73 , , (Picts 351Scots,d 71 . an ; pp Early Sources, , 176-7I , 198), followee th n di next centur abboty yb f Kingartso h , 359)(Picts Scots,d 76 . .an pp ' Bede, iv, 26. 108 PROCEEDING E SOCIETYTH F O S , 1952-53. Roma kingdos hi t npu m used undersan patronage th t Peter.w S fe f eo A 1 years late expellee rh Columbae dth n clergy fro dominions.s mhi In Scotland as in England the success 2 of the Roman party must have been followed by changes in organisation. As Skene observes, "With the expulsio famile th f lonnf o y o a terminate primace dth monasters it f yo y over . the kingdom of the Picts," 3 and a new organisation had to take the place of the old. It is perhaps to this point that we should assign the alleged bishopri Abernethyf co . There istatemensa Scotichronicone th n i t that at Abernethy, which was the chief royal and episcopal seat of the Pictish realm, three elections of bishops were made when there was only one bishop in Pictland. Some MSS. read "Scotland," but that "Pictland" is correct is apparent fro e context.mth Skene, reading "Scotland," assignee dth Abernethy bishops to th4 e later part of the 9th century; yet, inconsistently, he recognises the existence of an "old Pictish bishopric of Abernethy," as if it had existed before the union of the Picts and Scots under Kenneth mac Alpin.5 As Abernethy was the Pictish capital, and as the church there had been endowe earliey db r Pictish kings, nothing would seem more likely than that King Nechtan, after he decide6 d to follow the example of Northumbria in other respects, would follow that example als plantiny ob t Abernethga ya triba regionar o lplan o that e woulb e n h to y l bishopo bishop.dg ma t I s elsewhere in his dominions7 ; and there is evidence for the appearance at this point of Curitan, bishop and abbot of Rosemarkie, whom Skene identifies wit e legendarhth y Boniface (for whom, accordin o Wyntoungt , Nechtan "foundit Rosmarkyne"). significane b likelihooy e th ma f o t tI 8 d thae th t Romanisers introduced a new conception of the episcopal office, that at this period, whe lonn ni a itself prolongea ther s ewa d dispute betweee nth Roma nativd nan e parties "bishoa , lonaf po " appear firse th tr time.sfo 9 Skene assigns likewise to this period St Fergus, a bishop associated with various parts of the country. Whatever the truth about the Pictish 0 bishop perioe th f generan o sdi aboud an l t Fergu particularn si cons i t i -,1 sonant wit theore hth y that bishops' sees were founde Pictlann di itsn do ' submissio e earl o Romt nh th century 8t yn i e , thae Fergustuson t r o , Fergusius, described as a Pictish bishop of Scotland, was present at a council 1 . Ibid.,21 , v 2 Early Sources, , 217I . 3 Celtic Scotland, n, 178. 4 Scotichron., iv, xii. Of. Extracta variise cronicis Scocie, . 44p : "Hiis temporibus fuit sedes ilia principalis regali t pontificalise a tocius regni Pictorum; quum fuit solus unus episcopu regnn si o Pictorum." 5 Celtic Scotland, n, 310-1, 397. • Early Sources, I, 121-2. 7 This suggestion has the support, for what it is worth, of Boece (I, 411). 8 Celtic Scotland, n, 231; Wyntoun, iv, 122-3. • Annals of Ulster (ed. Hennessy and MacCarthy), I, 160; Picts and Scots, p. 73. 0 Celtic1 Scotland, n, 232-3. SCOTTISH BISHOPS' SEES BEFORE REIG 9 DAVIF NO 10 . DI accompanies t Roma wa e 721n ei H .
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