The Stern-Gerlach Experiment Revisited
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
MODERN DEVELOPMENT of MAGNETIC RESONANCE Abstracts 2020 KAZAN * RUSSIA
MODERN DEVELOPMENT OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE abstracts 2020 KAZAN * RUSSIA OF MA NT GN E E M T P IC O L R E E V S E O N D A N N R C E E D O M K 20 AZAN 20 MODERN DEVELOPMENT OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE ABSTRACTS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP “DIAMOND-BASED QUANTUM SYSTEMS FOR SENSING AND QUANTUM INFORMATION” Editors: ALEXEY A. KALACHEV KEV M. SALIKHOV KAZAN, SEPTEMBER 28–OCTOBER 2, 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machines or similar means, and storage in data banks. © 2020 Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan © 2020 Igor A. Aksenov, graphic design Printed in Russian Federation Published by Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan www.kfti.knc.ru v CHAIRMEN Alexey A. Kalachev Kev M. Salikhov PROGRAM COMMITTEE Kev Salikhov, chairman (Russia) Vadim Atsarkin (Russia) Elena Bagryanskaya (Russia) Pavel Baranov (Russia) Marina Bennati (Germany) Robert Bittl (Germany) Bernhard Blümich (Germany) Michael Bowman (USA) Gerd Buntkowsky (Germany) Sergei Demishev (Russia) Sabine Van Doorslaer (Belgium) Rushana Eremina (Russia) Jack Freed (USA) Philip Hemmer (USA) Konstantin Ivanov (Russia) Alexey Kalachev (Russia) Vladislav Kataev (Germany) Walter Kockenberger (Great Britain) Wolfgang Lubitz (Germany) Anders Lund (Sweden) Sergei Nikitin (Russia) Klaus Möbius (Germany) Hitoshi Ohta (Japan) Igor Ovchinnikov (Russia) Vladimir Skirda (Russia) Alexander Smirnov( Russia) Graham Smith (Great Britain) Mark Smith (Great Britain) Murat Tagirov (Russia) Takeji Takui (Japan) Valery Tarasov (Russia) Violeta Voronkova (Russia) vi LOCAL ORGANIZING COMMITTEE Kalachev A.A., chairman Kupriyanova O.O. -
100 Jahre Physik in Frankfurt Am Main in Der Reihenfolge Ihrer Tätigkeit an Der Universität
INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 5 100 Jahre Physik in Frankfurt am Main in der Reihenfolge ihrer Tätigkeit an der Universität Einleitung von Klaus Bethge und Claudia Freudenberger 9 Zum Fachbereich Physik von Wolf Aßtnus 17 1907- 1927 Martin Brendel (1862 - 1939) von Wilhelm H. Kegel 21 1908-1932 Richard Wachsmuth (1868 - 1941) von Walter Saltzer 36 1914-1917 Max von Laue (1879 - 1960) von Friedrich Beck 52 1914-1922 Otto Stern (1888 - 1969) von Immanuel Estermann 76 1919-1921 Max Born (1882 - 1970) von Friedrich Hund 91 1914-1922 Alfred Lande (1888 - 1976) von Azim O. Barut 120 1920- 1925 Walther Gerlach (1889 - 1979) von Helmut Rechenberg 131 1921 - 1949 Erwin Madelung (1881 - 1972) von Ulrich E. Schröder 152 1921 - 1934 und 1953 - 1963 Friedrich Dessauer (1881 - 1963) von Wolfgang Pohlit 168 http://d-nb.info/105995575X 6 PHYSIKER AN DER GOETHE-UNIVERSITÄT 1924 - 1933 Cornelius Lanczos (1893 - 1974) von Helmut Rechenberg 194 1925 - 1937 Karl Wilhelm Meissner (1891 - 1959) von Jörg Kummer 208 1928 - 1933 Hans Albrecht Bethe (1906 - 2005) von Horst Schmidt-Böcking 221 1932- 1951 Max Seddig (1877 - 1963) von Günter Haase 242 1934- 1966 Boris Rajewsky (1893 - 1974) von Erwin Schopper 252 1938 - 1961 Marianus Czerny (1896 - 1985) von Helmut A. Müser 275 1940 - 1970 Willy Hartner (1905 - 1981) von Matthias Schramm 315 1937 - 1945 Wolfgang Gentner (1906 - 1980) von Ulrich Schmidt-Rohr 332 1951 - 1972 Hermann Dänzer (1904 - 1987) von Jörg Kummer 350 1946- 1973 Bernhard Mrowka (1907 - 1973) von Dieter Langbein 361 1958 - 1977 Wolfgang Gleißberg (1903 - 1986) von Wilhelm H. Kegel 371 1960-1981 Rainer Bass (1930 - 1981) von Klaus Bethge 382 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 7 1964- 1969 Heinz Bilz (1926 - 1986) von Ulrich Schröder 391 1951 - 1956 Friedrich Hund (1896 - 1997) von Ulrich E. -
Wolfgang Pauli Niels Bohr Paul Dirac Max Planck Richard Feynman
