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Motion Mountain La Montaña Del Movimiento Christoph Schiller MOTION MOUNTAIN La Montaña del Movimiento LA AVENTURA DE LA FÍSICA - VOLUMEN IV EL CUANTO DEL CAMBIO Christoph Schiller Traducción de Jerónimo Hurtado Pérez Motion Mountain La Montaña del Movimiento La Aventura de la Física Volumen IV El Cuanto del Cambio Edicion 25.40, disponible libre como pdf en www.motionmountain.net Editio vicesima quinta. Proprietas scriptoris © Chrestophori Schiller secundo anno Olympiadis trigesimae. Omnia proprietatis iura reservantur et vindicantur. Imitatio prohibita sine auctoris permissione. Non licet pecuniam expetere pro aliqua, quae partem horum verborum continet; liber pro omnibus semper gratuitus erat et manet. Twenty-fifth edition. Copyright © 2012 by Christoph Schiller, the second year of the 30th Olympiad. This pdf file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No DerivativeWorks 3.0 Germany Licence, whose full text can be found on thewebsite creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/de, with the additional restriction that reproduction, distribution and use, in whole or in part, in any product or service, be it commercial or not, is not allowed without the written consent of the copyright owner.The pdf file was and remains free for everybody to read, store and print for personal use, and to distribute electronically, but only in unmodified form and at no charge. - 1 - To Britta, Esther and Justus Aaron τῷ ἐµοὶ δαὶµονι Fortalecer a las personas, aclarar las cosas - 2 - Christoph Schiller Mountain Moton La Montaña del Movimiento La aventura de la Física PREFACIO Primum movere, deinde docere.** Antigüedad Primero mover, luego enseñar Este libro está escrito para cualquiera que tenga curiosidad sobre la naturaleza y el movimiento. La curiosidad acerca de cómo se mueven las personas, los animales, las cosas, las imágenes y el espacio vacío nos conduce a muchas aventuras. Este volumen presenta lo mejor de ellas en el dominio del movimiento cotidiano. La observación cuidadosa del movimiento de todos los días nos permite deducir seis afirmaciones esenciales: El movimiento cotidiano es continuo, conservativo, relativo, reversible, invariante por reflexión y perezoso. Sí, la naturaleza es verdaderamente perezosa: en cada uno de sus movimientos, minimiza el cambio. Este texto explora cómo se deducen estos seis resultados y cómo encajan con todas las observaciones que parecen contradecirlas. En la estructura de la física moderna, cuya estructura se muestra en la Figura 1, los resultados sobre el movimiento cotidiano forman la mayor parte de los puntos de partida en el fondo. El presente volumen -el primero de una colección de seis volúmenes sobre una visión general de la física- es el resultado de un triple objetivo perseguido desde 1990: presentar el movimiento de una manera que sea sencilla, actualizada, viva y cautivadora. Con el fin de ser sencillo, el texto se centra en conceptos, mientras mantiene el uso de las matemáticas en el mínimo necesario. La comprensión de los conceptos de la física tiene prioridad sobre el uso de fórmulas en los cálculos. Todo el texto se encuentra dentro del alcance de un estudiante del primer nivel universitario. Con el fin de estar actualizado, el texto se enriquece con muchas joyas - tanto teóricas como empíricas - que se encuentran dispersas a lo largo de la literatura científica. Con el fin de ser vivo y cautivador, es decir para motivar, el texto intenta sorprender al lector tanto como sea posible. La lectura de un libro de física general debe ser como ir a un espectáculo de magia. Miramos, nos sorprende, no creemos a nuestros ojos, pensamos, y finalmente entendemos el truco. Cuando nos fijamos en la naturaleza, a menudo tenemos la misma sensación. De hecho, cada página presenta por lo menos una sorpresa o una provocación que ponga a prueba la sagacidad del lector. Se proponen numerosos desafíos interesantes. El lema del texto, die Menschen starken, die Sachen klaren, una frase famosa der Hartmut von Hentig en pedagogía, se traduce como: "Para fortalecer los hombres, aclarar las cosas". Aclarar las cosas -y adherirse sólo a la verdad - requiere coraje, ya que el cambio de los hábitos de pensamiento produce miedo, a menudo oculto tras la ira. Pero mediante la superación de los miedos, nos volvemos más fuertes. Y experimentamos entonces emociones intensas y hermosas. Todas las grandes aventuras de la vida permiten esto, y la exploración de movimiento es una de ellas. Que lo disfruten! Munich, 18 Mayo 2013. *En las lenguas modernas, la cualidad de mover (el corazón) se llama la motivación; ambas palabras se derivan del mismo origen latino. - 3 - FIGURA 1 Un mapa completo de la fsica: las conexiones están defnidas por la velocidad de la luz c, la constante gravitacional G, la constante h de Planck, la constante k de Boltzmann y la carga elemental e. CONSEJOS PARA LOS ALUMNOS El aprendizaje debe ser rápido y divertido. El método de