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Index Entries in italic type refer to illustrations

Aalto, Alvar, 18, 129, 170, 271, 291, 360, 476, 492, American Embassy. See Embassy Baker House Dormitory, Massachusetts Institute 492, 493, 493–494, 494, 495 American Houses, Inc., 148–149, 309 of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Abramovitz, Max, 372, 372, 373, 375 American Institute of Architects (AIA), 278, 432, 291, 494 accessibility 436 Bankers Trust Building, New York, New York, 80 airport terminal preservation, 425 American National Exhibition, Moscow, USSR banking industry, 39–40 Raymond M. Hilliard Center, , Illinois, (1959), 141 Bankside Power Station, Southwark, , 293, 295 American Radiator Company, 309 England, 449 A. Conger Goodyear House, Old Westbury, New American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM), Barbican housing estate, London, England, 86, 98 York, 213 113, 128 Barcelona chair, 7, 185, 189, 189 acrylic sealants, 133 Ammann & Whitney, 95, 427, 431 Barcelona Pavilion, Barcelona, Spain (1929), 10, adaptive reuse, 34 Amoco Building (), Chicago, Illinois, 38, 50, 51, 52, 171, 182, 183, 184, 185, 185, Advance Development Company, 264 129, 131, 476, 496, 497, 498 186, 187–188, 188, 189, 189, 190–193 advocacy, viii design, 496 design description, 187–189 Agnelli, Giovanni, 454–455 generally, 496 generally, 185–187 Ain, Gregory, 261–262, 263, 263, 264, 265, 266, historical development, 496–498 historical perspective, 189–190 266, 326 preservation issues, 498 reconstruction, 190–193, 201 Air Commerce Act of 1926, 420 Anaheim Ice (Disney Ice Skating Rink), Bard Awards, 279 Air France, 424 Anaheim, California, 107 Barragán, Luis, 5 airline industry, 31, 395, 396, 422, 424, 431. See anastylosis, 58–59 Basilica of Vicenza, Andrea Palladio, Venice, Italy, also airport terminals antimodern bias, viii 457 AIROH houses (generally), 144, 145, 148, 153 Antiquities Act of 1906, 67 Bauer, Catherine, 206 AIROH houses, Edinburgh, , 145 Aon Center (Amoco Building), Chicago, Illinois. , Dessau, Germany, 2, 5, 7, 8, 10, airport terminals, 419–444. See also airline See Amoco Building (Aon Center), Chicago, 110–111, 123, 127, 225, 297, 331, 473 industry; Dulles International Airport, Illinois Bauhaus, Weimar, Germany, 225 Chantilly, Virginia; TWA Terminal, John F. Arapahoe Acres, Denver, Colorado, 240 beams and , structural steel, 79, 81 Kennedy International Airport, New York, The Architects Collaborative, Boston, Massachu- Beaudo, Eugène, 331–332 New York setts (TAC), 162, 225–226, 331, 332 Becket, Welton, 397 Dulles International Airport, Chantilly, Architectural and Allied Arts Exhibition, 183, Beckman, Morris H., 318, 319–320, 323 Virginia, 436–438, 436–439, 440, 441–444 200. See also Aluminaire House, Architec- Behrens, Peter, 9, 225 historical perspective, 420–423 tural and Allied Arts Exhibition, New York Bell Telephone Corporation Research Laborato- overview, 419–420 Architectural League, Central Islip, New ries, Holmdel, New Jersey, 33–34, 451 preservation issues, 423–425 York (1931) Belluschi, Pietro, 89, 373, 375, 378 TWA Terminal, John F. Kennedy International architectural bronze, curtain walls, 119–120 Bemis, Albert, 147 Airport, New York, New York, 426–430, architectural drawings, 169 Bemis , 146–147 426–434, 435 Architectural League of , 200 Bergpolder Flats, , , 269 A. Jespersen and Sons Office Building, Copen- Architectural Record (journal), 199–200, 342 Berkshire Music Festival opera house, Stock- hagen, Denmark, 412–413 Arets, Wiel, 482 bridge, Massachusetts, 105 Albany Empire State Plaza, Albany, New York, 372 Ärhus City Hall, Denmark, 353 Berlage, H. P., 503 Albert I (king of Belgium), 140 art, design intent, philosophical issues, 35–37 Bethlehem Steel Company, 79 Alcoa Building, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 117, style, 10, 14, 16, 26, 137, 245, 246, 394, Bethlehem Steel site, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 117, 473–474 404, 422 451 Alcoa Corporation, 117 Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 163 Beverly Hilton, Los Angeles, California, 405 Alexandra Road housing project, London, artisans, 35 Bijvoet, Bernard, 9, 334, 335–338, 337–340, 465, England, 12 Art Moderne style, 16 501, 502, 503, 505, 508, 509 Alfonso XIII (king of Spain), 190 Arts and Crafts movement (English), 44–45, 46, Blake, Peter, 68 Alhambra, Granada, Spain, 58 56 Blass, Roy Burton, 318, 319–320, 323 Alice Tully Hall, Lincoln Center, New York, New Arts Council of Britain, 367 Bohigas, Oriol, 190, 191 York, 379 Arup, Ove, 382, 386 Boito, Camillo, 57 Allied Arts and Building Products Exhibition, asbestos, 81, 82, 178. See also hazardous materials Böll, Henrich, 450 New York, New York (1931), 149 assessment. See investigation and assessment Bolt, Beranek & Newman, 515 Allies & Morrison, 369 Association of American Steel Manufacturers, 79 Bonwit Teller Building, New York, New York, 405 Aluminaire House, Architectural and Allied ArtsCOPYRIGHTEDAthens Charter (1931), 57–59, 60, 62,MATERIAL 64, 67 Boots Pharmaceutical Factory (Nottingham, Exhibition, New York Architectural League, Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), 315 ), 10, 46, 122, 122 Central Islip, New York (1931), 50, 51, 52, Attenborough, John, 367 Boston City Hall, Boston, Massachusetts, 26, 27, 73, 117, 149, 183, 184, 194, 194–195, 196, Atterbury, Grosvenor, 146 28 197, 197, 198, 198–201, 202, 202–203 , 62–64 Boston Redevelopment Corporation, 288 design description, 195–199 Australian Heritage Commission Act of 1975, 62 Bottino, Vittorio Bonadé, 455 generally, 194–195 authenticity Bracken House, London, England, 12–13, 13 historical perspective, 199–201 Nara Document on Authenticity, 61–62, 64–65 Brandi, Cesare, 52, 60 preservation issues, 201–203 philosophical issues, 44–47 Brasília, Brazil, xi, 5, 6, 21, 37, 66, 271 aluminum, curtain walls, 117–119 preservation process, 164–165 Brasília Cathedral, Brasília, Brazil, 66 Aluminum Company of America, 117, 149 automobile industry, 77, 114, 146, 147, 245, 321, Brazil, 5 Americana hotel, New York, New York, 397 324, 394–395, 447–448, 454–456, 474 Brazil Builds exhibit (Museum of American Airlines, 431, 432, 433 Avery Fisher Hall. See Philharmonic Hall (Avery (MoMA)), 15 American Airlines Terminal, John F. Kennedy Fisher Hall), Lincoln Center, New York, Breakers hotel, Palm Beach, Florida, 394 International Airport, New York, New York, New York Breuer, Marcel, 15, 43, 43, 83–84, 84, 85, 86, 91, 432 91, 126, 129, 132, 161–162, 164, 169, 225, American Architectural Manufacturers Associa- Baekeland, Leo, 136 226 tion (AAMA), 128 Bakelite, 136–137 bridges, poured-in-place concrete, 85

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Brinkman, Jan, 11, 34, 38, 464–465 historical perspective, 278–280 , Perth, Australia, 64 Brinkman, Michiel, 464 preservation issues, 280–281 craftsmanship, philosophical issues, 44–47 Brinkman & Van der Vlugt, 34, 38, 123, 167, 269, Chicago, Illinois, 59, 73, 163–164 Cranbrook Academy of Art (Kingswood School 463, 464, 465, 465, 468, 470, 473 Chicago Architects Oral History Project, 163 for Boys and Kingswood School for Girls), Brion Cemetery, San Vito d’Altivole, Treviso, Chicago Arts Club, Chicago, Illinois, 45 Bloomsfield Hills, Michigan, 332, 345 Italy, 42 Chicago Board of Education, 345 Crow Island School, Winnetka, Illinois, 66, 332, brise-soleils, 126, 476 Code, 496 341, 341–348, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, British Rail relay rooms, 141 Chicago Fire of 1871, 79 353 Brook Hill Farm Diary Company, Century of Chicago Housing Authority (CHA), 297–298 design, 342–345 Progress Exposition, Chicago, Illinois Chicago Competition (1922), 345, generally, 341–342 (1934), 95 432 historical development, 345–347 Brown, Neave, 12 Chicago Vitreous Enamel Products Company, 321 preservation issues, 348 Brutalist style, 12, 13, 44, 85, 273, 368 Christiansen, John, 95 Crown Hall, Illinois Institute of Technology, Budd Company, 441 Chrysler Building, New York, New York, 118, 119 Chicago, Illinois, 73, 116, 116, 125–126, 476 Building Plastics Research Corporation, 139 Chrysler Corporation, 441 Crystal Palace, Great Exhibition, London, Bunshaft, Gordon, 19, 33, 34, 36, 38, 39, 39, 81, Church of the Madeleine, Vézelay, France, 54 England (1867), 79, 114, 182 85, 113, 116, 118, 373, 375, 473, 486, CIGNA campus (Connecticut General Life Insur- Cuba, 5, 93, 97, 279, 288 487–488, 489, 489, 490, 491 ance Company), Bloomington, Connecticut, curtain walls. See also exterior cladding and veneer Burchard, John E., 147 34 design, 112–113 Burk, Frederic, 345 Cineac theater, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 503 glass, 113–115 Burra Charter, 59, 61–64, 69, 392 Cirici, Cristian, 191 historical development, 107–112 Bursley, Harold, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 250 Citroën automobile, 146 joint materials, 132–135 butyl sealants, 133 City Beautiful movement, 182 metals, 115–121 Byron G. Rogers Federal Building, Denver, City Hall, Ärhus, Denmark, 353 preservation issues, 121–128 Colorado, 161 City Hall, Boston, Massachusetts, 26, 27, 28 technological advances, 77, 78, 107–128 City Hall, Miami, Florida, 421 terminology, 107 Cabrini-Green, Chicago, Illinois, 297 Civil Aeronautics Administration (CAA), 439 transparency, philosophical issues, 37–41 Cahill, John Joseph, 386 civil aviation, 420, 432. See also airline industry; Caldwell, Alfred, 300 airport terminals dalle de verre, 521. See also First Presbyterian Callendar, John H., 309 Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), 67 Church, Stamford, Connecticut Cambridgeshire Tuberculosis Colony, 501 Civil War (Spanish), 288 described, 512–514 Canada, 162, 164 Civil War (U.S.), 159, 169 preservation, 518–520 Candela, Félix, 94, 95 cladding. See exterior cladding and veneer Damrosh Park, Lincoln Center, New York, New Caribbean basin, 93 Coenen, Jo, 482 York, 373, 375 Caribe Hilton Hotel, San Juan, , 400, Coignet, Edmond, 84 dams, poured-in-place concrete, 85 401–402, 402–403, 404–405, 406–407, Cold War, 4–5, 20, 374–375 Danish Museum of Art and Design, Copenhagen, 407–408, 417–418 Colonial Williamsburg, Williamsburg, Virginia, 67 Denmark, 417 design, 401–404 Columbia, Maryland, 251 Darwin D. Martin House, Buffalo, New York, 48 generally, 401 Community Homes development (unbuilt), David S. Ingalls Rink, Yale University, New historical development, 404–405 Reseda, California, 265 Haven, Connecticut, 432 preservation considerations, 407–408 computer-aided drafting (CAD), 175–176 Davison, Robert L., 309 Caribe Plaza, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 408 concrete, 82–102 Day, Alfred, 263–264 Carnegie Mills, 79 industrial buildings, 446 Day, Robin, 366 Carpenter Center, Harvard University, Cambridge, materials failure, 43–44 De Bijenkorf department store, Rotterdam, Massachusetts, 44 overview, 82 Netherlands, 43, 43 case studies, selection of, x poured-in-place, 84–87 De Carlo, Giancarlo, 60 Case Study House Program, 211 precast, 89–91 decorative plastic laminates, 137–141 cast iron, 79 precast concrete cladding, 131–132 Defense Housing Administration, 311 Catalona, Eduardo, 378 preservation issues, 95–102 Delano & Aldrich, 421, 422, 431 caulking, 132–133 reinforced, 84–85, 512–513 demolition, public housing, 28, 270 CBS Tower, New York, New York, 439 surfaces and textures, 83–84 Denver Paraboloid, Denver, Colorado, 95 Celotex Corporation, 305, 306–307, 307–308, thin-shell, 92–95 Department of Housing and Urban Development 308, 309–313, 313–314, 314–317 Congrès International d’ Moderne (HUD), Washington, D. C., 83–84, 84, 85, Cemesto House, Oak Ridge, Tennessee and (International Congress of Modern Archi- 91, 132, 161–162, 405 Middle River, Maryland (prefabricated resi- tecture) (CIAM), 2, 206, 268, 269, 282, 290, Depression, 146, 206, 208, 246, 256, 264, 302, dence), 144, 147, 153, 154, 304, 305, 464–465 394–395, 422 306–307, 307–308, 308, 309–313, 313–314, Connecticut General Life Insurance Company, design drawings, 169 314–317, 327 Bloomington, Connecticut, 33, 34 design intent generally, 305–309 Connell, Amyas, 10 craftsmanship compared, 44–47 historical development, 309–315 Conrad Schmitt Studios, New , Wisconsin, limits of, 47 preservation issues, 315–317 513, 514 philosophical issues, 35–37 Century of Progress Exposition, Brook Hill Farm Copenhagen Airport, Kastrup, Copenhagen, Deutscher Werkbund, Glashaus, Cologne, Diary Company, Chicago, Illinois (1934), 95 Denmark, 421 Germany (1914), 182 Century Plaza Hotel, Los Angeles, California, 398 Copper Wire - End Fund, 503 Deutscher Werkbund, Weissenhofsiedlung, Chalmers, William, 137 , 2, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 17, 18, 37, 43, 44, Stuttgart, Germany (1927), 182 Chamberlin, Powell & Bon, 86, 98 44, 51–52, 83, 83, 85, 86, 91, 115, 126, 140, Dextone Company, 89 Chandigarh, India, xi, 21, 44, 44, 85 146, 149, 162, 164, 169, 183, 199, 200, 203, Dietz, Albert G. H., 140, 141 Chareau, Pierre, 338 204–205, 210, 211, 214, 214–217, 215, 216, Diller Scofidio + Renfro, 379 Charles de Gaulle International Airport, Paris, 217, 218–220, 225, 231, 268, 269, 270–271, Dinkeloo, John, 432 France, 425 282, 288, 368, 421, 452, 456 Dinner Key airport, Miami, Florida, 421 Charleston, South Carolina historic district, 67 Corning Glass Building, New York, New York, 127 Disney Ice Skating Rink (Anaheim Ice), Chase Manhattan Bank, New York, New York, Corona Avenue School, Los Angeles, California, 332 Anaheim, California, 107 113, 116, 118 corrosion, rebar, 99 DOCOMOMO. See International Working Party Chatham Green, New York, New York, 273, 278 Cory & Cory, 115 for the Documentation and Conservation of Chatham Towers, New York, New York, 59, 208, Cosmic Rays Pavilion (Pabelolon de los Rayos Buildings, Sites, and Neighborhoods of the 270, 272, 273, 274, 275, 275–276, 277, 277, Cosmicos), University City campus, National Modern Movement (DOCOMOMO) 278–281, 281, 289 Autonomous University of Mexico, Villa documentation design, 273–277 Obregón, Mexico, 94, 95 identification and, preservation process, 159–163 generally, 273 Costa, Lucio, 5, 6 research, 167–172

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Dominion Modern Museum for Modern Archi- schools, 331–332 Finland, 18, 141 tecture and Design, Toronto, Canada, 164 suburban development, 246–247, 250 Finlandia Hall, Helsinki, Finland, 129, 131, 360, double-pane glass, 115 World War II, 4 476, 492, 492–494, 493, 494, 495 Douwe Egberts (DE), 466 Evening (sculpture, Georg Kolbe), 188 design, 492–493 Dresselhuys, H. D. C., 504 Evers, H., 503 generally, 492 Dresselhuys Pavilion, Zonnestraal Sanatorium, The Expanding Airport (Eames animated film), historical development, 493–495 Hilversum, Netherlands, 100, 102 441 preservation issues, 495 Dudok, W. M., 11 expansion joints, stone cladding and veneer, 128 fireproofing, 81, 82 Duiker, Jan, 9, 331, 332, 334, 335–338, 337–340, Experimental House No. 2, Pierce Heights, High- First Presbyterian Church, Stamford, Connecticut, 353, 465, 501, 502, 503, 505, 508, 509, 510 bridge, New Jersey, 310 499, 512–513, 514, 515–517, 517, 518, Duisburg-Nord Country Park, Duisburg, Expo 67, Habitat Complex, Montreal, Canada 518–519, 519, 520, 520–521 Germany, 449 (1967), 91, 183 design, 515 Dulles, John Foster, 438 Expo 67, US Pavilion, Montreal, Canada (1967), generally, 512 Dulles International Airport, Chantilly, Virginia, 183 historical development, 515–518 31, 423, 424, 425, 432, 436–438, 436–439, Exposition of Industrial and Decorative Arts, materials history, 512–514 440, 441–444 Paris, France (1925). See Pavilion de l’Esprit preservation issues, 518–520 design, 437–439 Nouveau, Bologna, Italy (original designed First Security Bank, Salt Lake City, Utah, 123, 124 generally, 436–437 for Exposition of Industrial and Decorative Fisher, Howard T., 148, 153 historical development, 439–441 Arts, Paris, France (1925)) Fitch, James Marston, 20, 47 preservation issues, 441–444 exposition structures. See pavilions flat slab technology, 85 Dunsmuir Flats, Los Angles, California, 264 Exposition Universelle (Paris World’s Fair), Paris, float glass process, 114–115, 121, 474 Dymaxion House, 149 France (1889), 182 Ford, Henry, 447, 455 exterior cladding and veneer, 128–132, 473–498. Ford Airport, Dearborn, Michigan, 421 Eames, Charles, 7, 264, 345, 441 See also curtain walls; Finlandia Hall, Ford Motor Company, 447–448, 449, 451 Eames, Ray, 264 Helsinki, Finland; Lever House, New York, Forest Products Laboratory, 103, 146, 147 Eames House and Studio, Pacific Palisades, Cali- New York; Department Store Formica Corporation, 137–139 fornia, 20 (, Glass Palace), , Nether- Formica House, New York World’s Fair, New Earley, John J., 89 lands; stone cladding and veneer York, New York (1964), 137–138, 138 Eastwood, John S., 85, 86 Finlandia Hall, Helsinki, Finland, 492, Fortune magazine, 137 Eckbo, Garrett, 260, 261–262, 263, 265, 266 492–494, 493, 494, 495 Foundation Le Corbusier, 9, 11 École de Plein Air, Suresnes, France, 331–332 Lever House, New York, New York, 486–487, Fountainebleau Hotel, Miami Beach, Florida, 397, Edelman, B. M., 264 487–488, 489, 489, 490, 490–491, 491 398 Eden Roc hotel, Miami, Florida, 398–399 overview, 473–475 Fourcault, Emile, 114 Edison, Thomas, 146 precast concrete, 131–132 France, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 83, 84, 85, 218, 271, Eero Saarinen & Associates, 28, 41, 88–89, 432, preservation issues, 475–477 331–332, 423–424, 445 436, 436, 437, 437, 438, 440, 441–444 Schunck Department Store (Glaspaleis, Glass Francis Greenwood Peabody , Cambridge, efficiency, technological advances, 77 Palace), Heerlen, Netherlands, 478, Massachusetts. See Peabody Terrace, Harvard Egg chair, 414 478–482, 479, 480, 481, 483, 484, 484–485 University, Cambridge, Massachusetts Eggericx, Jean-Jules, 199 stone, 128–131 Building Conservancy, 19 Eggers & Higgins, 3 exterior-interior relationship, philosophical issues, Frank Lloyd Wright Preservation Trust, 18 Eichler, Joseph, 20 37–41 Frederick C. Robie House, Chicago, Illinois, 18 Eichler houses, California, 240, 241 Frey, Albert, 15, 51, 149, 194, 194, 195, 196, 197, Eiffel, Gustave, 182 Faber, Herbert, 137 198, 198, 199, –200, 202 Eiffel Tower, Paris World’s Fair (Exposition Fagus Shoe Factory, Alfeld an der Leine, Friedberg, M. Paul, 28, 273, 275, 277, 279, 280, 281 Universelle), Paris, France (1889), 182 Germany, 38, 108, 108, 115, 123, 473 Friends of Le Corbusier, 9 Eindhoven (Netherlands) Statement, 11, 65–67 Fallingwater, Mill Run, Pennsylvania, 17, 210, Fry, Maxwell, 225, 331 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 438 211, 212, 221, 230 Fuller, Buckminster, 149, 152, 183 elastomeric sealants, 133–134 Farm Security Administration (FSA), 146, 147, functionality, philosophical issues, 30–34 , multistory, multifamily housing, 287 148, 206, 247 Fundació Mies van der Rohe, 11 Eliel Saarinen House, Cranbrook campus, Bloom- Farnsworth, Edith, 233–234, 236 Futuro House, Leningrad, USSR, 141 field Hills, Michigan, 211 Farnsworth House, Plano, Illinois, 20, 35, 38, 71, FXFowle