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Iver Nestos. According to Greek Mythology, the Foundation of the City

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Iver Nestos. According to Greek Mythology, the Foundation of the City (Avdira). A city in Thrace (northern Greece); situated on Cape ra (a corruption of the medieval Polystylon), eleven miles northeast of iver Nestos.According to Greek mythology, the foundation of the city went to Heracles,whose eighth labor was the capture of the man-eatinghorses iomedes,king of the neighboringBistonians. However, the first attempt to Abdera, accordingto Herodotus,was made in the seventhcentury nc by ists from Clazomenae(Klazumen) in Ionia led by Tynisias,but they were n backby the Thracians.In 545nc the peopleof anotherIonian city, Teos rk), frnding Persiandomination intolerable,placed settlers on the site (in- ing the poet Anacreon)and reconstructedthe town. It controlled an exten- 2pgs-6s6veredwith vineyards and fertile,' accordingto Pindar. An ear of in is shownon its fine coins.However, the Abderanswere constantly at pains protect their territory from Thracian incursions.Nevertheless, their city was a centerfor trading with the Thracian (Odrysian)rulers of the hinterland, d provided a harbor for the commerce of upper Thrace in general. \\'hen the Persians came to Thrace in 5131512they took control of Abdera, did so once againtn 492.In 480 it was one of the halting placesselected Xerxesas he marchedthe Persianarmy along the northern shoresof the Ae- n toward Greece. As a member of the first Athenian Alliance (Delian ue) establishedafter the end of the PersianWars, it contributed (from 454 a sum of betweenten and fifteen talents,indicating its position as the third- hestcity in the League.ln 431,at the beginningof the PeloponnesianWar inst Sparta, tltook the lead in an endeavor to enroll Thrace (under the Odry- ruler Sitalces)and Macedoniain the Athenian cause.Although'Abderite' becamea synonym for stupidity, Abdera producedtwo fifth-century think- of outstandingdistinction, Democritusand Protagoras. In376 the city was destroyedby the Thracian tribe of the Triballi, and c 346 its remaining inhabitants were incorporated by Philip II in his Macedonian kingdom. After the death of Alexander the Great, Abdera fell successivelyinto the hands of IGng Lysimachusof Thrace, the Seleucids,the Ptolemies,and then, once again,the Macedonians,whose possession ended iri 196 when the Abkhazia fircL Themormmml Romans declaredit a free state.In 170,however, it was besiegedand sacked hre boen th nard by Roman and Pergamenesoldiers, and neverreally recovered,-although in Ro- fors l -un imperial timelit remained,officially speakiflg,o'free city,'-uttdin the early the Trojan Srr- Ahpq Middle Ageswas a small Byzantinetown and the seatof a bishopric. T5 r Nfilerus€sriltrq The recent excavation of a cemetery@alf-a-mile from the site) dating back I tc 6ti-65-r- fhbld to the secondhalf of the seventhcentury ec confirmsthe city's foundationdate 'House the rnesern dofLt gi,..n by Herodotus.The uncoveringof a Hellenistic of the Dolphins' )bn-which Xerxcsl@ has now beencompleted. Other finds are on show in the museumat Kavalla. it_ioined t-ile Delim Lq 4- to the Athenim. Ab{ Abkhazia seeColchis Fnans-.{ilrens'ql i a deiba: off rhe o&rl- h I Abonutichus,Abonou Teichos(Wall of Abonos),later Ionopolis (Inebolu)._A bg' ,tueran&r the Grcr r small port on the Euxine (Black)Sea coast of Paphlagonia(northern Asia Mi- minedny against Philb Yd nor), ut t6. mouth of the river ikiEay. Abonutichus started to issuecoinage in R]-euus later it temporarityl the first century sc and achievedciiy statusin the-timeof the Roman Principate us III. Tne LrngdomdE (from Marcus Aurelius onward, rmdg'E ijO u.; or lateri), first under that name and then a troe state- and io. u time; a. iotropglis. It was the birthplace of one of the most outrageous il gold rnriner it bm,m r I charlatansof the aniient world, Alexanderof Abonutichus,whose career in the todal'. since it form ft ol secondcentury eo is ruthlesslydisplayed in Lucian'sAlexander, or the False trings and rnalls nilRrclcpaq prophet.A suicessfulexploiterof women, Alexanderclaimed to control a new rir-ed. I (depict- -unif..tution ofthe godAsclepius, in the form ofa snakecalled Glycon The place atnined tfucrery ( .J on the city's coinlge), witli whose assistancehe uttered oraclesand staged ich rl as told by- the G'raek p( mysteries.His circular shrinehas beenidentified' s back t0 an .rrlexandrier { was priestessot'Apfuut: der. u-ho lir-ed at -{hrqfu. I Abrittos (Razgrad).A stronghold Lower Moesia (northea_st9rn Abrit(t)us, _in the strait to r.istt hcr- C| on the.oud from Marcianopolis(Reka Devnia) to the Danube.origi- Bulgaria), ich she euided hirn acrm. d aThracian settlement,it becamea Roman fortressin the first century AD nall"y tire sea. and attained urban statusin the second.Extensive fortifications have survived, probably dating from the Gothic incursions of the mid-third century. In 25i, theseattacks made Abrittus the sceneof one of the most catastrophic see holen'lals battlesin Roman history. After the king of the Goths, Kniva, had invaded Low- province and tried to er Moesia, the .