DOCSLIB.ORG

5. Spoken Spontaneous Israeli Hebrew

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
5. Spoken Spontaneous Israeli Hebrew UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Person markers in Spoken Spontaneous Israeli Hebrew: A systematic description and analysis Cohen, S. Publication date 2016 Document Version Final published version Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Cohen, S. (2016). Person markers in Spoken Spontaneous Israeli Hebrew: A systematic description and analysis. LOT. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:29 Sep 2021 430220 Smadar Cohen Smadar Cohen Smadar Cohen Person markers in Spoken Person markers in Spoken Spontaneous Israeli Hebrew Spontaneous Israeli Hebrew A systematic description and analysis A systematic description and analysis This book presents the person marking system of Spoken Spontaneous Israeli Hebrew (SSIH). It provides a systematic (morphological, syntactic, semantic, pragmatic, and prosodic) analysis of the category of person and person markers in SSIH and describes their morphological structure, their phonological shape, the changes they exhibit with respect to previous layers of Hebrew, and their syntactic behavior. It also examines the speakers’ choices of person markers in changing contexts, and sets up an allomorphic system of person markers. This study also discusses the theoretical question whether SSIH is a ‘pro-drop’ or a Spontaneous Israeli Hebrew Person markers in Spoken ‘pro-add’ language. The system of person markers that is represented in this research is based on findings from a corpus of SSIH that was designed specifically for this research project. The corpus includes recordings of authentic and spontaneous Israeli speech as used by 20 native speakers and their conversation partners. This study lays out the actual person marker system in SSIH as it arises from this corpus, and it describes some crucial typological changes in comparison to the previous phases of Hebrew. That is, there are three paradigms of person markers in SSIH (rather than the two described for previous phases of Hebrew), and there is a tri-gender rather than a two-gender person marker system. The research described in this book throws light on the grammatical and syntactic system of person markers in SSIH and is another step towards describing the complete grammatical system of SSIH. ISBN 978-94-6093-212-0 Person markers in Spoken Spontaneous Israeli Hebrew A systematic description and analysis Published by LOT phone: +31 30 253 6111 Trans 10 3512 JK Utrecht e-mail: [email protected] The Netherlands http://www.lotschool.nl Cover illustration: Tzipora Ben Mordekhai, Tzipy Art Studio, Israel Typesetting: Karin Rotem, Judith Sternberg ISBN: 978-94-6093-212-0 NUR 616 Copyright © 2016: Smadar Cohen. All rights reserved. Person markers in Spoken Spontaneous Israeli Hebrew A systematic description and analysis ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof. dr. ir. K.I.J. Maex ten overstaan van een door het College voor Promoties ingestelde commissie, in het openbaar te verdedigen in de Agnietenkapel op 27 september 2016 te 12.00 uur door Smadar Cohen Geboren te Tel-Aviv, Israel Promotiecomissie Promotor: Prof. Dr. P. C. Hengeveld, Universiteit van Amsterdam Overige leden: Prof. Dr. W.J. van Bekkum, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Dr. D. Gil, Max Planck Institut Leipzig Dr. Y. Hagbi, Universiteit van Amsterdam Prof. Dr. J.J.M. Hazenbos, Universiteit van Amsterdam Prof. Dr. J.C. Schaeffer, Universiteit van Amsterdam Faculteit der Geesteswetenschappen I thank the foundations that assisted in funding this research: the Salti Foundation and the Naime and Yehoshua Salti Center for Ladino Studies at Bar Ilan University (Israel), the Dov Sadan Foundation of Hebrew Language, Hebrew Literature, and Yiddish Studies (Israel), the Ignatz Bubis Foundation of Jewish Studies (Germany), the Yael and Zeev Yaakobi Foundation for Research in the Hebrew Language (Israel), and the Universiteit van Amsterdam and the Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication (ACLC) (Holland) In memory of my grandparents The precision of pain and the blurriness of joy. I’m thinking how precise people are when they describe their pain in a doctor’s office. Even those who haven’t learned to read and write are precise: “This one’s a throbbing pain, that one’s a wrenching pain, this one gnaws, that one burns, this is a sharp pain and that — a dull one. Right here. Precisely here, yes, yes.” Joy blurs everything. I’ve heard people say after nights of love and feasting, “It was great, I was in seventh heaven.” Even the spaceman who floated in outer space, tethered to a spaceship, could say only, “Great, wonderful, I have no words.” The blurriness of joy and the precision of pain — I want to describe, with a sharp pain’s precision, happiness and blurry joy. I learned to speak among the pains. Yehuda Amichai (Translation: Chana Bloch and Chana Kronfeld) דיוק הכאב וטשטוש האושר. אני חושב על הדיוק שבו בני אדם מתארים את כאבם בחדרי רופא. ]...