Wolfgang Pauli Niels Bohr Paul Dirac Max Planck Richard Feynman Louis de Broglie Norman Ramsey Willis Lamb Otto Stern Werner Heisenberg Walther Gerlach Ernest Rutherford Satyendranath Bose Max Born Erwin Schrödinger Eugene Wigner Arnold Sommerfeld Julian Schwinger David Bohm Enrico Fermi Albert Einstein Where discovery meets practice Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology IQ ST in Baden-Württemberg . Introduction “But I do not wish to be forced into abandoning strict These two quotes by Albert Einstein not only express his well more securely, develop new types of computer or construct highly causality without having defended it quite differently known aversion to quantum theory, they also come from two quite accurate measuring equipment. than I have so far. The idea that an electron exposed to a different periods of his life. The first is from a letter dated 19 April Thus quantum theory extends beyond the field of physics into other 1924 to Max Born regarding the latter’s statistical interpretation of areas, e.g. mathematics, engineering, chemistry, and even biology. beam freely chooses the moment and direction in which quantum mechanics. The second is from Einstein’s last lecture as Let us look at a few examples which illustrate this. The field of crypt it wants to move is unbearable to me. If that is the case, part of a series of classes by the American physicist John Archibald ography uses number theory, which constitutes a subdiscipline of then I would rather be a cobbler or a casino employee Wheeler in 1954 at Princeton. pure mathematics. Producing a quantum computer with new types than a physicist.” The realization that, in the quantum world, objects only exist when of gates on the basis of the superposition principle from quantum they are measured – and this is what is behind the moon/mouse mechanics requires the involvement of engineering. -
4 Muon Capture on the Deuteron 7 4.1 Theoretical Framework
February 8, 2008 Muon Capture on the Deuteron The MuSun Experiment MuSun Collaboration model-independent connection via EFT http://www.npl.uiuc.edu/exp/musun V.A. Andreeva, R.M. Careye, V.A. Ganzhaa, A. Gardestigh, T. Gorringed, F.E. Grayg, D.W. Hertzogb, M. Hildebrandtc, P. Kammelb, B. Kiburgb, S. Knaackb, P.A. Kravtsova, A.G. Krivshicha, K. Kuboderah, B. Laussc, M. Levchenkoa, K.R. Lynche, E.M. Maeva, O.E. Maeva, F. Mulhauserb, F. Myhrerh, C. Petitjeanc, G.E. Petrova, R. Prieelsf , G.N. Schapkina, G.G. Semenchuka, M.A. Sorokaa, V. Tishchenkod, A.A. Vasilyeva, A.A. Vorobyova, M.E. Vznuzdaeva, P. Winterb aPetersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina 188350, Russia bUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA cPaul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland dUniversity of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA eBoston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA f Universit´eCatholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium gRegis University, Denver, CO 80221, USA hUniversity of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA Co-spokespersons underlined. 1 Abstract: We propose to measure the rate Λd for muon capture on the deuteron to better than 1.5% precision. This process is the simplest weak interaction process on a nucleus that can both be calculated and measured to a high degree of precision. The measurement will provide a benchmark result, far more precise than any current experimental information on weak interaction processes in the two-nucleon system. Moreover, it can impact our understanding of fundamental reactions of astrophysical interest, like solar pp fusion and the ν + d reactions observed by the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory. -
Sterns Lebensdaten Und Chronologie Seines Wirkens
Sterns Lebensdaten und Chronologie seines Wirkens Diese Chronologie von Otto Sterns Wirken basiert auf folgenden Quellen: 1. Otto Sterns selbst verfassten Lebensläufen, 2. Sterns Briefen und Sterns Publikationen, 3. Sterns Reisepässen 4. Sterns Züricher Interview 1961 5. Dokumenten der Hochschularchive (17.2.1888 bis 17.8.1969) 1888 Geb. 17.2.1888 als Otto Stern in Sohrau/Oberschlesien In allen Lebensläufen und Dokumenten findet man immer nur den VornamenOt- to. Im polizeilichen Führungszeugnis ausgestellt am 12.7.1912 vom königlichen Polizeipräsidium Abt. IV in Breslau wird bei Stern ebenfalls nur der Vorname Otto erwähnt. Nur im Emeritierungsdokument des Carnegie Institutes of Tech- nology wird ein zweiter Vorname Otto M. Stern erwähnt. Vater: Mühlenbesitzer Oskar Stern (*1850–1919) und Mutter Eugenie Stern geb. Rosenthal (*1863–1907) Nach Angabe von Diana Templeton-Killan, der Enkeltochter von Berta Kamm und somit Großnichte von Otto Stern (E-Mail vom 3.12.2015 an Horst Schmidt- Böcking) war Ottos Großvater Abraham Stern. Abraham hatte 5 Kinder mit seiner ersten Frau Nanni Freund. Nanni starb kurz nach der Geburt des fünften Kindes. Bald danach heiratete Abraham Berta Ben- der, mit der er 6 weitere Kinder hatte. Ottos Vater Oskar war das dritte Kind von Berta. Abraham und Nannis erstes Kind war Heinrich Stern (1833–1908). Heinrich hatte 4 Kinder. Das erste Kind war Richard Stern (1865–1911), der Toni Asch © Springer-Verlag GmbH Deutschland 2018 325 H. Schmidt-Böcking, A. Templeton, W. Trageser (Hrsg.), Otto Sterns gesammelte Briefe – Band 1, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-55735-8 326 Sterns Lebensdaten und Chronologie seines Wirkens heiratete. -
