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Greece(12Th Century B.C.E-600C.E)
Greece(12th century b.c.e-600c.e) By: Lily Gardner Geographic Impact on Society ❖ Located on a small peninsula and were divided deeply by steep mountains and valleys ❖ Geography contributed to its political organization ❖ City-states fought a lot because they didn’t have a common enemy ❖ They didn’t have good land for farming so they ate food from the Mediterranean Sea and the Aegean Sea and the Ionian Sea ❖ Peninsula’s provide good protection, so ancient Greece was able to protect themselves Political System and Impact on Society ❖ In early greek history only the wealthy and noble men had the rights of full citizenship, such as speaking and voting in the assembly, holding public office, and fighting in the army ❖ Slowly, the men in lower class began to get these rights as they could purchase the armor and weapons ❖ Tyrants appeared for a time, and they even had the support of the lower class because they wanted to challenge the rights of the wealthy ❖ Political authority was given to its Council of Elders made of 28 men that were over the age of 60. These men came from wealthy segments of society and they served for life ❖ Women were citizens but stayed at home and took care of children ❖ Women also weren’t allowed to own property or be involved in the economy or politics Economic System and Impact on Society ❖ Greek traders looked for iron ❖ Greeks were expansive people ❖ Geography help lead to city-states ❖ City-states were constantly fighting and arguing ❖ The impoverished Greek farmers looked for land ❖ Settlers brought culture, tarding, -
Alexander's Seventh Phalanx Battalion Milns, R D Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies; Summer 1966; 7, 2; Proquest Pg
Alexander's Seventh Phalanx Battalion Milns, R D Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies; Summer 1966; 7, 2; ProQuest pg. 159 Alexander's Seventh Phalanx Battalion R. D. Milns SOME TIME between the battle of Gaugamela and the battle of A the Hydaspes the number of battalions in the Macedonian phalanx was raised from six to seven.1 This much is clear; what is not certain is when the new formation came into being. Berve2 believes that the introduction took place at Susa in 331 B.C. He bases his belief on two facts: (a) the arrival of 6,000 Macedonian infantry and 500 Macedonian cavalry under Amyntas, son of Andromenes, when the King was either near or at Susa;3 (b) the appearance of Philotas (not the son of Parmenion) as a battalion leader shortly afterwards at the Persian Gates.4 Tarn, in his discussion of the phalanx,5 believes that the seventh battalion was not created until 328/7, when Alexander was at Bactra, the new battalion being that of Cleitus "the White".6 Berve is re jected on the grounds: (a) that Arrian (3.16.11) says that Amyntas' reinforcements were "inserted into the existing (six) battalions KC1:TCt. e8vr(; (b) that Philotas has in fact taken over the command of Perdiccas' battalion, Perdiccas having been "promoted to the Staff ... doubtless after the battle" (i.e. Gaugamela).7 The seventh battalion was formed, he believes, from reinforcements from Macedonia who reached Alexander at Nautaca.8 Now all of Tarn's arguments are open to objection; and I shall treat them in the order they are presented above. -
Alexander's Empire
4 Alexander’s Empire MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES EMPIRE BUILDING Alexander the Alexander’s empire extended • Philip II •Alexander Great conquered Persia and Egypt across an area that today consists •Macedonia the Great and extended his empire to the of many nations and diverse • Darius III Indus River in northwest India. cultures. SETTING THE STAGE The Peloponnesian War severely weakened several Greek city-states. This caused a rapid decline in their military and economic power. In the nearby kingdom of Macedonia, King Philip II took note. Philip dreamed of taking control of Greece and then moving against Persia to seize its vast wealth. Philip also hoped to avenge the Persian invasion of Greece in 480 B.C. TAKING NOTES Philip Builds Macedonian Power Outlining Use an outline to organize main ideas The kingdom of Macedonia, located just north of Greece, about the growth