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The Industrial Buildings and Complexes: the New Programs and the Impact on the City

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The Industrial Buildings and Complexes: the New Programs and the Impact on the City The Industrial Buildings and Complexes: The new programs and the impact on the city Examples in Portugal & The Netherlands Ivo Filipe Lourenço Batista Thesis to obtain the Master of Science Degree in Architecture Supervisor: Prof.Bárbara dos Santos Coutinho Supervisor: Prof.Marcel W. Musch Examination Committee Chairperson: Prof. Helena Silva Barranha Gomes Supervisor: Prof. Bárbara dos Santos Coutinho Members of the Committee: Prof. Vítor Manuel de Matos Carvalho Araújo October 2017 AGRADECIMENTOS À minha avó, aos meus pais, ao meu irmão. Aos meus amigos de cá, pelos últimos 5 anos. Aos amigos de lá, por todos os anos. À minha orientadora, Professora Bárbara Coutinho, pela orientação, disponibilidade e apoio ao longo do processo. To my co-tutor, Professor Marcel Musch, for the help, support and friendship during the development of this document. “Our lives have been enriched by elements the possibility of whose existence the ancients did not even suspect. (…). We have lost our predilection for the monumental, the heavy, the static, and we have enriched our sensibility with a taste for the light, the practical, the ephemeral and the swift. We no longer feel ourselves to be the men of the cathedrals, the palaces and the podiums. We are the men of the great hotels, the railway stations, the immense streets, colossal ports, covered markets, luminous arcades, straight roads and beneficial demolitions.” (Antonio Sant’Elia, Manifest of Futurist Architecture 1914) Collecting Charcoal, Newcastle, 1978 by Henri Cartier Bresson RESUMO O Património Industrial é um testemunho físico do processo de industrialização iniciado em meados do século XVIII, e que se prolonga até aos dias de hoje, assumindo novas vertentes. Estas transformações tiveram uma tradução económica e social, mas também urbana e arquitectónica. As profundas alterações ocorridas no sistema económico contemporâneo fragilizaram o estatuto destes lugares físicos, resultando na sua obsolescência. Resultado, transformam-se em espaços abandonados, ou até mesmo em ruínas, com graves consequências urbanas, arquitectónicas e sociais. Assim hoje, a discussão sobre os edifícios e espaços industriais passa em primeiro lugar por perspectivar o seu futuro e questionar a dicotomia demolição/reocupação. O presente documento pretende expor como estas estruturas desocupadas são uma oportunidade para a densificação e a revitalização do território urbano, analisando os novos programas que estão a ser desenvolvidos. As abordagens estudadas visam entender também de que modo as transformações feitas têm em consideração o pré-existente e os seus valores imateriais, como as memórias ou o significado cultural coletivo. Estas premissas são abordadas com base num conjunto de casos de estudo de territórios pós- industriais transformados, em Portugal e na Holanda. O conjunto de exemplos não pretende um confronto directo, mas sim um suporte para uma reflexão e discussão mais abrangente e diversa sobre este tema que é, por natureza, complexo e plural. Keywords: Património industrial, urbanismo, redesenvolvimento, Portugal, Holanda ABSTRACT The Industrial Heritage is a physical testimony of the process of Industrialisation that began in the middle of the 18th century, and continues to the present days, taking on new ways. These transformations had an economic and social translation, but also an urban and architectural translation. The profound changes in the contemporary economic landscape weakened the status of these physical places, resulting in their obsolescence. The result, they become abandoned spaces, or even ruins, with serious urban, architectural and social impacts. Today the discussion about Industrial buildings and spaces is firstly to outline their future and questioning the demolition/reoccupation dichotomy. This document aims to show how these vacant structures are an opportunity for the densification and revitalisation of the urban territory, analysing the new programs that are being developed. The approaches studied are also intended to understand how the transformations take in account the pre- existing and their immaterial values, such as memories or the collective cultural meaning. These premises are approached based on a set of case studies of transformed post-industrial territories in Portugal and the Netherlands. The set of examples is not intended as a direct confrontation, but rather as a support for a more comprehensive and diverse reflection and discussion on this theme, which is by nature complex and plural Keywords: Industrial Heritage, urbanism, redevelopment, Portugal, Netherlands LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 Industrial Typologies p.79 Adapted from Oevermann (2016) Table 4.1 LX Factory p.79 Table 4.2 Strijp-S p.79 Table 4.3 Faculdade de Arquitectura de Évora p.80 Table 4.4 Community College ROC Twente Hengelo p.80 Table 4.5 Silos Creative Container p.80 Table 4.6 Maashaven Silo BV p.80 Table 4.7 Oliva Creative Factory p.81 Table 4.8 Van Nelle Fabriek p.81 LIST OF FIGURES Cover Figure AEG Turbin Hall, 1909 cover https://smarthistory.org/peter-behrens-turbine-factory/ Front page Figure Collecting Charcoal, Newcastle, 1978 Author: Henri Cartier-Bresson https://pro.magnumphotos.com/Catalogue/Henri-Cartier-Bresson/1978/ Figure 2.1 Trent Mill, Manchester, 1951 p.6 Author: Clem Rutter https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trent_Mill Figure 2.2 Packard Building No.10, Detroit, 1947 p.6 http://www.cca.qc.ca/en/search?page=18&query=Albert+Kahn&filters=%7B%7D Figure 2.3 Chrysler Half-Ton Truck Plant, Detroit, 1938 p.6 Author: Heridch Blessing http://www.cca.qc.ca/en/search/details/collection/object/14042 Figure 2.4 AEG Turbin Hall, Berlin, 1927 p.7 https://www.siemens.com/history/en/news/assembly_hall.htm Figure 2.5 Fagus Factory, Alfeld, n.d. p.7 http://mimimatelot.blogspot.pt/2013/03/fagus-factory.html Figure 2.6 Claude & Duval Factory, Saint Dié-des.Vosges, n.d. p.7 https://www.wallpaper.com/architecture/le-corbusiers-claude-duval-factory-france Figure 2.7 Windmills, Kinderdijk, 2014 p. 8 https://tickets.holland.com/en/tours/the-kinderdijk-world-heritage-site-windmills/ Figure 2.8 Euston Station, London, 1925 p.8 http://www.nrm.org.uk/ourcollection/photo?group=Euston&objid=1997-7409_LMS_4886B Figure 2.9 Wallpaper with peeling texture, Eindhoven, 2017 p.14 Author: Lennart Arpots Figure 2.10 Lx Factory, Lisbon, n.d. p.14 https://nit.pt/out-of-town/back-in-town/lx-factory-comprada-um-grupo-frances Figure 2.11 De Hallen, Amsterdam, 2017 p.14 Author: Gonçalo Batista Figure 2.12 Catalonie Factory, Tilburg, 2017 p.17 Author: Lennart Arpots http://www.urbanlab.cc/projecten/2017kajapi Figure 2.13 Children Shoe Factory, Netherlands, n.d. p.17 http://www.gahetna.nl/collectie/afbeeldingen Figure 2.14 Panorama, Oldham, 1876 p.19 http://www.galleryoldham.org.uk/collections/social-history-collection/ Figure 2.15 Van Nelle Fabriek (interior), Rotterdam, 1930 p.19 https://thecharnelhouse.org/2014/02/04/van-nelle-factory-in-rotterdam-1926-1930/van-nelle-fabriek- rotterdam-1923-1930-architect-j-a-brinkman-en-l-c-van-der-vlugt2/ Figure 2.16 Silhouette of Leiden with Church (left) and Factory (right) p.22 Author: Gonçalo Batista Figure 3.1 Tate, London, n.d. p.28 Author: Tate Photography http://www.tate.org.uk/context-comment/articles/behind-the-art-tate-modern Figure 3.2 Sulzer Stadmitte, Switzerland, 2014 p.28 https://www.wbw.ch/de/heft/artikel/leseprobe/2014-6-diversitaet-durch-langsamkeit.html Figure 3.3 Proposal Urban Block AEG Complex, Berlin, 1995 p.28 Author: Kleihues architects http://www.kleihues.com/index.php?aid=158-2&lang=en Figure 3.4 Alstom Complex, Belfort, n.d. p.28 https://www.amc-archi.com/photos/reichen-et-robert-bureaux-d-alstom,465/facade-principale-bureaux- d.1 Figure 3.5 Zollverein Industrial Complex, Essen, n.d. p.28 Author: Gili Merin https://www.archdaily.com/534996/a-photographic-journey-through-zollverein-a-post-industrial- landscape-turned-machine-age-playground Figure 3.5 Sesc Pompeia, São Paulo, n.d. p.29 Author: Marcus Lanz http://www.infoartsp.com.br/guia/museus-e-instituicoes/sesc-pompeia/ Figure 3.6 Beijing Art District, Beijing, n.d. p.29 Author: Klaus Kunzmann http://www.citymetric.com/horizons/what-s-role-creativity-urban-development-403 Figure 4.1 Caramujo Mill, Caramujo, 2015 p.35 Author: Isa Coy http://quintaisisa.blogspot.pt/2015/05/do-caramujo-praia-da-mutela-olhar.html Figure 4.2 Standard Eléctrica, Lisbon, 1944 p.35 Author: Cottinelli Telmo http://restosdecoleccao.blogspot.pt/2015/03/standard-electrica.html Figure 4.3 Cover Arquitectura Popular Portuguesa, 1961 p.36 Author: Artur Pastor https://www.livrariaamaisa.pt/portugal/2209-Arquitectura-Popular-em-Portugal-4-edicao-2- volumes.html Figure 4.4 Casa das Caldeiras (restoration), Coimbra, 2008 p.36 Author: Fernando Guerra https://www.archdaily.com/62876/casa-das-caldeiras-joao-mendes-ribeiro-e-cristina-guedes Figure 4.6 Home Industry, Multi-level factory, Low Rise, Building Ensemble, Production Hall, Netherlands, 2016 p.38 Author: Marcel Musch Figure 4.7 Markthal, Rotterdam, 2014 p.39 Author: MVRDV https://www.dezeen.com/2014/10/01/mvrdv-markthal-rotterdam-arched-market-housing/ Figure 4.8 Museum Foundatie, Zwolle, 2010 p.40 Author: Rob Hoekstra https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/musuem-de-fundatie-zwolle-the-netherlands Figure 4.9 Companhia Fiação Lisbonense, Lisbon, n.d. p.44 http://bocasfoleiras.blogs.sapo.pt/companhia-de-fiacao-e-tecidos-700516 Figure 4.10 LX Factory, Lisbon, n.d. p.44 https://www.insidelisbon.com/package/city-guide-parks-and-attractions-lx-factory/ Figure 4.11 Bookshop Ler Devagar,
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