[ טשטוש האושר ודיוק הכאב ואני רוצה לתאר בדיוק של כאב חד גם את האושר העמום ואת השמחה. למדתי לדבר אצל הכאבים. יהודה עמיחי Yehuda Amichai, “The Precision of Pain”, in Open Closed Open, Edited by Robert Alter, New York, Harcourt, 2000. יהודה עמיחי, "דיוק הכאב וטשטוש האושר", פתוח סגור פתוח, הוצאת שוקן, תל אביב 1998 © כל הזכויות שמורות להוצאת שוקן. Acknowledgments The time has come. This book was written out of pain, within pain, flooded and surrounded by pain. But despite that, it has come to an end, and from within the pain, I wish to describe the bliss precisely. Years of anticipation have come to the point of completion — first, from within yearning and exhilaration, and finally from a sense of fulfilling an obligation, with the hope of subsequent relief. The start of my work on this research was interwoven with feelings of spiritual elation alongside bodily pains, excitement of the heart alongside sadness of treatments, but mostly it gave me the feeling of returning to life. This book was written in hospital beds, surgery rooms, and during moments when I considered abandoning the undertaking. Nevertheless, and despite it all, the fact it was written provides a feeling of victory of having mastered the impediments and hardships, mostly those of the body. Moreover, it contains a feeling of fulfillment of my grandmother’s wish. Of course, I could not have finished this study without the assistance of many good people alongside my path, people who lent a hand, who were often there just to listen or to “dry my tears,” and for that I wish to thank them — all of them together and each one separately. First and foremost: Professor Shlomo Z. Berger, the Hebrew language guide for my research. I met him after various experiences in the academic world, and that meeting made me realize things can be different. I knew him only for a limited time, but I discovered what everyone else who knew him had discovered: his kind heart, his joy of life, his ability to “gobble up” life, and how he could simultaneously be down to earth, concrete, and exceptionally effective. Shlomo was one of my two supervisors in this research, and he contributed both his knowledge and his precise discernment. To my deep sorrow, Shlomo died suddenly in one bitter moment, shortly before I completed work on this book. Shlomo, for me you have been an ear, a mouth, an exemplary academic mentor, and a supervisor for whom your students’ success was just as important as your own. May your memory be blessed! Many special thanks to Professor P. C. (Kees) Hengeveld, who supervised the research with mindfulness, knowledge, wisdom, charm, kindness, and gentleness. Kees has given me the freedom to think, as well as having demanded that thinking of me, and he did not give up until I discovered that, indeed, explanations and systematization can also be found where I had not believed they could exist. Kees immersed himself entirely in the “deep waters” of my research, and he supervised my work on a language unknown to him. His ability of fast thinking, accurate perception, and knowledge of structures and behavior of many languages amazed me, and he contributed vastly to this research in particular and to my views on linguistic research in general. Thank you, Kees, for being available at all times, for dealing with my time and health limitations, and for enabling me to complete this research. I also thank the Universiteit van Amsterdam and the Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication (ACLC) for providing me with office space and with a pleasant and friendly working environment to perform my research during my stays in Amsterdam. I would like to thank Professor Dr. W. J. van Bekkum (Rijksuniversiteit Groningen ), Dr. D. Gil (MPI Leipzig), Dr. Y. Hagbi, Professor Dr. J. J. M. Hazenbos, and Professor Dr. J. C. Schaeffer (Universiteit van Amsterdam) for agreeing to be members of my thesis committee. Dr. Ora Ambar and the late Dr.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • ENGLISH AS an ANALYTIC LANGUAGE – the Importance of Word Order