of had rough terrain and a cold climate. The Macedonians were Alexander's empire. a hardy people who lived in mountain villages rather than city-states. Most Macedonian nobles thought of themselves Alexander's Empire as Greeks. The Greeks, however, looked down on the I. Philip Builds Macedonian Power Macedonians as uncivilized foreigners who had no great A. philosophers, sculptors, or writers. The Macedonians did have one very B. important resource—their shrewd and fearless kings. II. Alexander Conquers Persia Philip’s Army In 359 B.C., Philip II became king of Macedonia. Though only 23 years old, he quickly proved to be a brilliant general and a ruthless politician. Philip transformed the rugged peasants under his command into a well-trained professional army. -
The Resurrection of Alexander Push Kin John Oliver Killens
New Directions Volume 5 | Issue 2 Article 9 1-1-1978 The Resurrection Of Alexander Push kin John Oliver Killens Follow this and additional works at: http://dh.howard.edu/newdirections Recommended Citation Killens, John Oliver (1978) "The Resurrection Of Alexander Push kin," New Directions: Vol. 5: Iss. 2, Article 9. Available at: http://dh.howard.edu/newdirections/vol5/iss2/9 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Howard @ Howard University. It has been accepted for inclusion in New Directions by an authorized administrator of Digital Howard @ Howard University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. TH[ ARTS Essay every one of the courts of Europe, then 28 The Resurrection of of the 19th century? Here is how it came to pass. Peter felt that he had to have at least Alexander Pushkin one for his imperial court. Therefore, In the early part of the 18th century, in By [ohn Oliver Killens he sent the word out to all of his that sprawling subcontinent that took Ambassadors in Europe: To the majority of literate Americans, up one-sixth of the earth's surface, the giants of Russian literature are extending from the edge of Europe "Find me a Negro!" Tolstoy, Gogol, Dostoevsky and thousands of miles eastward across Meanwhile, Turkey and Ethiopia had Turgenev. Nevertheless, 97 years ago, grassy steppes (plains), mountain ranges been at war, and in one of the skirmishes at a Pushkin Memorial in Moscow, and vast frozen stretches of forest, lakes a young African prince had been cap- Dostoevsky said: "No Russian writer and unexplored terrain, was a land tured and brought back to Turkey and was so intimately at one with the known as the Holy Russian Empire, fore- placed in a harem. -
Lesson 1: the Geography of Greece
Name Date Lesson 1 Summary Use with pages 246–251. Lesson 1: The Geography of Greece Vocabulary agora an outdoor marketplace in ancient Greece plunder goods taken during war A Mountainous Land Independent Communities Many ancient civilizations formed near rivers. Geography affected how life in Greece The rivers would overflow in the spring and developed. Uniting the country under one make the soil good for farming. Greece did government was difficult. Ancient Greeks not depend on a river. Greece is a rugged, did share the same language and religion. mountainous land with no great rivers. It does Mountains divided Greece into different not have much good farmland. Greece is regions and kept people apart. Therefore, located in the southeastern corner of Europe. It many independent cities sprang up. Each city is on the southern tip of the Balkan Peninsula. did things its own way. The climate of Greece Greek-speaking people also lived on islands in is pleasant, and the Greeks had an outdoor the Aegean Sea. The sea separates Greece from way of life. The agora, or outdoor the western edge of Asia. marketplace, was common in cities. The Greeks watched plays in outdoor theaters. A Land Tied to the Sea Political meetings, religious celebrations, Greece is surrounded by the sea on three sides. and sports contests also were held outdoors. The Aegean Sea is to the east. The Ionian Sea is to the west. This sea separates Greece from Two Early Greek Civilizations Italy. The Mediterranean Sea is to the south. It The Minoan civilization was on the island of links Greece with Asia, North Africa, and the Crete, in the Mediterranean Sea. -
Long Distance Particle Transport to the Central Ionian Sea