The Emergence of Radioecology
Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-09602-8 — Radioecology R. J. Pentreath Excerpt More Information 1 The Emergence of Radioecology 1.1 Glowing in the Dark On the frieze of the south-west facing Grenelle side of the Eiffel Tower in Paris, sandwiched between the names of Broca and Coriolis, is the name Becquerel. Paul Broca was a gifted physician and anthropologist and Gaspard-Gustave de Coriolis a famous engineer and scientist. Antoine César Becquerel, however, was a physicist who, with his son Alexandre- Edmund, had made major contributions to the study of electricity. Alexandre-Edmund was himself to make major contributions to science, not only in relation to the study of electricity but also to the early development of photography; he was very interested in the curious phenomena of luminescence and phosphorescence as well. But it was Alexandre-Edmund’s son, Antoine Henri Becquerel, who was to stumble upon a completely different phenom- enon that was to change forever our understanding of the world around us, and that phenomenon was radioactivity. Just as fortunate, perhaps, was the fact that Henri did so only because of the very recent discovery of what we now know as ionising radiation by Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, and that discovery had been very dramatic indeed. Röntgen had been experimenting with the discharge of electricity in vacuum tubes that had metal plates sealed into their ends so that they could be connected to a battery or an induction coil. Such tubes, first produced by Johann Geissler in 1857, had been used by Julius Plücker in 1858 to study the nature of electricity, the flow of which caused a glowing light to emerge from the negative plate (the cathode) and then disappear into the positive plate (the anode). -
7. Examples of Magnetic Energy Diagrams. P.1. April 16, 2002 7
7. Examples of Magnetic Energy Diagrams. There are several very important cases of electron spin magnetic energy diagrams to examine in detail, because they appear repeatedly in many photochemical systems. The fundamental magnetic energy diagrams are those for a single electron spin at zero and high field and two correlated electron spins at zero and high field. The word correlated will be defined more precisely later, but for now we use it in the sense that the electron spins are correlated by electron exchange interactions and are thereby required to maintain a strict phase relationship. Under these circumstances, the terms singlet and triplet are meaningful in discussing magnetic resonance and chemical reactivity. From these fundamental cases the magnetic energy diagram for coupling of a single electron spin with a nuclear spin (we shall consider only couplings with nuclei with spin 1/2) at zero and high field and the coupling of two correlated electron spins with a nuclear spin are readily derived and extended to the more complicated (and more realistic) cases of couplings of electron spins to more than one nucleus or to magnetic moments generated from other sources (spin orbit coupling, spin lattice coupling, spin photon coupling, etc.). Magentic Energy Diagram for A Single Electron Spin and Two Coupled Electron Spins. Zero Field. Figure 14 displays the magnetic energy level diagram for the two fundamental cases of : (1) a single electron spin, a doublet or D state and (2) two correlated electron spins, which may be a triplet, T, or singlet, S state. In zero field (ignoring the electron exchange interaction and only considering the magnetic interactions) all of the magnetic energy levels are degenerate because there is no preferred orientation of the angular momentum and therefore no preferred orientation of the magnetic moment due to spin. -
Obituary : Walter Greiner