Architects, 379 Ellington, Douglas D., 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 250 72, 116, 190, 211, 212, 213, 221, 230, 231, Emhart Building, Connecticut General Life 231, 232, 233–235, 235, 236–237, 237, 238 Garatti, Vittorio, 93, 93 Insurance Company, Bloomington, construction history, 233–237 Garden City movement, 206 Connecticut, 34 design description, 233 gaskets, 134–135 Empire State Building, New York, New York, 119 generally, 231–233 Gateway Arch ( Jefferson National Expansion engineering, technological advances, 77 preservation issues, 237–238 Memorial), St. Louis, Missouri, 119, 432 engineering drawings, 169–170 Farrell & Grimshaw, 141 Gateway Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 3 Engleback, Norman, 367 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 439 Gaudí, Antoni, 162 English Arts and Crafts movement, 44–45, 46, 56 Federal Center, Chicago, Illinois, 116, 126, 162 Gaudin, Jean, 512–513 English Heritage, 160 Federal Housing Administration (FHA), 207, 208, Geddes, Patrick, 43 Enso-Gutzeit Headquarters, Helsinki, Finland, 240, 252–253, 256, 264, 265, 266, 305, 319, Geddes Brecher Qualls & Cunningham, 90, 90 129, 476 323–324, 326 Gehry, Frank, 107, 376 Entretiens (Viollet-le-Duc), 55 Federal Public Housing Authority, 247 General Bakelite Company, 137 Esquire house, Hinsdale, Illinois, Chicago Ferrer, Miguel, 405 General Electric Corporation, 140, 148 Vitreous Enamel Products Company, 321 festival hall, Lausanne Expo, Lausanne, Switzer- General Houses Inc., 148, 153 . See also specific European countries land (1964), 105 General Motors Building, New York, New York, air transport, 421, 423–424, 425 Festival of Britain, London, England (1951), 359, 496 glass, 513 365, 366 General Motors Inland Manufacturing Division, glue-laminated timber structures, 103 Feyenoord Soccer Club, Rotterdam, Netherlands, 134 , 183 465 General Motors Technical Center, Warren, multistory, multifamily housing, 90–91, 208, Fiat Lingotto Factory, Turin, Italy, 13, 85, 115, Michigan, 77, 121, 134, 135, 347, 432, 451 268–269, 271–272 122, 167, 449, 451, 452, 453, 454, 454–459, General Services Administration (GSA), 161, 162 performing arts centers, 359 455, 458, 459, 460, 461, 472 geodesic domes, 141, 183 post-war residential architecture, 207–208 design, 452–454 George VI (king of England), 366 , 144, 146, 148, 149, 151, 153, generally, 452 German Pavilion, Barcelona International Exhibi- 303 historical development, 454–456 tion, Barcelona, Spain (1929), 189–190. See preservation efforts, 6–14 preservation issues, 456–461 also Barcelona Pavilion, Barcelona, Spain pre-war residential architecture, 204–206 fiberglass, 140–141 (1929)

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Germany, 7, 9–10, 103, 206, 271, 449 preservation issues, 228–230 Historical American Buildings Survey, 67, 175 Giacometti, 105 Grotell, Maija, 347 Historical American Engineering Record, 67 GI Bill, 15, 150, 256 Gruenke, Bernard O., Sr., 513 Historical American Landscapes Survey, 67 Giedion, Sigfried, 227 Grup R (architectural group), 190 Historic New England (Society for the Preserva- Gillespie Kidd & Coia, 13 Guastavisno, Rafel, Sr., 92, 92 tion of New England Antiquities), 212, 222, Giovannoni, Gustavo, 57, 60 Guggenheim Museum, New York, New York, 85 228 Gispen, W. H., 471 Guillermo Gonzalez Sanchez, 401 Historic Sites Act of 1935, 67, 159 Glashaus, Deutscher Werkbund, Cologne, Gunnison, Foster, Sr., 148 Hitchcock, Henry-Russell, 15, 17, 195, 201 Germany (1914), 182 Gunnison Homes, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 152 HOK, 442 Glaspalies (Glass Palace) Schunck Department Holiday Inn chain, 400 Store, Heerlen, Netherlands. See Schunck Habana Libre Hotel, Havana, Cuba, 396 Holsten Real Estate Development Corporation, Department Store (Glaspaleis, Glass Palace), Habitat Complex, Expo 67, Montreal, Canada, 91, 298 Heerlen, Netherlands 183 Holt, Gerard, 339 glass. See also curtain walls; exterior cladding and Haggerty House, Cohasset, Massachusetts, 226 home-building industry, technological advances, veneer Hall, Charles M., 117 78–79. See also residential architecture curtain walls, 113–115, 474 Hall, Peter, 382, 383, 385, 387, 388–389, 390, 391 Hoover, Herbert, 246 dalle de verre, 512–514 Hallidie Building, , California, 108, Hopi Foundation, 69 Europe, 513 109, 115, 127 Hopkins, Michael, 13 philosophical issues, 37–41 Halprin, Lawrence, 27 Horta, Victor, 162 preservation issues, 121–128 Hamilton, Richard W., 140 hospitality industry. See hotels Zonnestraal Sanatorium, Hilversum, Nether- Hanisch, Max, Sr., 103, 104–105 Hotel Gooiland, Hilversum, Netherlands, lands, 508–509 Hanson, Todd & Partners, 387 338–339 Glass House, New Canaan, Connecticut, 19, 35, Harle & Liebman, 399 Hotel La Concha, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 401 38, 90, 163, 165, 211, 212 Harold L. Ickes Homes, Chicago, Illinois, 293 hotels, 393–418. See also Caribe Hilton Hotel, San Glass Palace (Glaspalies), Schunck Department Harrison, Wallace K., 15, 85, 87, 149, 195, Juan, Puerto Rico; SAS Royal Hotel, Store, Heerlen, Netherlands. See Schunck 200–201, 202, 205, 372, 372, 373, 375, 431, Copenhagen, Denmark Department Store (Glaspaleis, Glass Palace), 513, 514, 515, 516, 517, 518, 518, 519, 520, Caribe Hilton Hotel, San Juan, Puerto Rico, Heerlen, Netherlands 521 400, 401–402, 402–403, 404–405, 406–407, glass-reinforced plastic (GRP), 136, 140 Harrison & Abramovitz, 117, 117, 118, 119, 120, 407–408 glazing, curtain walls, 126–127, 476 121, 375, 473, 515 historical perspective, 393–398 Glenn L. Martin Company airplane plant, Middle Harry Weese & Associates, 121 overview, 393 River, Maryland, 153, 311, 312, 316 Hartzog, Justin, 311 preservation issues, 398–400 glue-laminated timber structures, 102–107 Harvard University, 225, 288 SAS Royal Hotel, Copenhagen, Denmark, 409, Glu-Lam, 103 Harvard University, Peabody Terrace. See Peabody 410–411, 411–412, 412, 413–414, 415–416, Goetheanum, Dornach, Switzerland, 102 Terrace, Harvard University, Cambridge, 416–418 Goldberg, Bertrand, 85, 87, 208, 292, 292, Massachusetts House of the Future, Copenhagen, Denmark 293–294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299–300, 300, Hawksmoor, Nicholas, 54 (1929), 353 301 Hayden Planetarium, Museum of Natural History, House of the Future, Daily Mail Ideal Home Goldfinger, Erno, 12 New York, New York, 95 Exhibition, London, England (1955), 140 Goodwin, Philip, 199 Hayward Gallery, London, England, 359, 367, Houses Inc., 148 Goody, Marvin, 140 368, 368, 369, 371 housing. See also multistory, multifamily housing; Gottardi, Roberto, 93 hazardous materials. See also asbestos prefabrication; residential architecture; Gottscho-Schleisner, 171 investigation and assessment, 178 single-family residential architecture; Gourley, Ronald, 288 structural steel preservation, 82 suburban developments Grande Arche, Paris, France, 476 Heathrow Airport, London, England, 425 Germany, 9 graphic documentation, 168–171 Hedrich Blessing (firm), 171 , 4 Great Depression, 146, 206, 208, 246, 256, 264, Hellmuth, Obaga + Kassabaum, 442 multistructure, 90–91 302, 394–395, 422 Hennebique, François, 84 U.S., 15 Great Exhibition, London, England (1851), 365 Hentrich-Petschnigg & Partner, 123, 125 Housing Act of 1949, 269, 270, 273 Great Exhibition, London, England (1867), 79, Herbert S. Town Field House, Williams College, Howard, Ebenezer, 206 114, 182 Williamstown, Massachusetts, 107 Howe, George, 332 Great Society programs, 68 Herman Miller Factory, Bath, England, 141 Howe & Lescaze, 332 Greenbelt, Maryland, 239, 240, 243, 243–246, Hershey Ice Arena, Hershey, Pennsylvania, 95 Howlett and Bailey Architects, 64 244, 245, 246, 247–249, 250, 250–251, 267, Hessian Hill School, Croton-on-Hudson, New Hubbard Ford & Partners, 141 311, 326 York, 332 Hudnut, Joseph, 225 design description, 244–245 Hetzer, Karl Friedrich Otto, 103, 104–105 Hughes, Howard, 432 historical perspective, 245–249 High and Over, Amersham, Buckinghamshire, Huntington Hartord Gallery (Two Columbus overview, 243–244 United Kingdom, 10 Circle), New York, New York, 28, 28–29 preservation issues, 249–250 Highland Park Plant, Ford Motor Company, Hyatt Regency, Atlanta, Georgia, 398 Greenbelt Historic District, 244 Michigan, 447, 448, 455–456 Greenbelt Homes, Inc., 248–249 high-rise housing. See multistory, multifamily identification, documentation and, preservation Greenbelt Town Program, 206 housing process, 159–163 Greenbelt Veterans Housing Cooperative Hilliard House, Chicago, Illinois. See Raymond Idlewild Airport, New York, New York. See John (GVHC), 248 M. Hilliard Center, Chicago, Illinois F. Kennedy International Airport, New York, Greendale, Wisconsin, 247 Hillside Home School, Spring Green, Wisconsin, New York; TWA Terminal, John F. Kennedy Greenhills, Ohio, 247, 248 331 International Airport, New York, New York Gropius, Ise, 222, 226, 228 Hilton, Conrad, Sr., 404 Illinois Crafts Project, 347 Gropius, Walter, 7, 8, 9, 9, 15, 20, 38, 89, 108, Hilton Hotel, Denver, Colorado, 89, 132 Illinois Historic Preservation Agency, 299 108, 110–111, 123, 146, 162, 164, 167, 182, Hilton Hotels Corporation, 396, 400, 404. See also Illinois Institute of Technology, Crown Hall, 210–211, 212, 213, 221, 221–226, 222, 223, Caribe Hilton Hotel, San Juan, Puerto Rico Chicago, Illinois, 73, 116, 116, 125–126, 476 224, 225, 226, 227–229, 229, 230, 265, Beverly Hilton, Los Angeles, California, 405 Impington Village College, Cambridgeshire, 268–269, 331, 358, 473 Istanbul Hilton, Istanbul, Turkey, 405 England, 331 Gropius House, Lincoln, Massachusetts, 167, Hilton International Hotels, 396, 407–408 Indiana National Bank Tower, Indianapolis, 210–211, 211, 212, 213, 221, 221–226, 222, Hilton Trinidad hotel, Port-of-Spain, Trinidad Indiana, 476 223, 224, 225, 226, 227–229, 229, 230 and Tobago, 405 industrial buildings, 445–472. See also Fiat construction, 226–228 Hiroshima Peace Center, Hiroshima, Japan, 66 Lingotto Factory, Turin, Italy; Van Nelle design, 222–225 Hirschorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Factory, Rotterdam, Netherlands generally, 221–222 Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., Fiat Lingotto Factory, Turin, Italy, 452, 453, historical perspective, 225–226 85 454, 454–459, 455, 458, 459, 460, 461