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2020-481 Preprint. Discussion started: 25 January 2021 c Author(s) 2021. CC BY 4.0 License. Long distance particle transport to the central Ionian Sea Léo Berline1, Andrea Michelangelo Doglioli1, Anne Petrenko1, Stéphanie Barrillon1, Boris Espinasse2, Frederic A.C. Le Moigne1, François Simon-Bot1, Melilotus Thyssen1, François Carlotti1 5 1Aix Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), 13288, Marseille, France 2Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway 10 Correspondence to: Leo Berline ([email protected]) Abstract In the upper layers of the Ionian Sea, young Mediterranean Atlantic Waters (MAW) flowing eastward from the Sicily channel meet old MAW. In May 2017, during the PEACETIME cruise, fluorescence and particle content sampled at high resolution revealed unexpected heterogeneity in the central Ionian. Surface salinity measurements, together with altimetry- 15 derived and hull-mounted ADCP currents, describe a zonal pathway of AW entering the Ionian Sea, consistent with the so- called cyclonic mode in the North Ionian Gyre. The ION-Tr transect, located ~19-20°E- ~36°N turned out to be at the crossroad of three water masses, mostly coming from the west, north and from an isolated anticyclonic eddy northeast of ION-Tr. Using Lagrangian numerical simulations, we suggest that the contrast in particle loads along ION-Tr originates from particles transported from these three different water masses. Waters from the west, identified as young AW carried by 20 a strong southwestward jet, were intermediate in particle load, probably originating from the Sicily channel. -
CURRICULUM VITAE L. Name & Institutional Affiliation: Alexander
CURRICULUM VITAE l. Name & Institutional Affiliation: Alexander Levitsky Professor of Slavic Languages & Literatures Department of Slavic Studies, Box E, Brown University, Providence, R.I. 029l2 e-mail: [email protected] Telephone: (401) 863 2689 or 863 2835 FAX:(401) 863 7330 2. Home Address: 23 Ray Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02906, USA Telephone: (40l) 272-3098 3. Education (most recent first): 1977 Ph.D. University of Michigan: Dissertation Topic: The Sacred Ode (Oda Duxovnaja) in Eighteenth-Century Russian Literary Culture, Ann Arbor, l977 (Copyright, October l977) 1972 M.A., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 1970 B.A., University of Minnesota (magna cum laude) 1964 Gymnasium in Prague, Czechoslovakia (summa cum laude [straight A average]) 4. Professional appointments (most recent first): Present (from 1975) Professor (Assistant, Associate, Full), Slavic Department, Brown University 2007-2017 (and 1976-91) Director of Graduate Studies, Slavic Dept, Brown University 2007 (Spring Sem.) Visiting Professor, Harvard University 2004 (Spring Sem.) Visiting Senior Professor, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic 2004 (Spring Sem.) Visit. Senior Scholar, Collegium Hieronimus Pragensis, Prague, Czech Republic 1997-2003 Chair, Dept. of Slavic Languages, Brown University 2000 (Fall Semester) Visiting Senior Professor, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic 1999-present Academic Advisory Board, Collegium Hieronimus Pragensis, Czech Rep. 1993-1994 Acting Chair, Dept. of Slavic Languages, Brown University 1993-present Full Professor, Brown University l983-1993 Associate Professor, Brown University l982 (Summer Sem.) Visiting Professor, Middlebury College l977-82 Assistant Professor, Brown University l975-l976 Instructor, Brown University l975 (Summer Sem.) Lecturer, Middlebury College l974-75 Teaching Assistant, University of Michigan 5. Completed Research, Scholarship and Creative Work (291 items in chronologically set groups a-i): A. -
ABSTRACT TADLOCK, STEPHEN KYLE. Poor