Obituary : Walter Greiner Walter Greiner, one of the leading theoretical physicists of after-war Germany, who taught and conducted research at Johann-Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt am Main for five decades, died October 5, 2016, at his home in Kelkheim, near Frankfurt. He was born on 29 October 1935 in Neuenbau, Land of Thüringen. He studied Physics in Frankfurt and Darmstadt, and earned the doctoral degree in 1961 from the University of Freiburg, with a thesis entitled “The nuclear polarization in μ-mesoatoms”, under the supervision of Hans Marschall, a theoretical physicist, former assistant of Siegfried Flügge in Göttingen and co-author of the famous book on Quantum Mechanics “Rechenmethoden der Quantentheorie”. In 1983 Walter Greiner recalled that the well-known Rotation-Vibration model of nuclei, proposed by him and A. Faessler, appeared under the influence of H. Marschall. Between 1962-1964 W.G. was Assistant Professor at the University of Maryland. In 1965 he obtained the position of Ordinarius at the Institute of Theoretical Physics (J.W. Goethe University) where he held the directorship for three decades. Before him this institute was directed by brilliant physicists such as Max von Laue, Max Born, Friedrich Hund and Erwin Madelung. In the '60, Walter Greiner played an instrumental role in the development of Heavy Ion research in the Federal Republic of Germany, an effort that lead to one of the largest facilities of this type in the world: Gesselschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI-Darmstadt). In 2003 he retired from the faculty and founded the Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies (FIAS), where he was director for several years. -
Otto Stern Annalen 4.11.11
(To be published by Annalen der Physik in December 2011) Otto Stern (1888-1969): The founding father of experimental atomic physics J. Peter Toennies,1 Horst Schmidt-Böcking,2 Bretislav Friedrich,3 Julian C.A. Lower2 1Max-Planck-Institut für Dynamik und Selbstorganisation Bunsenstrasse 10, 37073 Göttingen 2Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Strasse 1, 60438 Frankfurt 3Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin Keywords History of Science, Atomic Physics, Quantum Physics, Stern- Gerlach experiment, molecular beams, space quantization, magnetic dipole moments of nucleons, diffraction of matter waves, Nobel Prizes, University of Zurich, University of Frankfurt, University of Rostock, University of Hamburg, Carnegie Institute. We review the work and life of Otto Stern who developed the molecular beam technique and with its aid laid the foundations of experimental atomic physics. Among the key results of his research are: the experimental test of the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of molecular velocities (1920), experimental demonstration of space quantization of angular momentum (1922), diffraction of matter waves comprised of atoms and molecules by crystals (1931) and the determination of the magnetic dipole moments of the proton and deuteron (1933). 1 Introduction Short lists of the pioneers of quantum mechanics featured in textbooks and historical accounts alike typically include the names of Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Arnold Sommerfeld, Niels Bohr, Max von Laue, Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrödinger, Paul Dirac, Max Born, and Wolfgang Pauli on the theory side, and of Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, Ernest Rutherford, Arthur Compton, and James Franck on the experimental side. However, the records in the Archive of the Nobel Foundation as well as scientific correspondence, oral-history accounts and scientometric evidence suggest that at least one more name should be added to the list: that of the “experimenting theorist” Otto Stern. -
Max Planck Institute for the History of Science Werner Heisenberg And
MAX-PLANCK-INSTITUT FÜR WISSENSCHAFTSGESCHICHTE Max Planck Institute for the History of Science PREPRINT 203 (2002) Horst Kant Werner Heisenberg and the German Uranium Project Otto Hahn and the Declarations of Mainau and Göttingen Werner Heisenberg and the German Uranium Project* Horst Kant Werner Heisenberg’s (1901-1976) involvement in the German Uranium Project is the most con- troversial aspect of his life. The controversial discussions on it go from whether Germany at all wanted to built an atomic weapon or only an energy supplying machine (the last only for civil purposes or also for military use for instance in submarines), whether the scientists wanted to support or to thwart such efforts, whether Heisenberg and the others did really understand the mechanisms of an atomic bomb or not, and so on. Examples for both extreme positions in this controversy represent the books by Thomas Powers Heisenberg’s War. The Secret History of the German Bomb,1 who builds up him to a resistance fighter, and by Paul L. Rose Heisenberg and the Nazi Atomic Bomb Project – A Study in German Culture,2 