    ENGLISH AS AN ANALYTIC LANGUAGE – the importance of word order In linguistic typology, an analytic language is a language that primarily conveys relationships between words in sentences by way of helper words (particles, prepositions, etc.) and word order, as opposed to utilizing inflections (changing the form of a word to convey its role in the sentence) (Wiki) AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES subject verb(s) object I speak English I can speak English subject verb(s) indirect object direct object place time I will tell you the story at school tomorrow. NEGATIVE SENTENCE The word order in negative sentences is the same as in affirmative sentences. Note, however, that in negative sentences we usually need an auxiliary verb*: subject verbs indirect object direct object place time I will not tell you the story at school tomorrow. *An auxiliary verb helps the main (full) verb and is also called a "helping verb." With auxiliary verbs, you can write sentences in different tenses, moods, or voices. Auxiliary verbs are: be, do, have, will, shall, would, should, can, could, may, might, must, ought, etc. INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES In questions, the word order subject-verbs-object is the same as in affirmative sentences. The only thing that is different is that you usually have to put the auxiliary verb (or the main verb “be”) before the subject. Interrogatives (Question Words) are put at the beginning of the sentences: interrogative auxiliary *verb subject other verb(s) indirect object direct object place time What would you like to tell me Did you have a party in your flat yesterday? When were you here? Question Words in English The most common question words in English are the following: WHO is only used when referring to people.
    [Show full text]
  • To Ba Or Not to Ba Differential Object Marking in Chinese
    î To ba or not to ba Differential Object Marking in Chinese Geertje van Bergen I To ba or not to ba Differential Object Marking in Chinese Geertje van Bergen PIONIER Project Case Cross-linguistically Department of Linguistics Radboud University Nijmegen P.O. Box 9103 6500 HD Nijmegen the Netherlands www.ru.nl/pionier [email protected] III To ba or not to ba Differential Object Marking in Chinese Master’s Thesis General Linguistics Faculty of Arts Radboud University Nijmegen November 2006 Geertje van Bergen 0136433 First supervisor: Dr. Helen de Hoop Second supervisor: Prof. Dr. Pieter Muysken V Acknowledgements I would like to thank Lotte Hogeweg and the members of the PIONIER-project Case Cross-linguistically for the nice cooperation during the past year; many thanks go to Monique Lamers for the pleasant teamwork. I am especially grateful to Yangning for the close cooperation in Beijing and Nijmegen, which has laid the foundation of ¡ £¢ this thesis. Many thanks also go to Sander Lestrade for clarifying conversations over countless cups of coffee. I would like to thank Pieter Muysken for his willingness to be my second supervisor and for his useful comments on an earlier version. Also, I gratefully acknowledge the Netherlands Organisation of Scientific Research (NWO) for financial support, grant 220-70-003, principal investigator Helen de Hoop (PIONIER-project ‘Case cross-linguistically’). Especially, I would like to thank Helen de Hoop for her great support and supervision, for keeping me from losing courage and keeping me on schedule, for her indispensable comments and for all the opportunities she offered me to develop my research skills.
    [Show full text]
  • Variation in the Ergative Pattern of Kurmanji Songül Gündoğdu, Muş
    Variation in the Ergative Pattern of Kurmanji Songül Gündoğdu, Muş Alparslan University, Muş, Turkey LANGUAGE KEYWORDS: Northern Kurdish (Kurmanji) AREA KEYWORDS: Middle East (Turkey) ABSTRACT (ENGLISH) Kurdish-Kurmanji (or Northern Kurdish) belongs to the Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family. This study is dedicated to a deeper understanding of a specific grammatical feature typical of Kurmanji: the ergative structure. Based on the example of this core structure, and with empirical evidence from the Kurmanji dialect of Muş in Turkey, I will discuss the issues of variation and change in Kurmanji, more precisely the ongoing shift from ergative to nominative-accusative structures. The causes for such a fundamental shift, however, are not easy to define. The close historical vicinity to Turkish and Armenian might be a trigger for the shift; another trigger is language-internal (diachronic) change. In sum, the investigated variation sheds light on a fascinating grammatical change in a language that is also sociopolitically in a situation of constant change, movement, and upheaval. ABSTRACT (DEUTSCH) Kurdisch-Kurmanci (oder Nordkurdisch) gehört zum iranischen Zweig der indoeuropäischen Sprachfamilie. Eine zentrale und charakteristische grammatische Struktur dieser Sprache ist der Ergativ; ihm ist der vorliegende Beitrag gewidmet. Am Beispiel des Ergativ werde ich Variation und Wandel im Kurmanci diskutieren und insbesondere auf den Dialekt von Muş (Türkei) eingehen. Dabei zeigt sich, dass sich derzeit im Kurmanci der Wandel von einer Ergativ- zu einer Nominativ-Akkusativ-Sprache vollzieht. Die Ursachen für einen derart grundlegenden Wandel sind nicht leicht zu benennen. Ein Grund mag in der schon historisch engen Nachbarschaft zum Türkischen und Armenischen liegen; ein anderer Grund mag im sprach-internen (diachronen) Wandel des Kurmanci selbst zu finden sein.