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historical perspective, 445–448 Jefferson National Expansion Memorial (Gateway LaGuardia Airport, New York, New York, 420, overview, 445 Arch), St. Louis, Missouri, 119, 432 421–422, 423, 438, 442 preservation issues, 448–451, 466–472 jet aircraft, 422, 424 Laguna Plaza, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 408 , Rotterdam, Netherlands, JetBlue (airline), 434 Lake Shore Drive Apartments, Chicago, Illinois, 462, 463, 464, 464–467, 465, 468, 469, 470, Johansen, John M., 90 208 470–472 John B. Pierce Foundation, 146, 147, 148, 154, Lambert-St. Louis International Airport, St. industrialization 305, 306–307, 307–308, 308, 309–313, Louis, Missouri, 95, 423 modern architecture, 4 313–314, 314–317 laminated glass, 115 modernism, ix John Deere Corporation Headquarters, Moline, laminates. See glue-laminated timber structures prefabrication, 143, 151 Illinois, 16, 42, 43, 121, 439 Lancastrian school system, 328–329 technological advances, 77 John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, Landmarks Preservation Council of Illinois, 237 Industrial Revolution, 31, 38, 56, 210, 329, 445, Washington, D. C., 360, 360, 361 landscape design, x–xi, 5 447, 448 John F. Kennedy Federal Building, Boston, Massa- Lapidus, Morris, 396, 397, 398, 399, 418 Inland Steel Building, Chicago, Illinois, 119 chusetts, 162 Lasdun, Denys, 14 insulation, curtain walls, 127 John F. Kennedy International Airport, New York, Lassen, Flemming, 353 integrity, preservation process, 164–165. See also New York, 29, 31, 35–36, 85, 95, 423, 425, latex sealants, 133 authenticity 431–432, 442. See also TWA Terminal, John Latin America, 5, 288 Interbau Exhibition, Berlin, Germany, 271 F. Kennedy International Airport, New York, Lauritzen, Vilhelm, 421, 424 InterContinental Hotels, 396 New York Lausanne Expo festival hall, Lausanne, Switzer- Interiors (magazine), 405 John Lennon Airport (Speke Airport), Liverpool, land (1964), 105 interiors, design drawings, 169 England, 421, 423 lead paint, 178 International Arrivals Building, Dulles Interna- Johnson, Joseph, 263–264, 373 Le Bourget Airport, Paris, France, 421, 422, tional Airport, Chantilly, Virginia, 443 Johnson, Lyndon B., 68 423–424 International Arrivals Building, John F. Kennedy Johnson, Philip, 15, 17, 19, 24, 90, 119, 195, 201, Le Corbusier, 2, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 17, 18, 37, 43, 44, International Airport, New York, New York, 207, 211, 212, 372, 375 44, 51–52, 83, 83, 85, 86, 91, 115, 126, 140, 431–432 Johnson, Richard, 390–391 146, 149, 162, 164, 169, 183, 199, 200, 203, International Building Exposition, Leipzig, Johnson Wax Building, Racine, Wisconsin, 133 204–205, 210, 211, 214, 214–217, 215, 216, Germany (1913), 103 joint materials, 132–135 217, 218–220, 225, 231, 268, 269, 270–271, International Centre for the Study of the Preser- Julliard School of Music, Lincoln Center, New 282, 288, 368, 421, 452, 456 vation and the Restoration of Cultural Prop- York, New York, 129, 373, 375, 378, 379 Léger, Fernand, 513, 516 erty (ICCROM), 59 Le Havre, France, 12, 59 International Congress of Modern Architecture Kahn, Albert, 85, 311, 421, 447, 451 Leigh, Ellis, 138 (Congrès International d’Architecture Kahn, Julius, 85 Leighey, Marjorie, 17–18 Moderne) (CIAM), 2, 206, 268, 269, 282, Kahn, Louis I., 42, 85, 125, 405 Lescaze, William, 199, 332 290, 464–465 Kahn & Jacobs, 432 Lever Brothers Company, 486 International Council of Museums (ICOM), 59 Kaiser Aluminum, 117 Lever House, New York, New York, 5, 19, 35–36, International Council on Monuments and Sites Kallman, McKinnell & Knowles, 26, 27 36, 38, 46, 73, 81, 112, 116, 119, 123, 125, (ICOMOS), 21, 59, 61–62 Kalwall system, 139–140 127, 133, 165, 409, 413, 473, 476, 477, International Exhibition of Modern Architecture, Kastrup Airport. See Copenhagen Airport, 486–487, 487–488, 489, 489, 490, 490–491, Museum of Modern Art (1932), 195, 201, Kastrup, Copenhagen, Denmark 491 218 Kaufmann, Edgar, Sr., 17 design, 486 International Olympics Committee, 452 Kaufmann, Edgar, Jr., 17, 212 generally, 486 international perspective. See also Europe; Latin Kaufmann House, Palm Springs, California, 20, historical development, 486–490 America; specific countries 212 preservation issues, 490–491 Europe, 6–14 Keeling House, London, England, 14 Levitt, Abraham, 78, 256–258 modern architecture, 4 Keller, Robert, 139 Levitt, Alfred, 256–258 preservation, ix–x Kelly & Gruzen, 208, 273, 274, 275–276, 277, Levitt, William, 150, 256–258 regional modernism, 5 278, 279, 281 Levitt homes, 33, 78 International style Kennedy, John F., 404 Levittown, Long Island, New York, 15, 32, 33, regional modernism, 5 Kennedy Space Center, Orlando, Florida, 20 164–165, 239, 252–258, 253, 254, 255, 257, term of, 4 Kerr, James Sample, 389, 390, 391 258, 258–259, 266, 267, 316, 324 The International Style: Architecture Since 1922 Kevin Roche John Dinkeloo & Associates, 432 design, 252–256 (Museum of Modern Art), 15, 195, 201 Khan, Louis I., x generally, 252 International Working Party for the Documenta- Kiesler, Frederick, 358 historical perspective, 256–258 tion and Conservation of Buildings, Sites, Kiiyamuy Guidelines, 69, 74 preservation issues, 258–259 and Neighborhoods of the Modern Move- Kiley, Dan, 21, 28, 34, 265, 373, 375, 380, 381, Levittown Property Owners Association, 257 ment (DOCOMOMO), ix, 11, 12, 20, 21, 442 Life (magazine), 322 65–67, 159, 433, 500, 506 Kimball, Fiske, 67 Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, New investigation and assessment, 166–179. See also Kingdome, Seattle, Washington, 95 York, New York, 28, 59, 73, 129, 131, 359, preservation process Kingswood School for Boys and Kingswood 360, 361, 372, 372–373, 374, 374–377, 377, field investigations and inspections, 172–178 School for Girls, Bloomsfield Hills, 378, 379, 380, 380–381 hazardous materials, 178 Michigan, 332, 345 design, 373 process of, 166–167 Klumb, Henrich, 15, 404–405 generally, 372–373 research and preparation, 167–172 Koch, Carl, 324, 325 historical development, 373–376 Istanbul Hilton, Istanbul, Turkey, 405 Koch, Robert, 500 preservation issues, 376–379 Italy, 57, 86 Kocher, A. Lawrence, 15, 149, 194, 194, 195, 196, Lincoln House, Lincoln, Massachusetts, 226 197, 198, 198, 199, 202 Lindbergh, Charles, 420 Jackson, Huson, 288 Kolbe, Georg, 188 Litchfield, Connecticut, 213 Jacob Riis Housing Plaza, New York, New York, Komter, Auke, 339 Littlemore, David, 387 279 Krabel, Hans, 450 Lods, Marcel, 331–332 Jacobs, Jane, 59, 68 Kremmer, Martin, 449–450, 450 Loebl, Schlossman, Bennett & Dart, 121 Jacobsen, Arne, 169, 331, 332, 349, 349, 350, Kresge, Sebastian, 95 Loewy, Raymond, 137, 490 351, 351, 353–354, 354, 355, 356, 409, Kresge Auditorium, Massachusetts Institute of Logue, Edward J., 288 410–411, 411–412, 412, 413–414, 415–416, Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 94, Lohan, Dirk, 236 416–418 95–97, 96, 97, 431, 432 Loire, Gabriel, 513, 516 Jai alai fronton, West Palm Beach, Florida, 106 London City Council (LCC), 365 Jaragua Hotel, Santo Domingo, Dominican laboratory testing, 177–178 London Eye, London, England, 369 Republic, 401 Labouret, Auguste, 513 Los Angeles Music Center, Los Angeles, Cali- Jeanneret, Pierre, 199, 214 LaGuardia, Fiorello, 421 fornia, 359, 360

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Lovell Beach House, Newport Beach, California, plastics, 135–142 Motohome (American Houses, Inc.), 148, 309 18–19 prefabrication, 303 Mountain Dell Dam, Salt Lake City, Utah, 85, 86 Lovell House, Los Angeles, California, 18–19, 195 structural steel, 79–82 Møller, Erik, 353 Lubetkin, Berthold, 10 technological advances, 77–79 Muir, John, 67 Lucent Technologies (Bell Laboratories), materials failure, philosophical issues, 42–44 multistory, multifamily housing, 90–91, 268–301. Holmdel, New Jersey, 33–34 materials science, 78 See also Chatham Towers, New York, New Lundy, Victor, 162 Mather, Rick, 369 York; Peabody Terrace, Harvard University, Lustra glass, 197 Mattè-Trucco, Giacomo, 167, 453, 454, 455, 455, Cambridge, Massachusetts; public housing; Lustron house (prefabricated residence), 20, 458, 459, 460 subsidized housing 78–79, 143, 145, 153, 304, 318, 318–323, Matthew, Robert, 362, 363, 364, 365–366, 370 Chatham Towers, New York, New York, 273, 319–320, 323, 324–325 Maybeck, Bernard, 182 274, 275, 275–276, 277, 277, 278–281, 281 design, 319–321 McCall’s (magazine), 322 Europe, 90–91, 268–269, 271–272 generally, 318–319 McClintic-Marshall Corporation, 149 overview, 268–269 historical perspective, 321–325 McIninich, Bonnie, 139 Peabody Terrace, Cambridge, Massachusetts, preservation issues, 325–327 McKim, Mead, & White, 16, 92 282, 282–283, 283–285, 285, 286, 287–291 meat packing industry, 447 post-war residential architecture, 