Industrial Heritage Analysis
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Global Strategy Studies Industrial Heritage Analysis World Heritage List and Tentative List Michael Falser (Austria) Stagiaire 15.8.-15.10.2001 UNESCO World Heritage Centre Asia-Pacific Region Minja Yang Table of Contents 0. Overview - Aim of Work 4 1. The UNESCO World Heritage 4 1.1. Convention, World Heritage Committee, Advisory Bodies, World Heritage List and Tentative List 4 1.2. The UNESCO World Heritage Centre and its Mandate 5 2. The World Heritage List and Global Strategy 6 2.1. The World Heritage List and Global Strategy 6 2.2. Trends, Analysis, Issues, Lacuna to address 6 3. Industrial Heritage 9 3.1. Definition 9 3.2. Industrial Heritage on the World Heritage List 9 3.3. Proposed Classification System (HEAR) 13 3.4. Classification and Introduction of the Industrial World Heritage Sites 14 4. Analysis of the Tentative List 16 4.1. Definition of the Tentative List and The Operational Guidelines 16 4.2. Classification of Industrial Heritage on the Tentative List 16 4.3. Classification by Region 17 4.3.1. Africa Region 17 4.3.1.1. Table and Map - Description 17 4.3.1.2. Trends 18 4.3.1.3. Highlights 18 4.3.2. Arab States Region 19 4.3.2.1. Table and Map - Description 19 4.3.2.2. Trends 19 4.3.2.3. Highlights 20 2 4.3.3. Asia / Pacific Region 21 4.3.3.1. Table and Map - Description 21 4.3.3.2. Trends 22 4.3.3.3. Highlights 22 4.3.4. Europe / North America Region 23 4.3.4.1. Table and Map - Description 23 4.3.4.2. Trends 24 4.3.4.3. Highlights 24 4.3.5. Latin America / Caribbean Region 26 4.3.4.1. Table and Map - Description 26 4.3.4.2. Trends 26 4.3.4.3. Highlights 27 4.4. Global Classification of Industrial Heritage 28 4.4.1. Trends 28 4.4.2. Global Classification List and Global Map 30 4.4.3. Example of Application 31 5. Work for the Future - a Martix System 33 6. Appendices 34 6.1. HAER Industrial Classification System 6.2. Industrial Classification List of Industrial Heritage Sites with photos 6.3. Africa Tentative list analysis and description 6.4. Africa Tentative Industrial Heritage Classification 6.5. Arab States Tentative list analysis and description 6.6. Arab States Tentative Industrial Heritage Classification 6.7. Asia / Pacific Tentative list analysis and description 6.8. Asia / Pacific Tentative Industrial Heritage Classification 6.9. Europe / North America Tentative list analysis and description 6.10. Europe / North America Tentative Industrial Heritage Classification 6.11. Latin America / Caribbean Tentative list analysis and description 6.12. Latin America / Caribbean Tentative Industrial Heritage Classification 6.13. Global Tentative Industrial Heritage list Classification 6.14. Powerpoint presentation 3 Industrial World Heritage and Global Strategy Acknoledgement I want to thank Ms. Minja Yang for accepting me for this internship at the UNESCO World Heritage Centre and for giving me a lot of space for developing my ideas for this analysis. I want to thank Bernd Paulowitz for his help in generating many of the maps in this presentation, and all members of the World Heritage Centre who had an open ear to me and helped me to find my way through the UNESCO infrastructure. My special thanks goes to Peter Stott who was a magnificant help in my work, a restless promoter of my interests in Industrial Heritage, and a great friend. I want to thank as well Eric DeLony of the Historic American Engineering Record of the U.S. National Park Service, who provided an excellent classification system as a key instrument for this work. 0. Overview The following analysis has been develped during an internship at the World Heritage Center of UNESCO by Michael Falser, an Austrian architect and art historian, in autumn 2001 under the supervision of Minja Yang and Junko Taniguchi. Being a major task for the World Heritage Center, this analysis is a contribution to the "Global Strategy" - studies for a harmonisation of the World Heritage List and for the identification of under-represented categories. Aim of Work After a short introduction of the UNESCO World Heritage structure, its instruments and units, the present state of the World Heritage List and the tentative list with special focus on Industrial Heritage will be discussed. The main idea of this work is not only to identify Industrial Heritage sites on the tentative list, but to introduce a classification system in order to build sub- themes. Such a system could avoid repetitive nominations for the future and could be an example for other categories such as the heritage of the 20th century. It will show the vast variety of industrial sites around the world. 