who characterizes him as a liar, fool and with respect to the bomb as a poor scientist; both books were published in the 1990s. In the first part of my paper I will sum up the main facts, known on the German Uranium Project, and in the second part I will discuss some aspects of the role of Heisenberg and other German scientists, involved in this project. Although there is already written a lot on the German Uranium Project – and the best overview up to now supplies Mark Walker with his book German National Socialism and the quest for nuclear power, which was published in * Paper presented on a conference in Moscow (November 13/14, 2001) at the Institute for the History of Science and Technology [àÌÒÚËÚÛÚ ËÒÚÓËË ÂÒÚÂÒÚ‚ÓÁ̇ÌËfl Ë ÚÂıÌËÍË ËÏ. -
Using the “Freshney.Org Periodic Table” in Education Environments. Paul
Using the “freshney.org Periodic Table” in Education environments. Paul Alan Freshney December 15 th 2008 This document is for use with; Periodic Table Classic Periodic Table Explorer Periodic Table Mini ( http://www.freshney.org/education ) 1. Introduction The freshney.org Periodic Table (FPT) comes with plenty of content for use in any school, college or other educational establishment, but as I was writing it I realized that it would be useful if individuals could tailor it their specific needs. From the very beginning the FPT was designed so that it could be customised by individuals or institutions. All of the information pages (element, glossary, biographies etc.) are all stored as individual HTML pages within the ‘data’ directory. These can be edited and altered as you wish, please do not redistribute them though! None of the software’s data is stored in any binary format that would make alteration or customization impossible. Please feel free to customize the application as you wish, though please don’t redistribute it!! This will allow you to harness the power of the software for your own purposes as well as to make it more relevant for your teaching / educational needs. All of the content for the Periodic Table software is created through the use of XML files (with over one hundred thousand lines of content in total) and XSL transformations. It is not my intention to release these to the public domain, but I may be willing to release them to interested individuals or educational establishments in the future…. I will be updating the content of the software for many years to come, if you have any specific requests then please don’t hesitate to get in touch. -
Otto Stern Annalen 22.9.11
September 22, 2011 Otto Stern (1888-1969): The founding father of experimental atomic physics J. Peter Toennies,1 Horst Schmidt-Böcking,2 Bretislav Friedrich,3 Julian C.A. Lower2 1Max-Planck-Institut für Dynamik und Selbstorganisation Bunsenstrasse 10, 37073 Göttingen 2Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Strasse 1, 60438 Frankfurt 3Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin Keywords History of Science, Atomic Physics, Quantum Physics, Stern- Gerlach experiment, molecular beams, space quantization, magnetic dipole moments of nucleons, diffraction of matter waves, Nobel Prizes, University of Zurich, University of Frankfurt, University of Rostock, University of Hamburg, Carnegie Institute. We review the work and life of Otto Stern who developed the molecular beam technique and with its aid laid the foundations of experimental atomic physics. Among the key results of his research are: the experimental determination of the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of molecular velocities (1920), experimental demonstration of space quantization of angular momentum (1922), diffraction of matter waves comprised of atoms and molecules by crystals (1931) and the determination of the magnetic dipole moments of the proton and deuteron (1933). 1 Introduction Short lists of the pioneers of quantum mechanics featured in textbooks and historical accounts alike typically include the names of Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Arnold Sommerfeld, Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrödinger, Paul Dirac, Max Born, and Wolfgang Pauli on the theory side, and of Konrad Röntgen, Ernest Rutherford, Max von Laue, Arthur Compton, and James Franck on the experimental side. However, the records in the Archive of the Nobel Foundation as well as scientific correspondence, oral-history accounts and scientometric evidence suggest that at least one more name should be added to the list: that of the “experimenting theorist” Otto Stern.