56 Date Vocabulary TheGeography ofGreece Lesson 1: Name learn fromothercultures. learn ideas tospread.Italsoallowed theGreeksto peoples acrosstheseas. Trade allowed Greek and barley. The Greekstradedwith other olives,animals andgrew cropssuchasgrapes, few river valleys. There theGreeksraised Greece lived alongthecoastandinland’s sailors andtraders.Mostpeopleinancient many excellent harbors. The Greekswere great ofEurope.Greece’swestern part coastlinehas links Greecewith Asia, North Africa, andthe Italy. Seaistothesouth.It The Mediterranean is tothewest. This seaseparatesGreecefrom The Aegean Seaistotheeast. The IonianSea by theseaonthreesides. Greece issurrounded A Land Tied totheSea the western edgeof Asia. the Aegean Sea. The seaseparatesGreecefrom Greek-speaking peoplealsolived onislandsin tipoftheBalkanPeninsula.is onthesouthern ofEurope.It corner located inthesoutheastern not have Greeceis muchgoodfarmland. rivers.mountainous landwithnogreat Itdoes not dependonariver. Greeceisarugged, Greecedid make thesoilgoodforfarming. The rivers would overflow inthespringand Many ancientcivilizations nearrivers. formed A MountainousLand plunder agora nt4 hpe ,Lso umr QuickStudy Unit 4, Chapter 9,Lesson 1Summary an outdoormarketplace inancientGreece goods taken duringwar Aegean Sea.By1600 jewelry. The Minoanscontrolledtradeinthe also couldweave and clothandmake pottery the Minoanshadawrittenlanguage. They and sports contestsalsowereand sports heldoutdoors. Political meetings,religiouscelebrations, Greeks watched plays inoutdoortheaters. marketplace, was commonincities. The way oflife. The is pleasant,andtheGreekshadanoutdoor did thingsitsown way. The climateofGreece many independentcitiessprangup.Eachcity regions andkept peopleapart. Therefore, Mountains divided Greeceintodifferent did sharethesamelanguageandreligion. government was difficult. Ancient Greeks developed. underone Unitingthecountry Geography affected how lifeinGreece Independent Communities B Sea. By2500 Crete, intheMediterranean The Minoancivilization was ontheislandof Two Early Greek Civilizations grew weak. Nooneknows why. About 2000 from invaders. Then theMinoancivilization powerful. Minoanshipsprotected thekingdom Myceneans took ships capturedtheofothercities. The Mycenae was powerful andwell defended.Its civilization Mediterranean. intheeastern state was Mycenae.Itbecamethecenterof city-states sprangup. earlyThe greatest city- mainland. Over hundredsofyears, new during war. . C ., groups ofpeoplewent., groups totheGreek agora, plunder, B . or outdoor C Lesson 1Summary ., theMinoanswere Use with pages 246–251. Use withpages or goodstaken B . C .,

© Scott Foresman 6 © Scott Foresman 6 ae Date Review Lesson 1: Name uc td Unit4,Chapter9,Lesson1Review Quick Study .CriticalThinking: 5. 4. 3. 2. MainIdeaandDetails 1. Greece hadfewmajor the seatopeopleofGreece. What effect didmountainshave onthepeoplesinGreece? What arethethreeseasthatborderGreece? What was theMinoancivilization? detailsshownsupporting below. rivers thatoverflowed their banksinspring. Make Generalizations Write anappropriatemainideainthebox forthethree Greece wassurrounded by seasonthree sides. In your own words, of describetheimportance mountainous country with notmuch Greece wasa fertile land. Lesson 1Review Use with pages 246–251. Use withpages 57 58 Date Vocabulary TheGreek City-States Lesson 2: Name of mouth. Myths andlegends were passeddown by word about thewar—the Greek army. Homer composedtwo poems horse. They openedthegatesof Troy forthe the city. Greeksoldierswere hidinginthe thought itwas agiftandpulledthehorseinto built agiant,wooden horse. The Trojans to Sparta Troy. To endthewar, theGreeks offHelen was fromthecity-stateof carried and goddesseshappy. The war when started The ancientGreekstriedtokeep theirgods helped heroesonbothsidesofthe Trojan War. are storiesaboutheroes.Godsandgoddesses may beaboutgodsand goddesses.Legends of myth andlegend. western Asia. ofthewarThe story isablend Greeks andthepeopleof Troy, acityin The Trojan War was foughtbetween the and Legends The Power ofGreek Myths Games. Olympia, becameknown astheOlympic the gods. The contests, heldinthecityof every fouryears tohonorZeus,thekingof powers. The Greeks heldathleticcontests also believed thattheirgodshadspecial immortal, Greece. They thoughtthattheirgodswere gods lived onMountOlympus, innorthern nature andlife. The Greeksthoughtthatmost helped themexplain thingsthathappen in The Greeksdeveloped many myths. Myths The GodsofMountOlympus myth democracy aristocracy immortal nt4 hpe ,Lso umr QuickStudy Unit 4, Chapter 9,Lesson 2Summary a traditional story thatmaya traditionalstory