    [Show full text]
  • Analytic and Cognitive Language in Instagram Captions
    ISSN 2474-8927 SOCIAL BEHAVIOR RESEARCH AND PRACTICE Open Journal Brief Research Report What Were They Thinking? Analytic and Cognitive Language in Instagram Captions Sheila Brownlow, PhD1*; Makenna Pate, BA2; Abigail Alger, BA [Student]2; Natalie Naturile, BA2 1Department of Psychology, Catawba College, Salisbury NC 28144, USA *Corresponding author Sheila Brownlow, PhD Professor and Chair, Department of Psychology, Catawba College, Salisbury NC 28144, USA; E-mail: [email protected] Article Information Received: June 15th, 2019; Revised: July 8th, 2019; Accepted: July 15th, 2019; Published: July 16th, 2019 Cite this article Brownlow S, Pate M, Alger A, Naturile N. What were they thinking? Analytic and cognitive language in Instagram captions. Soc Behav Res Pract Open J. 2019; 4(1): 21-25. doi: 10.17140/SBRPOJ-4-117 ABSTRACT Background We examined content and expression of Instagram captions of major celebrities who differed according to sex and status, with a focus on determining whether these variables influenced the use of analytic language and cognitive content. Method Instagram captions (n=942) were analyzed with the linguistic inquiry and word count (LIWC), which delineated percentage of language reflecting analytical thought and various cognitive mechanisms, such as causality and discrepancy. Results Men and low-status persons used more functional analytic language, demonstrating critical thought; in contrast, high-status celeb- rities showed more causality. Women more than men “qualified” their speech with discrepancy. These findings were not a function of sentence length. Conclusion Status increased the tendency to construct and explain, perhaps because higher status celebrities (particularly women) knew that they could hold followers’ attention with complex content.
    [Show full text]
  • Hybridity Versus Revivability
    40 Hybridity versus revivability HYBRIDITY VERSUS REVIVABILITY: MULTIPLE CAUSATION, FORMS AND PATTERNS Ghil‘ad Zuckermann Abstract The aim of this article is to suggest that due to the ubiquitous multiple causation, the revival of a no-longer spoken language is unlikely without cross-fertilization from the revivalists’ mother tongue(s). Thus, one should expect revival efforts to result in a language with a hybridic genetic and typological character. The article highlights salient morphological constructions and categories, illustrating the difficulty in determining a single source for the grammar of Israeli, somewhat misleadingly a.k.a. ‘Modern Hebrew’. The European impact in these features is apparent inter alia in structure, semantics or productivity. Multiple causation is manifested in the Congruence Principle, according to which if a feature exists in more than one contributing language, it is more likely to persist in the emerging language. Consequently, the reality of linguistic genesis is far more complex than a simple family tree system allows. ‘Revived’ languages are unlikely to have a single parent. The multisourced nature of Israeli and the role of the Congruence Principle in its genesis have implications for historical linguistics, language planning and the study of language, culture and identity. “Linguistic and social factors are closely interrelated in the development of language change. Explanations which are confined to one or the other aspect, no matter how well constructed, will fail to account for the rich body of