208 Mackintosh, Charles Rennie, 51 Mediterranean basin, 92 precast concrete, 90–91 Maillart, Robert, 85 metals, curtain walls, 115–121 prefabricated, 152 maintenance, materials failure, 42–44 metropolitan airport systems, 420 preservation issues, 271–272 Maison Carré, Paris, France, 494 Metropolitan Life Building, (Pan Am Building), United States, 269–270 Maison Citrohan house (1920-1922 model New York, New York, 89 Municipal Art Society of New York, 433 house), 146, 200 Metropolitan Opera House, Lincoln Center, New Municipal Building, New York, New York, 92 Maison de Verre, Paris, France, 338 York, New York, 372, 373, 375–376, 377. See Municipal Orphanage, Amsterdam, Netherlands, Maison Dom-Ino housing system (1915), 200 also Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, 12 Maison Tropicale (Prouvé), 12 New York, New York Munkegård Elementary School, Copenhagen, Mäkiniemi, Elissa, 494 Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority, 442 Denmark, 331, 332, 349, 349, 350, 351, 351, Malraux, André, 218 Mexico, 5, 93, 95, 97 352, 352, 353–355, 354, 355, 413 Mandel House, Katonah, New York, 212 Meyer, Adolf, 38, 108, 108, 123 design, 349–352 Manhattan House, New York, New York, 208 Miami, Florida, 394 generally, 349 Manhattan Project, 153, 312 Miami City Hall, Miami, Florida, 421 historical development, 353–354 Manitoga (Russel Wright house), Garrison, New Micheels House, Westport, Connecticut, 33 preservation issues, 354–356 York, 211 Mies van der Rohe, Fundació, 50 Murphy, C. F., 121 Manufacturers Hanover Trust Building, New Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, 7, 9, 10, 11, 15, 20, Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), New York, York, New York, 39, 39–40 24, 42, 45, 46, 50, 116, 125, 126, 162, 164, New York, 15, 17, 137, 191, 192, 194–195, marble, stone cladding and veneer, 129, 131 185, 185, 186, 187–188, 188, 189, 189, 195, 201, 218 , Chicago, Illinois, 85, 87, 100, 100, 190–193, 204, 205, 208, 210, 211, 212, 225, Museum of Natural History, Hayden Planetarium, 101, 208, 270, 292, 297, 298 231, 231, 232, 233–235, 235, 236–237, 237, New York, New York, 95 Marine Air Terminal, LaGuardia Airport, New 238, 297, 476, 477 York, New York, 421, 423 Mission 66 study, 162 Nara Document on Authenticity, 61–62, 64–65, Marine Corps, 325 model factory (Gropius), 182 69, 71–72 Marine Midland Building, New York, New York, modern architecture National Aeronautics and Space Administration 118 definitions, ix (NASA), 248 Mariso-Aalto, Aino, 493 overview, 2–6 National Air and Space Museum, Le Bourget Marshall Field and Company, 405 preservation efforts (Europe), 6–14 Airport, Paris, France, 424 Martin, Glenn L., 305 preservation efforts (U.S.), 14–20 National Autonomous University of Mexico, Villa Martin, Leslie, 350, 363, 364, 365–367, 370, 386 Modern Architecture: International Exhibition, Obregón, Mexico, 94, 95, 333 Martin Company. See Glenn L. Martin Company Museum of Modern Art, New York, New National Bank of Denmark, Copenhagen, airplane plant, Middle River, Maryland York, 195, 201, 218 Denmark, 353 Martorell, Joseph, 190 Modern Cult of Monuments (Riegl), 57 National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, 68 Mar Vista neighborhood, Los Angeles, California, moderne, definitions, ix National Film Theatre, London, England, 359, 15, 164–165, 239, 240, 241, 242, 260, Modernique Homes, 263 367 261–262, 263, 263, 264–265, 266, 266–267, modernism National Historic Landmark Program, 159, 160, 326 antimodern bias, viii 331 design, 260–263 backlash against, 5–6 National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) of historical perspective, 263–265 Europe, 183 1966, 16, 67, 68 overview, 260 industrialization, ix National Houses Inc., 148 preservation issues, 265–267 modernist, definitions, ix National Housing Act of 1934, 207 Marx, Roberto Burle, 5, 6, 21 modernity, definitions, ix , 67, 68, 73, 159, 160, 161, Maslon House, Palm Springs, California, 33 modern movement, definitions, ix 162, 164–165, 239, 298, 299 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), molded plastics, 140 National Register of Historic Places, 68, 71, 73, 140, 147, 199 Mondial House, London, England, 141 153, 158, 160–161, 239, 244, 249, 298, 316, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Monier, Joseph, 84 326, 327, 426, 444, 487 Baker House Dormitory, Cambridge, Massa- Monsanto Company, 137, 140 National School of Art, School of Ballet, Havana, chusetts, 291, 494 Monsanto House of the Future, Disneyland, Cuba, 93, 93 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Anaheim, California, 140–141 National Theatre, London, England, 359, 367 Kresge Auditorium, Cambridge, Massachu- Moore, Henry, 373, 379, 380 National Trust for Historic Preservation, 67, 212, setts, 94, 95–97, 96, 97, 431, 432 Moos, Elizabeth, 332 237, 433 Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art Moreau Seminary, University of Notre Dame, Native American cultures, 69 (MASS MoCA), North Adams, Massachu- South Bend, Indiana, 513 Native Americans Graves Protection and Repatri- setts, 449, 451 Moro, Peter, 362, 363, 364, 365–366, 370 ation Act of 1990, 69 materials Morris, Henry, 331 neighborhood. See suburban developments authenticity, philosophical issues, 44–47 Morris, William, 53, 54, 55, 56 Nelson Rockefeller Empire State Mall, Albany, Chatham Towers, New York, New York, 278 Morrison, Herbert, 365 New York, 85, 87 concrete, 82–102 Mo-Sai Institute (Associates), 89 Neo-Georgian buildings, 10 curtain walls, 112–113 Mo-Sai system, 89, 90 neoprene gasket, 77 functionality and obsolescence, 30–34 Moscoso, Teodoro, 404 Nervi, Pier Luigi, 86, 183 glue-laminated timber structures, 102–107 Moser, Karl, 102 Netherlands, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 90, 206, 331 industrial buildings, 446 Moses, Robert, 59, 375 Netherlands Pavilion, Venice Biennale, Venice, innovation in, 76–77 motels. See hotels Italy (1953), 183

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Neutra, Richard, 14–15, 18–19, 20, 33, 149, 195, Autonomous University of Mexico, Villa New York; Royal Festival Hall, London, 205, 212, 264, 332 Obregón, Mexico, 94, 95 England; Sydney Opera House, Sydney, New Canaan, Connecticut, 163, 213 Packaged House System, 146 Australia programs, 4, 206, 246, 250, 277 Paimio Tuberculosis Sanitarium, Paimio, Finland, historical perspective, 358–360 New England architecture, 159 493–494 Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, New New Movement (Netherlands), 500 Palace of Fine Arts, Panama-Pacific International York, New York, 372, 372–373, 374, New Towns (England), 270, 271–272 Exposition, San Francisco, California (1915), 374–377, 377, 378, 379, 380, 380–381 New Urbanism, 251 50, 51, 182 overview, 357–358 New York City, subsidized housing, 269 Palace of the Republic, Berlin, Germany, 48, 49 preservation issues, 360–361 New York City Police Headquarters, New York, Palladio, Andrea, 457 Royal Festival Hall, London, England, 359, New York, 279 Palm Springs, California, 213 361, 362, 362–368, 363, 364, 369, 370, 371, New York Herald Tribune (newspaper), 256 Palumbo, Peter, 236, 237 376 New York Institute of Technology (NYIT), 195, PanAm airline, 396, 421 Sydney Opera House, Sydney, Australia, 382, 201, 202, 203 Panama-Pacific International Exposition, Palace of 382–384, 383, 384, 385, 386–387, 388–389, New York Landmarks Conservancy, 433 Fine Arts, San Francisco, California (1915), 389–392, 390, 391 New York Landmarks Preservation Commission, 182 Perkins, Charles B., 345 487 Pan Am Building, (Metropolitan Life Building), Perkins, Dwight H., 345 New York Public Library for the Performing Arts, New York, New York, 89 Perkins, Lawrence B., 345 Lincoln Center, New York, New York, 373, Pan American Congress of Architects, 401 Perkins, Wheeler & Will, 332, 341, 342, 343, 344, 375, 380 Pan American World Airways, 396, 421 345, 347 New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and PanAm Terminal, John F. Kennedy International Perkins & Will, 332, 496, 497 Historic Preservation (NYSOPRHP), 202 Airport, New York, New York, 432. See also Perret, Auguste, 10, 12, 59, 89, 512 New York State Theater, Lincoln Center, New John F. Kennedy International Airport, New Perriand, Charlotte, 199 York, New York, 372, 373, 375, 376, 377. See York, New York Peshtigo High School Gymnasium, Peshtigo, also Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, panel systems, precast concrete, 91 Wisconsin, 103, 104–105 New York, New York Papworth Village Settlement, 501, 503, 505 petroleum products, 77 New York State Urban Development Corporation, Paris, France, Plan Voisin, 269 Peutz, Fredericus Petrus Josephus (Frits), 40, 473, 270, 288 Paris theater, New York, New York, 405 478, 478, 479, 480, 481, 481–482, 483, 484 New York World’s Fair, New York, New York Paris World’s Fair (Exposition Internationale des Philharmonic Hall (Avery Fisher Hall), Lincoln (1939), 309–310, 420, 422, 494, 513 Arts et Techniques dan la Vie Moderne), Center, New York, New York, 372, 373, 375, New York World’s Fair, New York, New York Paris, France (1937), 288, 494, 513 377. See also Lincoln Center for the (1964), 137–138, 138, 518 Paris World’s Fair (Exposition Universelle), Paris, Performing Arts, New York, New York Niemeyer, Oscar, 5, 6, 37, 271 France (1889), 182 Philips Pavilion, Brussels World’s Fair, Belgium Nieuwe Bouwen, 334, 482 Park Planned Homes, Altadena, California, 265 (1958), 51–52, 183 Nirwana apartment house, The Hague, Nether- Parthenon, Nashville, Tennessee, 47, 49–50, 51 Philips