beaboutgodsandgoddesses or able tolive forever. The Greeks able tolive forever a government by run thepeople a government controlledby afew wealthy families Iliad Myths and the are storiesthat Odyssey . controlled by richfamilies. Around 500 the government was an someGreekcity-states.Inothers, Kings ruled Democracy Begins inGreece government. property. However, they in couldnottake part women inothercity-states. They couldown womenin battle.Spartan hadmorerightsthan sports. bravelyThey wanted theirsonsto fight womenresponsible. Spartan played many expected itswomenSparta tobestrongand Women in Sparta trainingforalifeinthearmy.difficult to live. At seven years old, boys Spartan began center oflife.Only healthy babieswere allowed people tobecomeslaves. The army was the conquered othercity-statesandforcedtheir was state.It The city-stateofSparta amilitary ingovernment.during conflictsandtake part The citizensof Athens hadtodefendthecity AthensandSparta Rivals: property, vote, ortestify incourt. considered citizens. They could notown workers outsideof born Athens were not the Greekdemocracy. Slaves, women, and decisions. Only of citizenscouldbepart The Assembly hadtoapprove thecouncil’s were onacouncilforyear. chosentoserve of allcitizensolderthan18.Later500 by the Assembly. The Assembly was madeup people. The city-stateof Athens was governed states. democracy began todevelop insomecity- Democracy is agovernment by run the aristocracy. Lesson 2Summary Use with pages 252–256. Use withpages It was B . C .,

© Scott Foresman 6 © Scott Foresman 6 ae Date Review Lesson 2: Name uc td Unit4,Chapter9,Lesson2Review Quick Study .CriticalThinking: 5. 4. 3. 2. Compare andContrast 1. in Athens orinSparta? Why? and goddesses? ofthe What doesthestory Trojan War tellusabouttheGreekattitudestoward theirgods What isanaristocracy? Where didtheGreeksbelieve thatmostgods lived? vlaeInformation Evaluate Compare andcontrast Athens andSparta. If you hadthechoice,would you rathergrow up Lesson 2Review Use with pages 252–256. Use withpages 59 60 Date Vocabulary TheGolden Age of Athens Lesson 3: Name Greek philosophersrespected and andknowledge.Aristotle studiedtruth Greek beautiful new temples,statues,andmonuments. period known astheGolden Age. Athens built After defeatingthePersians, Athens entereda The Golden Age In 490 the Persians The Greeks Clashwith Salamis. This battleendedthewar. ships destroyed thePersian fleetintheBattleof to fight thePersians. In480 to fight Persians would attack again. They joinedforces werethe Spartans enemies.Butthey knew the based ontheGreeklegend. The Athenians and the news. Today the to legend, ran25milesto awarrior Athens with called Marathon. The Athenians won. According of battledonaplainnortheast armies Athens empire ofitstime. The Persian and Athenian with ahugearmy. Persia was themostpowerful causes ofsickness. caused themto.Greekphysicians studiedthe think thingshappenedjustbecausethegods why thingshappenedinnature. They didnot thinking. out They thoughtpeoplecouldfigure reason philosopher marathon mercenary plague nt4 hpe ,Lso umr QuickStudy Unit 4, Chapter 9,Lesson 3Summary philosophers B . C logical thinking a fast-spreading diseasethatisoftendeadlya fast-spreading ., Persia attacked theGreekmainland a longracebasedonanancientGreeklegend a hiredsoldier a person who studies truth andknowledgea personwho studiestruth marathon such asSocrates,Plato, B . C reason, ., the Athenian is alongrace or logical power andbecameathreattoGreece. ofGreece.Macedoniagrew in to thenorth against theGreekcity Thebes. Macedoniawas 431 A war between and Sparta Athens began in city-states. ledtheangry city-states. Sparta up buildingsin Athens. This angeredother League. They usedtheLeague’s money toput Athenians forcedsomecity-statestojointhe together, calledtheDelianLeague. The thatworks analliance,orgroup formed during theGolden Age. Athenian leaders Athens was themostpowerful Greekcity-state Each Other The Greeks Fight Against in thewar. In371 was weakened. hadlostmany Sparta soldiers regained itsstrengthintrade,butallof Greece hired soldiers,inthePersian army. Athens young Greekmenbecame In Greece,hardtimesfollowed thewar. Many Decline oftheGreek City-States of Athens. in404 Athens surrendered killed thousandsofpeopleincludingtheleader deadly, disease. fast-spreading The plague a hard foreithercity-statetowinthewar. Then navy power hadgreat onthesea. This madeit power hadgreat Sparta ontheland. Athens’ plague B . C Itwas calledthePeloponnesian War. . broke outin Athens. A plagueisa B . C ., Sparta lostabattle ., Sparta Lesson 3Summary Use with pages 260–264. Use withpages mercenaries, B . C or .