ABSTRACT TADLOCK, STEPHEN KYLE. Poor in Life, Naked in Battle: Athenian Thetes as Psiloi in the Classical Age. (Under the direction of Dr. S. Thomas Parker). Most military and ancient historians have assumed that in Classical Athens the poor of the city, the thetes, served as light-armed troops (psiloi) or rowed in the fleet. A closer look at the available evidence, however, suggests that too many practical and social barriers hindered thetes from organized psiloi service until the introduction of the ephebic program in the fourth century. Before then, Athens deliberately neglected the training of thetes as psiloi, leaving these men with no means to learn how to use their weapons. Additionally, the prevailing military ethos extolled hoplites and, to a lesser extent, cavalry as the true protectors of the city. Neglecting to equip their own poorer citizens as psiloi required the Athenians to look elsewhere for light infantry. These alternative sources included mercenaries and allies from outside the city and resident aliens and slaves from within. The thetes of the city, unable to serve as effective psiloi, often followed the army anyway in hope of plunder and from loyalty to the city. These men, often called psiloi by the ancient sources, usually had little effect on the outcome of the battle and instead were used more effectively to plunder enemy land and forage for the army. Thetes were also instrumental in rowing the ships on which Athens’ naval superiority depended and thus gained many advantages. Thetes were finally trained in the use of psiloi weaponry during the fourth century, but usually served as hoplites instead, while mercenaries continued to fill the need for light- infantry. -
Marginality and Variability in Esperanto
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 105 708 FL 005 381 AUTHOR Brent, Edmund TITLE Marginality and Variability in Esperanto. PUB DATE 28 Dec 73 NOTE 30p.; Paper presented at annual meeting of the Modern Language Association (88th, Chicago, Illinois, December 28, 1973); Best Copy Available EDRS PRICE EF-$0.76 HC-$1.95 PLUS POSTAGE DESCRIPTORS *Artificial Languages; Consonants; Diachronic Linguistics; Language Patterns; *Language Variation; Lexicolcgy; *Morphophonemics; Orthographic Symbols; Phonemics; Phonology; Sociolinguistics; Spelling; *Structural Analysis; *Synchronic Linguistics; Uncommonly Taught Languages; Vowels IDENTIFIERS *Esperanto ABSTRACT This paper discusses Esperanto as a planned language and refutes three myths connected to it, namely, that Esperanto is achronical, atopical, and apragmatic. The focus here is on a synchronic analysis. Synchronic variability is studied with reference to the structuralist determination of "marginality" and the dynamic linguistic description of "linguistic variables." Marginality is studied on the morphophonemic and on the lexical level. Linguistic variability is studied through a sociolinguistic survey. The sociolinguistic evidence is seen to converge with the structuralist evidence, and the synchronic analysis with earlier diachronic studies. It is hoped that this analysis will contribute toa redirection of scholarly work on Esperanto. (AM) ft'I,fF, zs- tom. ft ' t-' ."; rfl r4 ; fi S4* 3 4)4 r, J a. X PCY 114 MARGINALITY AND VARIABILITY IN ESPERANTO Paper prepared for Seminar 64, Esperanto Language and Literature 88th Annual Meeting of the Modern Language Association Chicago, Illinois December 28, 1973 by Edmund Brent Ontario Institute for Studies in Education and University of Toronto December 1973 PERMiSSON TO REPRODUCE THIS COPY. RIGHTED MA TERIAL HAS DEW GRANTED 131 U S DEPAR:Mr NT or HEALTH, EDUCATTOTt A WC. -
Euboea and Athens
Euboea and Athens Proceedings of a Colloquium in Memory of Malcolm B. Wallace Athens 26-27 June 2009 2011 Publications of the Canadian Institute in Greece Publications de l’Institut canadien en Grèce No. 6 © The Canadian Institute in Greece / L’Institut canadien en Grèce 2011 Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Euboea and Athens Colloquium in Memory of Malcolm B. Wallace (2009 : Athens, Greece) Euboea and Athens : proceedings of a colloquium in memory of Malcolm B. Wallace : Athens 26-27 June 2009 / David W. Rupp and Jonathan E. Tomlinson, editors. (Publications of the Canadian Institute in Greece = Publications de l'Institut canadien en Grèce ; no. 6) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-0-9737979-1-6 1. Euboea Island (Greece)--Antiquities. 2. Euboea Island (Greece)--Civilization. 3. Euboea Island (Greece)--History. 4. Athens (Greece)--Antiquities. 5. Athens (Greece)--Civilization. 