aprendizaje más ineficiente y tedioso es utilizar un marcador para subrayar el texto: es una pérdida de tiempo, proporciona un falso confort y vuelve el texto ilegible. Nadie aprende de manera eficiente subrayando un texto ni lo está disfrutando. En mi experiencia como estudiante y profesor, encontré un método de aprendizaje que nunca fallaba para transformar alumnos sin éxito en los más exitosos: si usted lee un libro para estudiar, resuma cada sección a medida que lee, con sus propias palabras e imágenes, en voz alta. Si usted es incapaz de hacerlo, lea la sección de nuevo. Repita esto hasta que pueda resumir con claridad lo que lee con sus propias palabras e imágenes, en voz alta. Usted puede hacer esto solo o con amigos, en una habitación o mientras camina. Si hace esto con todo lo que lee, usted reducirá el tiempo de aprendizaje y de lectura de manera significativa, disfrutará aprendiendo de buenos textos mucho más y odiará los malos textos mucho menos. Los expertos del método pueden utilizarlo incluso mientras escuchan una conferencia, en voz baja, evitando así tener que tomar siempre notas. - 4 - CONSEJOS PARA PROFESORES A un profesor le gustan su alumnos y le gusta guiarlos en la exploración el campo de conocimiento que han elegido. Su entusiasmo por el trabajo es la clave para la satisfacción en el trabajo. Si usted es un docente, antes del inicio de una lección, imagine, sienta y dígase a sí mismo cómo es su forma de disfrutar el tema de la lección; a continuación, imagine, sienta y dígase a sí mismo cómo va a llevar cada uno de sus alumnos a deleitarse con ese tema tanto como lo hace usted. Haga este ejercicio de forma consciente, cada vez. Va a minimizar problemas en su clase y maximizar su éxito en la enseñanza. Este libro no está escrito con los exámenes en mente; está escrito para que los profesores y estudiantes entiendan y disfruten de la física, la ciencia del movimiento. UTILIZACIÓN DE ESTE LIBRO El texto en verde, como se encuentra en muchas notas marginales, marca un enlace que se puede hacer clic en un lector de pdf (en la versión inglesa). Dichos enlaces verdes son o bien las referencias bibliográficas, notas al pie, referencias cruzadas a otras páginas, las soluciones de desafío, o punteros a sitios web. Soluciones y consejos para los desafíos se presentan en el apéndice. Los Desafíos se clasifican como nivel de investigación (r), difícil (d), nivel de estudiante estándar (s) y fácil (e). Los Desafíos para los que no hay solución todavía se han incluido, sin embargo, en el libro, están marcados (ny). Los enlaces en internet tienden a desaparecer con el tiempo. la mayoría de los enlaces se puede recuperar a través www.archive.org, que tiene una copia de las viejas páginas de Internet. EVALUACIÓN Y APOYO Este texto es y seguirá siendo para descargarlo gratis desde Internet. El autor estaría encantado de recibir un correo electrónico suyo en [email protected], especialmente en los siguientes temas: - ¿Qué no estaba claro y debe ser mejorado? Desafío 1 s - ¿Qué historia, tema, enigma, imagen o película faltó? - ¿Qué se debe corregir? Con el fin de simplificar las anotaciones, el archivo pdf permite añadir notas adhesivas amarillas en Adobe Reader. La ayuda sobre los puntos específicos que figuran en el www.motionmountain.net / help.html la página web sería especialmente bienvenida. Todos los comentarios se utilizarán para mejorar la próxima edición. En nombre de todos los lectores, gracias de antemano por su entrada. Para una contribución particularmente útil se le mencionará - si quiere - en los agradecimientos, recibirá una recompensa, o ambas cosas. Su donación para beneficencia a la organización sin fines de lucro exenta de impuestos que produce, traduce y publica esta serie de libros es ¡bienvenida! Para obtener más información, consulte la página web www.motionmountain.net/donation.html . Si lo desea, su nombre será incluido en la lista de patrocinadores. Gracias de antemano por su ayuda, en nombre de los lectores de todo el mundo. La versión pdf de este libro, con películas incorporadas, está disponible gratuitamente en www.motionmountain.net. La edición impresa de este libro, impreso bajo demanda y entregado por correo a cualquier dirección de su elección, se puede pedir en www.lulu.com / spotlight / motionmountain. Pero, sobre todo, disfrute de la lectura! - 5 - El cuanto de Cambio En nuestra búsqueda para entender cómo se mueven las cosas, descubrimos que hay un valor mínimo para el cambio en la naturaleza, lo que implica que el movimiento es borroso, que las cajas nunca son herméticas, que la materia está compuesta por unidades elementales, y que la luz y las interacciones son flujos de partículas . El valor de un cambio mínimo explica por qué existe la antimateria, por qué las partículas son diferentes de los guantes, por qué no existen máquinas copiadoras, por qué las probabilidades son razonables y cómo se forman todos los colores en la naturaleza.
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