© Scott Foresman 6 © Scott Foresman 6 ae Date Review Lesson 3: Name uc td Unit4,Chapter9,Lesson3Review Quick Study .CriticalThinking: 5. 4. 3. 2. MainIdeaandDetails 1. Athenian artistscreated word leaders of Athens thatmighthave helpedthemavoid theproblems thatdeveloped? Usethe ofstudyinwhich What were someofthefields Athens excelled duringitsGolden Age? Why was toGreece? the BattleofSalamisimportant What was theDelianLeague? beautiful statuesand monuments. reason in your answer. Solve ComplexProblems Fill inthemissingmainideablank box. Athenian philosophers extended human knowledge. What advicewould you have given tothe studied thecauses Greek physicians of illness. Lesson 3Review Use with pages 260–264. Use withpages 61 62 Date Alexander theGreat Lesson 4: Name In 331 A Great Empire became king. Two years later, in334 was killed, his20-year-old son Alexander Philip IIwas thekingofMacedonia. After he Alexander’s Conquests took over Egyptandwas crowned pharaoh. conquered SyriaandPhoenicia. Alexander also Alexander’s army hadwon. Alexander then attack thePersians. The Persians ranaway. showed hisleadershipby orderinghisarmy to retreat fromthelarger Persian army. He a majorbattle, Alexander toldhisarmy notto Alexander invaded thePersian Empire.During remembered as“Alexander theGreat.” period theHellenistic Age. The young kingis blend ofGreekand Asian cultures. We callthis Asian ways. A new civilization rosefromthis spread Greekculture.Healsotookonmany During hisnearly 13years inpower, Alexander huge. ItspreadacrossEurope, Asia, and Africa. on theway back. The empirehecreatedwas marched hisarmy backtoward Greece.Hedied Alexander tiredandreadytostopfighting. very started, thesoldierswere in India. They were battle itfought.Five years afterhismarch led hisarmy eastward. The army won every the larger Persian army again. Alexander then nt4 hpe ,Lso umr QuickStudy Unit 4, Chapter 9,Lesson 4Summary B . C ., Alexander’s army foughtandbeat B . C ., today stillstudyhissystem ofplanegeometry. mathematicianofhistime.Students important to thestudyofgeometry. Euclidwas themost mathematician whose ideasaboutnumbersled heavy objects.Pythagoraswascarrying a levers. Healsoimproved pulleys for mathematician. Hemadediscoveries about Archimedes was inventor afamous and and lifestylewere needed forgoodhealth. ofmedicine.Hebelievedfather agooddiet of diseases. Today heisoftencalledthe was adoctorwho looked fornaturalcauses mathematics reachedtheirpeaks.Hippocrates During theHellenistic Age, Greekscienceand Discovery andInvention library. ofitstimeandagreat port Ithadthebusiest center oftradeandlearning. was acityinEgypt.Itbecamethegreatest cities andfar-off oftheworld. parts Alexandria Greek culture. Trade grew between Hellenistic western Asia. The citiesbecamecentersof were foundedinEurope,northern Africa, and years, Hellenisticculturespread.New cities divided theempireamongthemselves. For 300 After Alexander’s deaththreeofhisgenerals The Hellenistic Age Lesson 4Summary Use with pages 266–271. Use withpages

© Scott Foresman 6 © Scott Foresman 6 ae Date Review Lesson 4: Name uc td Unit4,Chapter9,Lesson4Review Quick Study .CriticalThinking: 5. 4. 3. CauseandEffect 1. 2. Hippocrates have changedpeople’s lives duringtheHellenistic Age? What was Hellenisticculture,andhow diditbegin? How did Alexander display hisleadership qualities? How did Alexander becomekingofMacedonia? Philip IIdies. assEffects Causes Fill inthemissingcausesandeffect. Solve ComplexProblems How mightthediscoveries madeby Alexander becomespharaoh. The HellenisticAgebegins. Lesson 4Review Use with pages 266–271. Use withpages 63