6. Athens (Greece)--History. I. Wallace, Malcolm B. (Malcolm Barton), 1942-2008 II. Rupp, David W. (David William), 1944- III. Tomlinson, Jonathan E. (Jonathan Edward), 1967- IV. Canadian Institute in Greece V. Title. VI. Series: Publications of the Canadian Institute in Greece ; no. 6. DF261.E9E93 2011 938 C2011-903495-6 The Canadian Institute in Greece Dionysiou Aiginitou 7 GR-115 28 Athens, Greece www.cig-icg.gr THOMAS G. PALAIMA Euboea, Athens, Thebes and Kadmos: The Implications of the Linear B References 1 The Linear B documents contain a good number of references to Thebes, and theories about the status of Thebes among Mycenaean centers have been prominent in Mycenological scholarship over the last twenty years.2 Assumptions about the hegemony of Thebes in the Mycenaean palatial period, whether just in central Greece or over a still wider area, are used as the starting point for interpreting references to: a) Athens: There is only one reference to Athens on a possibly early tablet (Knossos V 52) as a toponym a-ta-na = Ἀθήνη in the singular, as in Hom. -
Greek Cultures, Traditions and People
GREEK CULTURES, TRADITIONS AND PEOPLE Paschalis Nikolaou – Fulbright Fellow Greece ◦ What is ‘culture’? “Culture is the characteristics and knowledge of a particular group of people, encompassing language, religion, cuisine, social habits, music and arts […] The word "culture" derives from a French term, which in turn derives from the Latin "colere," which means to tend to the earth and Some grow, or cultivation and nurture. […] The term "Western culture" has come to define the culture of European countries as well as those that definitions have been heavily influenced by European immigration, such as the United States […] Western culture has its roots in the Classical Period of …when, to define, is to the Greco-Roman era and the rise of Christianity in the 14th century.” realise connections and significant overlap ◦ What do we mean by ‘tradition’? ◦ 1a: an inherited, established, or customary pattern of thought, action, or behavior (such as a religious practice or a social custom) ◦ b: a belief or story or a body of beliefs or stories relating to the past that are commonly accepted as historical though not verifiable … ◦ 2: the handing down of information, beliefs, and customs by word of mouth or by example from one generation to another without written instruction ◦ 3: cultural continuity in social attitudes, customs, and institutions ◦ 4: characteristic manner, method, or style in the best liberal tradition GREECE: ANCIENT AND MODERN What we consider ancient Greece was one of the main classical The Modern Greek State was founded in 1830, following the civilizations, making important contributions to philosophy, mathematics, revolutionary war against the Ottoman Turks, which started in astronomy, and medicine. -
The Greek City-State Greek the the Greece
NAME _________________________________________ DATE _____________ CLASS _______ The Ancient Greeks Lesson 1 Rise of Greek Civilization ESSENTIAL QUESTION GUIDING QUESTIONS How does geography influence the way 1. How did physical geography influence the lives of the people live? early Greeks? 2. How did the civilization of the Minoans develop? 3. How did the Mycenaeans gain power in the Mediterranean? 4. How did early Greeks spread their culture? 5. How did Greek city-states create the idea of citizenship? Where in the world? Terms to Know MACEDONIA peninsula a piece of land nearly surrounded by water Mt. Olympus Troy bard someone who writes or KEY performs epic poems or stories Ancient Greece about heroes and their deeds GREECE Aegean Ionian colony a group of people living in Sea Sea ASIA MINOR a new territory with close ties to their homeland; the new territory Athens itself PELOPONNESUS polis a Greek city-state Sparta agora a gathering place or marketplace in ancient Greece N phalanx a group of armed foot Sea of Crete soldiers in ancient Greece arranged E Knossos W close together in rows 0 100 miles Mediterranean Crete S 0 100 km Sea Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection When did it happen? Copyright by McGraw-Hill Education. 2500 b.c. 2000 b.c. 1500 b.c. 1000 b.c. 500 b.c. DOPW (Discovering our Past - World) RESG Chapter 7 Map Title: Ancient Greece File Name: C04-01A-NGS-824133_A_RESG.ai Map Size: 25p6 x 20p0 2500 b.c. Minoan 2000 b.c. 1450 b.c. 1100 b.c. 750 b.c.