1. The UNESCO World Heritage 1.1. The Convention, World Heritage Committee, Advisory Bodies, World Heritage List and Tentative List The UNESCO World Heritage Convention is one of a group of environmental treaties adopted after the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human 4 Environment, held in Stockholm, Sweden. It brought together the conservation of cultural and natural heritage under a single legal instrument. It provides for the protection of those cultural and natural properties considered being of exceptional interest and outstanding universal value. The Convention defines the kind of natural or cultural sites which can be considered for the inscription in the World Heritage List, and sets out the duties of States Parties in identifying potential sites and their role in protecting and preserving them. Every State Party shall submit an inventory of property forming part of the heritage in its territory as a State Party’s Tentative List. Sites suitable for inclusion in the World Heritage List are transmitted to the Committee as nominations. The World Heritage Committee, which consists of representatives from 21 of the States Parties to the Convention, meets once a year and examines the States Parties nominations on the basis of technical evaluations. These independent evaluations of proposed cultural and natural sites are provided by two advisory bodies, the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) and the World Conservation Union (IUCN), respectively. The third advisory body, the International Centre for Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM), provides expert advice on restoring monuments and organises training courses. To be included in the World Heritage List, sites must satisfy the selection criteria. These criteria are explained in the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention, which, besides the text of the Convention, is the main working document on World Heritage. The criteria are different for cultural and natural sites and mixed sites (with both outstanding natural and cultural values) and have been revised regularly by the Committee to match the evolution of the World Heritage itself. Equally important are authenticity, integrity, protection and management of the site. 1.2. The UNESCO World Heritage Centre and its Mandate The UNESCO World Heritage Centre was set up in 1992 by the Director- General to assure the day-to-day management of the Convention. It organizes the annual sessions of the World Heritage Bureau and the Committee, provides advice to States Parties in the preparation of site nominations, organizes technical assistance upon request, co-ordinates both the reporting on the condition of sites and the emergency action undertaken when a site is threatened. It is also responsible for the administration of the World Heritage Fund. The mandate of the World Heritage Centre is not about freezing heritage, but to integrate heritage conservation management and preservation with the overall development process and to promote a better understanding and tolerance of cultural diversity. 5 2. The World Heritage List and Global Strategy 2.1. The World Heritage List and Global Strategy Since the adoption of the World Heritage Convention in 1972, innumerable discussions have been conducted as to the means of ensuring the representative nature of the World Heritage List. Since 1979 and progressively afterwards, disparities and imbalances have been underlined and the Committee has evoked the need to improve the representative nature of the List. Since 1994, several expert meetings on a “Global Strategy” were held and thematic studies for a representative World Heritage List were started. The Committee adopted the report of the "Global Strategy" expert group at its 18th session in December 1994. At its 24th session in December 2000 several decisions were taken concerning the Harmonisation of the World Heritage List. “The advisory bodies and the World Heritage Centre should proceed with the analysis of sites inscribed on the World Heritage List and the tentative list on a regional, chronological, geographical and thematic basis. […]The analysis will provide States Parties with a clear overview of the present situation, and likely trends in the short to medium term with a view to identifying under- represented categories.”1 2.2. Trends and Issues, Lacuna to address – Global Strategy In 2001 there are 690 sites inscribed on the World Heritage List. Two charts show the composition of the inscribed sites according to the 5 world regions chosen by the World Heritage Centre. 1 World Heritage Committee, 24th session Report; Cairns, Australia December 2000. Under 3.2.ii 6 Europe / North America embraces 50% of all World Heritage, Asia / Pacific Region embraces 20%, Latin America / Caribbean 14%. The Arab States region and Africa represent 8% each of all sites inscribed on the List. A global map showing all World Heritage Sites indicates the "centralisation" of inscribed sites in Europe. The division in cultural (including industrial), natural and mixed sites shows a large majority of cultural sites in all regions except Africa; the Europe / North America region alone embraces 302 out of all 529 cultural sites.