-p.toi Trajanus Decius arrived in the us, -{.kanthos{tremssosf- r Decius and his son -'- cut off the Goths'ietreat. ln the ensuingbattle, however, the three promontorles of were trapped (as the fiftlt- Herennius Etruscus, following initial successes, lnland. Acanthus uas tounfi partiality for Decius, had to admit) in ;;;tr;y historian Zosimus, deipite his n ed prosperitl'from agicil never recovered.This was the first ; bo;, *h... they were killed an-dthe bodies nith the inr-aders during the h by a foreign,foe.The greater time a Roman .*p.ror had been slain in battle donius (492\ and then Kilng Xc walls,'erectedsoon afterward, part of the imperiai ur-y was destroyed.The city the isthmus (though his camelsr bombine towers of three different shapes. eganga bull on the ci4''s ertensi oithe Delian League (contnoMnd Abu Serai seeCircesium sided u-ith Athens in ttre Peilop from their oligarchic pary soeil Under the Peaceof \icias {41tr}l Abydus (Na[ara Point). A city in Mysia (northwesternAsia Minor); on the Asi- t0 resume the pa)'ment of tr,lhn atii bank oithe Hellespont (bardanelles),at the narrowestpoint of the strait. \facedonia in the fourth cenrur1 lUVO"r, which lies awiy from the main current and possessesthe best harbor its port remained of some slgnn in itre Fiellespont,was first mentioned in the lliads catalogof the ships in the 2 Acanthus D\\iler. it was besieged and sacked n fleet.The mountainsto the southeastcontained gold mines,which were ;er r:al11-recovered,although in Ro- to have been the sourceof King Priam's wealth, and the region was also pea{rng.a'free city,,'and in the early in horses. lnc the seat of a bishopric. After the Trojan War, Abydus was said to have been settled by Thracians, rit-a-mile from the site) dating back 1lc 675 nc Miletus establisheda colony there,by agreementwith King Gyges :cont-lrmsthe city's foundation date L1'dia(c 685-657).Darius I of Persiaburned the city down in 5l2,btt in 480 'House Heiienistic of the Dolphins' formed the westernend of the double bridge (replacinganother destroyedby tn s.rou'in the museum at Kavalla. ) by which XerxesI crossedover the Hellespontto Europe.Shortly after- . it joined the Delian League, which became the Athenian empire. Never iendly to the Athenians,Abydus revolted in 411, providing a naval baseto Spartans-Athens' enemyin the PeloponnesianWar (43l-404)-who suf- a defeatoffthe coast.In 386 the city passedinto Persianhands, urrtil liber- rcnos). later Ionopolis (Inebolu). A ion by Alexander the Great in 334. In 200 the people of Abydus fought of Paphlagonia (northern Asia Mi- rminedly againstPhilip V of Macedonia,but were compelledto surrender. nu::chus started to issue coinage in reeyears later it temporarily becamean outpost of the Seleucidmonarch An- in ihe time ofthe Roman Principate us III. The kingdom of Pergamum,and the Romans, officially regarded hen i:iom Marcus Aurelius onward, as a free state,and under the Roman empire, despitethe exhaustionof the lace oi one of the most outrageous al gold mines,it becamean important customsstation. Abydus is inaccessi- of,-{lonutichus, whose career in the - today, since it forms part of a Turkish military zone;extensive remains of in Lucian's .llexander, or the False ildings and walls were reported by earlier travelers,but have not apparently Alerander claimed to control a new ived. rtrn ;,ia snake called Glycon (depict- The place attained literary fame through the story of Hero and Leander, [ance he uttered oracles and staged r-hich was told by the Greek poet Musaeusin the fifth or sixth century Ro, but ntil-::d. goesback to an Alexandrian tale originating many hundreds of years earlier. Hero waspriestess of Aphrodite at Sestus,on the other bank of the Hellespont. rlc .n Lo*'er Moesia (northeastern Leander,who lived at Abydus, fell in love with her and usedto swim by night S.eiia Der-nia) to the Danube. Origi- acrossthe strait to visit her. One night, however, a storm put out the light by )mal tbnress in the first century AD n'hich sheguided him across,and he wasdrowned; whereupon she threw herself Iensi\ - fortihcations have survived. into the sea. rs o: the mid-third century. cen. oione of the most catastrophic Abydus seePtolemais he Gr-rths.Kniva, had invaded Low- r:l.rr:d in the province and tried to Acanthus,Akanthos (Ierissos).A city on the isthmus that links Acte (4v),one ntiie. horvever, Decius and his son of the three promontories of the peninsulaof Chalcidice,with the Macedonian cessis. \\'ere trapped (as the fifth- mainland. Acanthus was founded by colonistsfrom the island of Andros, and ua,rti for Decius, had to admit) in derived prosperity from agriculturalproduce exported from its harbor. It sided s ner er recovered.
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