Pavilion, Eindhoven, Netherlands, 52 lands, 465, 503 Paseo Caribe development center, San Juan, philosophical issues, 23–52. See also standards Noguchi, Isamu, 7, 490 Puerto Rico, 408 authenticity, 44–47 North Plaza, Lincoln Center, New York, New passenger volume, airport terminal preservation, design intent, 35–37 York, 28, 373, 375, 379, 380, 381 424 functionality and obsolescence, 30–34 Notre Dame, University of, Moreau Seminary, Pathé Cinema, 405 materials failure, 42–44 South Bend, Indiana, 513 patina, 56–57, 73 overview, 23–26 Notre Dame, Paris, France, 54–55 Paul Milstein Plaza, Lincoln Center, New York, perception, 26–30 Notre Dame du Raincy, Raincy, France, 10, 89, 512 New York, 379 reconstruction, 47–52 Noyes, Eliot, 207 Pavilion de l’Esprit Nouveau, Bologna, Italy (orig- transparency, 37–41 Nyager Elementary School, Rødovre, Denmark, inal designed for Exposition of Industrial photogrammetry, 175 353 and Decorative Arts, Paris, France (1925)), photography, research, 171 51, 140, 183, 200, 201 Piano, Renzo, 122, 452, 453, 454, 455, 456, 457, Oak Lane Country Day School, Montgomery pavilions, 182–203. See also Aluminaire House, 458, 459, 460 County, Pennsylvania, 332 Architectural and Allied Arts Exhibition, Pickel, Conrad, 513 Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 153, 312–315, 451 New York Architectural League, Central Pierce, John B., 146, 147, 148, 309 Oak Ridge Reservation, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, Islip, New York (1931); Barcelona Pavilion, Pierrefonds château, Pierrefonds, France, 55 451 Barcelona, Spain (1929) Pilkington, Alastair, 114, 474 O’Brien, Joseph, 309–310 Aluminaire House, Architectural and Allied Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company, 114, 148 obsolescence, philosophical issues, 30–34 Arts Exhibition, New York Architectural Pittsburgh Reduction Company, 117 O’Connor, Daniel, 137 League, Central Islip, New York (1931), planning design, x–xi Office of Henry Klumb, 404–405 194–203 Plan Voisin, Paris, France, 269 Olivetti Training School, Haslemere, England, Barcelona Pavilion, Barcelona, Spain (1929), plastics, 135–142 141 185–193 historical development, 135–141 Olympic Games, Berlin, Germany (1936), 420 overview, 182–184 preservation issues, 141–142 Olympic Games, Turin, Italy (2006), 452 Peabody Terrace, Harvard University, Cambridge, plate glass, 113, 474 One-Family Defense House, 264 Massachusetts, 40–41, 44, 206, 272, 282, Plaza Hotel, New York, New York, 405 “One-Plus-Two” Diatom House, 149 282–283, 283–285, 285, 286, 287–291 Poème Electronique (Varèse), 52 on-site testing, 176–177 design, 283–288 Police Building, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 90, 90 Open-Air School (Openluchtschool), Amsterdam, generally, 282–283 Polk, Willis, 108, 109 Netherlands, 331, 332, 334, 335–338, historical perspective, 288–289 polyethylene, 137 337–340, 353, 503 preservation issues, 289–290 Pope, Lauren, 17–18 design, 334–337 Pei, I. M., 89, 132 Pope-Leighey House, Alexandria, Virginia, 17, historical development, 337–339 Peláez, Amelia, 396 17–18 preservation issues, 339–340 Penguin Pool, London Zoo, London, England, 10 Porro, Ricardo, 5, 93 opera house, Berkshire Music Festival, Stock- Pennsylvania Station, New York, New York, 16 Port Authority of New York & New Jersey, 431 bridge, Massachusetts, 105 Pennsylvania Turnpike, 134 postmodernism, emergence of, 6 oral histories, 163–164 Pepsi-Cola building, New York, New York, 19, post-war residential architecture, 207–208. See also Orange County Courthouse, Goshen, New York, 113 suburban developments 26 perception, philosophical issues, 26–30 poured-in-place concrete, 84–87 Oud, J. J. P., 9, 205 Performing Arts Center, Nelson Rockefeller poured-in-place concrete house, 146 Ove Arup & Partners, 382, 386 Empire State Mall, Albany, New York, 85, Prairie style, 18 87 Precast Building Sections, Inc., 516 Pabelolon de los Rayos Cosmicos (Cosmic Rays performing arts centers, 357–392. See also Lincoln precast concrete, 89–91 Pavilion), University City campus, National Center for the Performing Arts, New York, precast concrete cladding, 131–132

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Prefabricated Home Manufacturers Association, Pullman Car and Manufacturing Company, 148 resort hotels. See hotels 150 Purcell Room, London, England, 367 restauro scientifico, 59–60, 62 Prefabricated Homes (journal), 150 Purdue University Housing Research Project, 146, Reston, Virginia, 251 prefabrication, 142–154, 302–327. See also 147 restoration, 72 Cemesto House, Oak Ridge, Tennessee and Pusey, Anne, 288 retail facilities, airport terminal preservation, 425 Middle River, Maryland (prefabricated resi- Pusey, Nathan, 288 Rex Stout House, Fairfield, Connecticut, 199 dence); Lustron house (prefabricated resi- Reyna, Jorge González, 94 dence) Queen Elizabeth Hall, London, England, 359, Reynolds Metals Company, 117 Cemesto House, Oak Ridge, Tennessee and 367, 368, 369, 371 RFR Holdings, 489 Middle River, Maryland (prefabricated resi- Queens Walk, London, England, 369 Richard J. Daley Center, Chicago, Illinois, 121 dence), 305, 306–307, 307–308, 308, Quincy Grammar School, Boston, Massachusetts, Richardson, Albert, 13 309–313, 313–314, 314–317 329 Rick Mather Architects, 369 defined, 302 Quonset hut, 150 Riegl, Alois, 42, 57 historical development, 142–151, 302–304 Rietveld, Gerrit, 210 Lustron house (prefabricated residence), 318, Radburn, New Jersey, 240, 244 Risom, Jens, 404 318–323, 319–320, 323, 324–325 Radisson Hotels, 416 River Rouge Plant, Ford Motor Company, modern architecture, 4 Radisson SAS Royal Hotel, Copenhagen, Michigan, 447–448, 449, 451 plastics, 138–139 Denmark. See SAS Royal Hotel, Copen- Robie House, Highland Park, Illinois, 212 preservation issues, 151–155 hagen, Denmark Robinson, Howard, 367 technological advances, 77, 78 railroad industry, 77, 393–394 Roche, Kevin, 431, 432 preservation railroad stations, 82 Rockefeller, John D., Jr., 67 airport terminals, 423–425, 432–434, 441–444 Ralph Wilson Plastics Company (Wilsonart), 138 Rockefeller, John D., III, 374 concrete, 95–102 Ralph Wilson Sr. House, Temple, Texas, 139 Rodríguez, Eduardo Luis, 279 curtain walls, 121–128 Ramada Inn chain, 400 Romañach, Mario, 279 dalle de verre, 518–520 Ramos, Fernando, 191 Romantic movement, 56 exterior cladding and veneer (glass), 475–477, Randolph, Hunter, 405 Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport 484–485, 490–491 Ransome, Ernest Leslie, 84–85 (National Airport), Washington, D. C., 421, exterior cladding and veneer (thin-stone Raymond M. Hilliard Center, Chicago, Illinois, 422, 423, 439, 441, 442 veneer), 495, 498 59, 71, 73, 85, 99–100, 272, 289, 292, 292, Roosevelt, Franklin D., 246 future prospects, 20–22 293–294, 294, 295, 295–299, 296, 299–300, Roosevelt Island (New York City) housing, 206, glue-laminated timber structures, 107 300–301 270, 289 hotels, 398–400, 407–408, 414–417 design, 293–296 Roper, Lanning, 236 industrial buildings, 448–451, 456–461 generally, 292–293 Rose, James, 265 international perspective, ix–x historical perspective, 297–298 Roth, Emory, 89 multistory, multifamily housing, 271–272, preservation issues, 298–300 Rotterdam, Netherlands, 59 280–281, 289–290, 298–300 Reading Terminal, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 82 Rouse, James, 251 performing arts centers, 360–361, 369–371, realkalization process, 102 Royal Festival Hall, London, England, 359, 361, 376–379, 387–392 rebar, corrosion, 99 362, 362–368, 363, 364, 369, 370, 371, 376, plastics, 141–142 Recent Past Preservation Network, 20 386 prefabrication, 151–155, 315–317, 325–327 Reclining Figure (sculpture, Henry Moore), 373, design, 363–365 regulatory environment, viii 379, 380 generally, 362–363 residential architecture, 209 reconstruction historical development, 365–369 schools, 332–333, 339–340, 348, 354–356 Athens Charter (1931), 58–59 preservation issues, 369–371 The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the pavilions, 183–184, 190–193, 194–203 Royal National Theatre, London, England, 371 Treatment of Historic Properties, 70–71, 202 philosophical issues, 47–52 Royal Philips Electronics Company, 183 single-family residential architecture, 211–213, The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Royston, Robert, 265 219–220, 228–230, 237–238 Treatment of Historic Properties, 72–74 Rødovre Town Hall, Denmark, 412 social issues, viii–ix Venice Charter (1964), 61 Rudder, Littlemore, Rudder, 387 structural steel, 82 Reconstruction Finance Corporation, 321 Rudolph, Paul, 26, 33, 85, 207 suburban developments, 241–242, 249–250, Redi-Cut Houses, 146 Ruskin, John, 46, 47, 53, 54, 55, 56 258–259, 265–267 regional modernism, growth of, 5 Russell Reinforced Plastics Corporation, 140 Zonnestraal Sanatorium, Hilversum, Nether- regulatory environment. See also standards Russel Wright house (Manitoga), Garrison, New lands, 506–511 preservation, viii, 16 York, 211 preservation process, 156–165. See also investiga- United States, 67–74 tion and assessment rehabilitation, 71–72 Saarinen, Eero, 7, 28, 29, 31, 33–34, 41, 42, 77, identification and documentation, 159–163 , 84–85, 512–513 88–89, 95, 95, 96, 97, 97, 105, 119, 121, integrity, 164–165 relocation, preservation efforts, 18 134, 170, 341, 341–344, 342, 343, 344, 345, investigation and assessment, 166–179 Renzo Piano Building Workshop, 122, 452, 453, 346, 347, 347, 373, 375, 380, 386, 426, modern resources, 163–164 454, 455, 456, 458, 459, 460 426–430, 427, 431, 432, 433, 434–435, 436, overview, 156–158 research, 167–172. See also investigation and 436, 437, 437, 438, 440, 441–444, 451 significance, determination of, 158–159 assessment; preservation process Saarinen, Eliel, 29, 105, 211, 332, 341, 341–344, pre-war residential architecture, 204–207 reservation issues, Royal Festival Hall, London, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 432 The Principles of Scientific Management (Taylor), England, 369–371 Saarinen & Saarinen, 105 446–447 Resettlement Administration, 206, 246, 247 Sacré-Coeur d’Audincourt, Audincourt, France, program, airport terminal preservation, 424 residential architecture, 204–301. See also multi- 513, 518 programmatic assessment, 173–175 story, multifamily housing; prefabrication; Safdie, Moshe, 91, 183 Progressive Education Foundation, 357 single-family residential architecture; St. Antonius Church, Basel, Switzerland, 102 Prouvé, Jean, 12, 152 suburban developments St. Catherine’s College, Oxford, England, 365 Pruitt-Igoe housing, St. Louis, Missouri, 28, 270 multistory, multifamily housing, 90–91, Sainte-Chapelle, Paris, France, 54–55, 516 public housing. See also multistory, multifamily 268–301 St. Peter’s College (Cardross Seminary), Glasgow, housing post-war, 207–208 Scotland, 13 backlash to, viii, 18, 297 prefabrication, 302–327 Salisbury Cathedral, Salisbury, England, 55 demolitions of, 28, 270 preservation issues, 209 Salk Institute, La Jolla, California, 42 pre-war residential architecture, 205, 206–207 pre-war, 204–207 Salon des Artistes et Décorateurs, Paris, France, Puerto Rico, 405 single-family, 210–238 512–513 urban renewal, 59 suburban developments, 239–267 Samuel B. and David Rose Building, Lincoln Public Housing Administration, 247 technological advances, 207–208 Center, New York, New York, 373 Puerto Rico Industrial Development Company Resor House (unbuilt), Jackson Hole, Wyoming, Samuely, Felix, 516 (PRIDCO), 404 234 Sans Souci hotel, Miami, Florida, 398

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Sant’Elia, Antonio, 421 Sherwood, Mills & Smith, 515 prefabrication, 304 Sara Lee Corporation/DE, 466–467 Sherwood, Thorne, 515 SPAB Manifesto (1877), 54–57 Sarasota, Florida, 213 shop drawings, 170–171 structural steel, 79 Sarmiento, W. A., 123 Shulman, Julius, 171 United States, 67–74 SAS airline, 396 significance, determination of, 158–159 Venice Charter (1964), 59–61 SAS Royal Hotel, Copenhagen, Denmark, 353, silicone sealants, 133–134 Stanley, T. E., 476 396, 409, 410–411, 411–412, 412, 413–414, single-family residential architecture, 210–213. See Starrett-Lehigh Building, New York, New York, 415–416, 416–418 also Farnsworth House, Plano, Illinois; 115, 309 design, 409–411 Gropius House, Lincoln, Massachusetts; Statler Corporation, 395 generally, 409 Villa Savoye, Poissy, France steel framing, technological advances, 77, 79–82 historical development, 411–414 Farnsworth House, Plano, Illinois, 231, 231, Stein, Clarence, 244 preservation issues, 414–417 232, 233–235, 235, 236–237, 237, 238 Stein, Joseph, 264 Savoye, Emilie, 217, 218 Gropius House, Lincoln, Massachusetts, 221, Steiner, Rudolf, 102 Savoye, Pierre, 217 221–226, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227–229, Stirling, James, 141 Scarpa, Carlo, 42, 44, 60 229, 230 Stoa of Attilos, Agora, Athens, Greece, 58 Scharoun, Hans, 9 overview, 210–211 Stoller, Ezra, 171 Schimmelpfennig Ruiz y González, 404–405 post-war residential architecture, 207 Stone, Edward Durell, 15, 28, 29, 126, 129, 205, Schindler, Rudolf Michael, 15, 18–19, 149, 205, preservation issues, 211–213, 219–220 212, 213, 360, 376, 397, 476, 496, 497 264 Villa Savoye, Poissy, France, 214, 214–217, 215, stone cladding and veneer, 128–131, 474–475. See Schmidlin, Emil, 138 216, 217, 218–220 also curtain walls; exterior cladding and Schoeppl Associates, 405 Skidmore Owings & Merrill, 19, 33, 36, 39, 39, veneer Schokbeton process, 90 81, 116, 118, 119, 121, 147, 154, 208, 293, Strandlund, Carl, 320, 321–322, 323, 325 School of Ballet, National School of Art, Havana, 305, 306–307, 307–308, 308, 309–313, Strathmore subdivision, Manhasset, Long Island, Cuba, 93, 93 313–314, 314–317, 318, 319–320, 323, 373, New York, 256 schools, 316–356. See also Crow Island School, 380, 397, 432, 442, 486, 487–488, 489, 489, structural steel Winnetka, Illinois; Munkegård Elementary 490, 491 preservation issues, 82 School, Copenhagen, Denmark; Open-Air skip-stop elevators, multistory, multifamily technological advances, 79–82 School (Openluchtschool), Amsterdam, housing, 287 structural systems. See also curtain walls; specific Netherlands Skyline Park, Denver, Colorado, 27–28 structural systems Crow Island School, Winnetka, Illinois, 66, Smithson, Alison, 85, 140 curtain walls, 77, 78, 107–128 332, 341, 341–348, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, Smithson, Peter, 85, 140 technological advances, 77–79 347, 347–348, 353 Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., 85 subsidized housing, United States, 269, 297–298. Europe, 331–332 social issues, preservation, viii–ix See also multistory, multifamily housing; historical perspective, 328–332 Society for Commercial Archeology (SCA), 19 public housing Munkegård Elementary School, Copenhagen, Society for Industrial Architecture (SIA), 19 suburban developments, 239–267. See also Green- Denmark, 331, 332, 349, 349, 350, 351, 351, Society for the Preservation of Ancient Buildings belt, Maryland; Levittown, Long Island, 352, 352, 353–355, 354, 355, 413 Manifesto (SPAB Manifesto) (1877), 54–57, New York; Mar Vista neighborhood, Los Open-Air School (Openluchtschool), 64 Angeles, California Amsterdam, Netherlands, 331, 332, 334, Society for the Preservation of New England Europe, 246–247, 250 335–338, 337–340 Antiquities (Historic New England), 212, Greenbelt, Maryland, 243, 243–246, 244, 245, overview, 328 222, 228 246, 247–249, 250, 250–251 preservation issues, 332–333 Socony-Mobile Building, New York, New York, Levitttown, Long Island, New York, 252–258, United Kingdom, 328–329 118, 119 253, 254, 255, 257, 258, 258–259 United States, 329 Solà-Morales, Ignasi de, 191 Mar Vista neighborhood, Los Angeles, Cali- Schröder House, Utrecht, Netherlands, 210 Sonsbeek Park, Arnheim, Netherlands, 50 fornia, 260, 261–262, 263, 263, 264–265, Schulz, Paul, 288 Sonsbeek Pavilion, Kröller-Müller Museum, 266, 266–267 Schunck, Peter, 481–482 Otterlo, Netherlands, 50, 51 overview, 239–241 Schunck Department Store (Glaspaleis, Glass South America, 95, 97 post-war residential architecture, 207–208 Palace), Heerlen, Netherlands, 40, 473, 478, spandrel glass, 114–115, 127, 474, 487 preservation issues, 241–242 478–482, 479, 480, 481, 483, 484, 484–485 Spanish Civil War, 288 Summit Hotel, New York, New York, 397, 398, design, 478–481 Speke Airport ( John Lennon Airport), Liverpool, 399 generally, 478 England, 421, 423 surfaces, concrete, 83–84 historical development, 481–484 Spicer & Gehlert, 106 surveys, field investigations, 175–176 preservation issues, 484–485 Sprague Electric Company, North Adams, Massa- Swan chair, 414 Schupp, Fritz, 449–450, 450 chusetts, 451 Swann, Lily, 347 Scotland, 13 Spreckelsen, Johann Otto von, 476 Swartburg, Robert, 404–405 Scott, Caudill Rowlett, 332 Søhom Row Houses, Denmark, 412 Sweet’s Catalog, 172 Scott, George Gilbert, 55 stainless steel, curtain walls, 119 Swiss Pavilion, Venice Biennial, Venice, Italy Scott, Giles Gilbert, 448–449 Stam, Mart, 9 (1952), 105 , New York, New York, 24, 38, standardization, technological advances, 77 Sydney Opera House, Sydney, Australia, 37, 64, 119–120 Standard Oil Building, Chicago, Illinois. See 66, 361, 382, 382–384, 383, 384, 385, sealants, 132–134 Amoco Building (Aon Center), Chicago, 386–387, 388–389, 389–392, 390, 391 Sears, Roebuck & Co. houses, 144, 146, 152, 205 Illinois design, 383–386 Secretariat Building, United Nations, New York, Standard Oil Company, 496 generally, 382 New York, 112, 116, 133, 473, 477 standards, 53–75. See also philosophical issues; historical development, 386–387 The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treat- regulatory environment preservation issues, 387–392 ment of Historic Properties, 68–74, 202 Athens Charter (1931), 57–59 preservation, 70–71 Australia, 62–64 Tabler, William, Sr., 396 reconstruction, 72–74 Chatham Towers, New York, New York, 278 Taliesin East, Spring Green, Wisconsin, 211, rehabilitation, 71–72 Chicago Building Code, 496 212 restoration, 72 concrete, 504 Taliesin Fellowship, 17 security, airport terminal preservation, 424–425 curtain walls, 113, 126–128 Taliesin West, Scottsdale, Arizona, 211, 212 Seelman, Frederick G., 404–405 Eindhoven (Netherlands) Statement, 11, 65–67 Tanglewood opera house, Berkshire Music Sert, Jackson & Associates, 288 historical perspective, 53–54 Festival, Stockbridge, Massachusetts, 105 Sert, José Luís, 282, 282, 283–285, 286, 288–289 International Council on Monuments and Sites Tate Modern, London, England, 369, 448–449 Seven Lamps of Architecture (Ruskin), 54 (ICOMOS), 61–62 taxation, 68 Severinghaus, J. Walter, 310 Nara Document on Authenticity, 61–62, 64–65 Tax Reform Act of 1976, 68 Shell Centre, London, England, 367 Peabody Terrace, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Taylor, Frederick W., 446–447 Shepley, Henry, 226 287–288, 289–290 Team Ten, 12

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technology Unité d’Habitation, Marseilles, France, 9, 83, 83, van Zutphen, Jan, 503 advances in, 77–79 86, 271 Varèse, Edgard, 52 glass, 113–115, 474, 508–509 United Kingdom, 10, 11, 12, 14, 85, 140, 141, Varrier-Jones, Pendrill, 501 modern architecture, 2, 4 144, 145, 148, 158, 160, 164, 206, 246–247, VDL Research House, 149, 264 Tecton (architectural firm), 10 270, 328–329, 362–371 Vehicle Assembly Building, Cape Canaveral, Tedesko, Anton, 95 United Nations, New York, New York, 5, 372, Florida, 140 Tempelhof Airport, Berlin, Germany, 420, 421, 375, 386, 513, 515 veneer. See exterior cladding and veneer 424 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Venice Biennale, Netherlands Pavilion, Venice, tempered glass, 115 Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 21, 59, Italy (1953), 183 Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), 144, 146, 61, 162, 390. See also UNESCO Building, Venice Biennale, Swiss Pavilion, Venice, Italy 147–148, 206, 312 Paris, France (1952), 105 ter Meulen, Henri, 503, 504 United Nations Secretariat Building, New York, Venice Charter (1964), 57, 59–61, 62, 68, 72 Terrace Plaza hotel, Cincinnati, Ohio, 395 New York, 112, 116, 133, 473, 477 Verwilghen, Raphaël, 199 textures, concrete, 83–84 United States. See also suburban developments Veterans Administration, 150 The Architects Collaborative, Boston, Massachu- air transport, 420–421 Veteran’s Emergency Housing Program, 150, 208 setts (TAC), 162, 225–226, 331, 332 glass, 513–514 Victorian style, 26 thermal performance industrial buildings, 451, 455–456 Vieux Carré historic district, New Orleans, curtain walls, 127 multistory, multifamily housing, 208, 269–270 Louisiana, 67 glass, 115, 508–509 multistructure housing, 90–91 Viipuri Library, Viipuri, Finland (now Vyborg, thin-shell concrete, 92–95 performing arts centers, 358, 359–360 Russia), 493 Thiokol Chemical Corporation, 133, 134 post-war residential architecture, 207–208 Villanueva, Carlos Raúl, 5, 333 Thousand Lanes (magazine), 259 prefabrication, 302–304 Villa Savoye, Poissy, France, 7, 9, 37, 42, 66, 167, Thyssenhaus, Düsseldorf, Germany, 46, 123, 125, preservation efforts, 14–20, 158, 159, 160–163 199, 200, 204–205, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 165, 476 pre-war residential architecture, 205, 206–207 214–217, 215, 216, 217, 218–220, 221, 230, Time-Life Building, Chicago, Illinois, 121 schools, 329–331 231 Time magazine, 29 suburban developments, 239–267 Vinylite House, Century of Progress International Tivoli Gardens, Copenhagen, Denmark, 412 United States Air Force Academy Chapel, Exposition, Chicago, Illinois (1933), Todd, Lionel, 387 Colorado Springs, Colorado, 521 138–139 Toro, Osvaldo, 405 United States Chancellery Building, London, Viollet-le-Duc, Eugène-Emmanuel, 46, 47, 53, Toro Ferrer y Torregrossa, 401, 402–403, 404–405, England, 89 54–55, 57, 72, 75 406–407 United States Chancellery Building, Oslo, Vitrolite, 114 Torres Balbás, Leopoldo, 58 Norway, 88–89, 89 Vivian Beaumont Theater, Lincoln Center, New Total Theater Project, 358 United States Courthouse, Denver, Colorado, 161 York, New York, 373, 375, 380 tourism. See hotels United States Department of Commerce, 146, Vyborg Library. See Viipuri Library, Viipuri, Towards a New Architecture (Le Corbusier), 421, 147, 302, 304 Finland (now Vyborg, Russia) 456 United States Economic Development Adminis- Town Planning Associates (TPA), 288 tration, 404 Wachsmann, Konrad, 146 transparency, philosophical issues, 37–41 United States Embassy, Dublin, Ireland, 90 Wadsworth, Reginald J., 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, Trans World Airlines, 432. See also TWA United States Embassy, London, England, 89 250 Terminal, John F. Kennedy International United States Embassy, New Delhi, India, 29 Wagner, Robert, 278 Airport, New York, New York United States Embassy, Oslo, Norway, 88–89, 89 Walker, Hale J., 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 250, 311 travertine, stone cladding and veneer, 131 United States Housing Authority, 269 Wallace, Henry A., 321 Travertine House, East Hampton, New York, 33 United States Naval Training Station, Great Walter Gropius house, Lincoln, Massachusetts, Trellick Tower, London, England, 12 Lakes, Illinois, 105 20, 71, 72 Tropical House, 152 United States Pavilion, Brussels World’s Fair, Walter Reade Theater, Lincoln Center, New York, Trowbridge & Livingston, 80 Belgium (1958), 140 New York, 373, 379 Truman, Harry, 150, 321 United States Pavilion, Expo 67, Montreal, Wannamakers department store, New York, New tuberculosis, 500–505. See also Zonnestraal Sana- Canada (1967), 183 York, 148 torium, Hilversum, Netherlands United States Steel Tower, Pittsburgh, Pennsyl- Warner, Charles, 405 Tugendhat House, Brno, Czech Republic, 190, vania, 120, 121 Warner-, 402, 404, 405 204, 210 United States Tax Court, Washington, D. C., 162 Warsaw (Poland) reconstruction, 47, 48, 59 Tugwell, Rexford G., 246, 405 Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Washburn, Carleton W., 345 Turin, Italy expositions (1948, 1950, and 1961), Venezuela, 333 Washington Monument, Washington, D. C., 117 183 University of Notre Dame, Moreau Seminary, Washington National Airport (Ronald Reagan Turner, Claude A. P., 85 South Bend, Indiana, 513 Washington National Airport), Washington, Turner School for Physically Handicapped Urban, Joseph, 358 D. C., 421, 422, 423, 439, 441, 442 Colored Children, St. Louis, Missouri, 330 urban renewal weathering TWA Terminal, John F. Kennedy International backlash to, viii, 18, 297 concrete, 99–102 Airport, New York, New York, 5, 28, 29, 30, Europe, 271 materials failure, 43–44 31, 35–36, 40, 41, 85, 95, 382, 424, 425, New York City, 373–375 patina, 56–57, 73 426–430, 426–434, 435, 438, 439, 443–444. United States, 16, 59, 270, 297 stone cladding and veneer, 129 See also John F. Kennedy International urethane sealants, 133 weathering steel, curtain walls, 120–121 Airport, New York, New York Usonian house, 149 Weese, Harry, 121 design, 427–429 Utzon, Jørn, 37, 64, 382, 382, 383, 384, 385, Weissenhof Housing Exhibition, Germany (1927), generally, 426–427 386–387, 388–389, 390, 390–391, 391, 392 9, 205–206 historical development, 429–432 Weissenhofsiedlung, Deutscher Werkbund, preservation, 432–434 van Alen, William, 118 Stuttgart, Germany (1927), 182 Saarinen, Eero, 432 van der Leeuw, Kees, 462, 464, 465 Welfare Engineering Company, 347 Twentieth Century Society (Thirties Society), van der Vlugt, L. C., 11, 34, 38, 464–465 Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Corpo- England, 11 van Eyck, Aldo, 12, 50, 51 ration, 137, 149 Two Columbus Circle, New York, New York, 28, Van Nelle Factory, Rotterdam, Netherlands, 11, Westinghouse Pavilion, New York World’s Fair, 28–30, 376 13, 14, 34, 38, 66, 71, 85, 115, 122, 123, 167, New York, New York (1939), 309–310 449, 451, 462, 463, 464, 464–467, 465, 468, West Palm Beach (Florida) Jai alai fronton, 106 Underground Railroad (U.S.), 159 469, 470, 470–472, 473, 504 West Side Story (play), 374 UNESCO Building, Paris, France, 86. See also design, 462 Wheeler, E. Todd, 345 United Nations Educational, Scientific and generally, 462 White City, Tel Aviv, Israel, 5, 43 Cultural Organization (UNESCO) historical development, 462–466 Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, Unilever, 490 preservation issues, 466–472 New York, 129, 130, 131 Union Station, St. Louis, Missouri, 82 van Tijen, Willem, 269 Wichita House, 152

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Wiebenga, Jan Gerko, 9, 337, 464, 465, 504 Wiener, Paul L., 288 Wilde Building, Connecticut General Life Insur- ance Company, Bloomington, Connecticut, 34 Will, Phillip, Jr., 345 Willet Studios, Pennsylvania, 514 Williams, Edward, 265 Williams, Owen, 10, 122, 122 Williams College, Herbert S. Town Field House, Williamstown, Massachusetts, 107 Wilson, Ralph, Sr., 138 Wilsonart (Ralph Wilson Plastics Company), 138 Wilson House, Temple, Texas, 211 wire glass, 115 With Heritage So Rich, 68 Wolfsburg Cultural Center, Wolfsburg, Germany, 494 Wood, Edith Elmer, 206 Works Progress Administration (WPA), 347, 421, 422 World Exhibition, Paris, France (1867), 182 World Exposition, Brussels, Belgium (1910), 103 , 66 World Heritage List, 272, 390, 451, 466, 510 World Heritage program, 162 World Monument Fund, 213 World’s Columbian Exposition, Chicago, Illinois (1893), 182 world’s fairs. See pavilions; specific world’s fairs and expositions World Trade Center, New York, New York, 113 , 2, 57, 85, 95, 103, 114, 115, 170, 206, 225, 268, 330–331, 358, 394, 419, 445, 455, 474, 503, 512 World War II, 4, 15, 31, 47, 59, 77, 78, 79, 81, 82, 95, 99, 105, 111, 114, 115, 117, 123, 131, 134, 135, 136, 137, 143–144, 148, 149–150, 151, 153, 158, 159, 170, 183, 207–208, 211, 218, 239, 247–248, 252, 256, 264, 269, 271, 302–304, 305, 311–315, 316, 319, 321, 331, 347, 353, 358, 362, 394–395, 412, 419, 420–423, 422, 446, 451, 466, 475–476, 485, 487, 505 Wren, Christopher, 54 Wright, Frank Lloyd, x, 14, 15, 16–17, 17, 18, 19, 48, 51, 85, 133, 149, 162, 164, 170, 205, 211, 212, 405, 421 Wright, Henry, 244 Wright, Russel, 211 written project documentation, 171–172 Wyatt, James, 55 Wyatt, Wilson, 150, 321

Yale University Art Center, New Haven, Connecticut, 125, 127 Yamasaki, Minoru, 95

Zehrfuss, Bernard Louis, 86 Zeiss-Dywidag system, 93, 95 Zollverein Schacht XII coal mine complex, Essen, Germany, 449–451, 450, 451 Zonnestraal Sanatorium, Hilversum, Netherlands, 9, 10, 14, 38, 40, 100, 102, 122, 123, 334, 337, 338, 339, 465, 499, 500–501, 501, 502, 502–505, 505, 506–507, 507, 508, 509, 510–511, 521 design, 501–506 generally, 500 historical perspective, 500–501 preservation issues, 506–511

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