    [Show full text]
  • ¡Nao I.11 .Uüw.Flhrts Ef... Rb» a Il En I. L
    fix a mw s ,r: ef... r .11 .uüw.flhrts‘ ¡nao I ; fix.L... , b» a Il En I. l aii?- «Wwflnrzk... BOLETIN DE LA ACADEMIA NACIONAL DE LA HISTORIA XXXIX 1966 Academia Nacional de la Historia San Martín 336 Buenos Aires Argentina BOLETÍN DE LA ACADEMIA NACIONAL DE LA HISTORIA Volumen XXXIX (1966) COMISIÓN DE PUBLICACIONES Director: Dr. José Luis Molinari Asesores: Dr. Milcíades A. Vígnati Prof. Ricardo Piccirilli Cnel. Augusto G. Rodríguez Dr. Ernesto I. Fine Mesa Directiva de la Academia Nacional de la Historia (1964 — 1966) DR. RIcARDO ZORRAQUíN BEcÚ Presidente DR. MILcíADEs ALEJO VIGNATI SR. RICARDO PIccIRILLI Vicepresidente 24’ Vicepresidente 1° DR. JOSÉ LUIs MOLINARI DR. ERNESTO J. FrrrE Tesorero Secretario SR. GUILLERMO GALLARDO CNIEL. AUGUSTO G. RODRÍGUEZ Protesorero Prosecretario ACADÉMICOS DE NÚMERO (*) DR. ENRIQUE RUIz-GUIÑAzÚ . .. 1921 DR. LEONcIO GIANELLO DR. ARTURO CAPDEvILA 1922 CORONEL AUGUSTO G. RODRícUEz 1955 DR. MIcUEL ANGEL CÁRcANO 1924 . ROBERTO LEvILLIER . .. 1955 DR. BENJAMIN VILLEGAS DR. ENRIQUE M. BARBA . .. 1955 BAsAvILBAsO 1926 . RICARDO ZORRAQUÍN BEcÚ .. 1955 DR. ENRIQUE DE GANDIA . .. 1930 . ARMANDO BRAUN MENÉNDEZ 1957 DR. MILcíADEs ALEJO VIGNATI . 1930 . JOSE LUIs MOLINARI . .. DR. JOSÉ IMBELLONI . 1937 . ATILIO CORNEJO . .. .°°‘<F".°" P9P!‘ R. l’. CUILLERRIO FURLONc . CARLOS R. MELO . .. CARDIFF S. J. .. 1938 SR. José A. ORíA . .. 1939 . EDMUNDO CORREAs NMNMNNMHHHH . BONIFACIO DEL CARRIL . .. SR. RICARDO R. CAILLEr-BOIs .. 1942 “QPPWPFPPWH? . ROBERTO ETCHEPAREBORDA .. SR. JULIO CÉSAR RAI-TO DE LA RETA . JULIO CÉSAR GONZÁLEZ SR. RICARDO PIccIRILLI . JOsE MARIA MARILUz CAP. DE NAvíO CONT. HUMBERTO URQUIJO . 1960 F. BURzIO . D . ERNESTO J. FITTE . S.E. CARDENAL DR. ANTONIO CAc­ SR. GUILLERMO GALLARDO .
    [Show full text]
  • Modeling Infant Segmentation of Two Morphologically Diverse Languages
    Modeling infant segmentation of two morphologically diverse languages Georgia Rengina Loukatou1 Sabine Stoll 2 Damian Blasi2 Alejandrina Cristia1 (1) LSCP, Département d’études cognitives, ENS, EHESS, CNRS, PSL Research University, Paris, France (2) University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland [email protected] RÉSUMÉ Les nourrissons doivent trouver des limites de mots dans le flux continu de la parole. De nombreuses études computationnelles étudient de tels mécanismes. Cependant, la majorité d’entre elles se sont concentrées sur l’anglais, une langue morphologiquement simple et qui rend la tâche de segmen- tation aisée. Les langues polysynthétiques - pour lesquelles chaque mot est composé de plusieurs morphèmes - peuvent présenter des difficultés supplémentaires lors de la segmentation. De plus, le mot est considéré comme la cible de la segmentation, mais il est possible que les nourrissons segmentent des morphèmes et non pas des mots. Notre étude se concentre sur deux langues ayant des structures morphologiques différentes, le chintang et le japonais. Trois algorithmes de segmentation conceptuellement variés sont évalués sur des représentations de mots et de morphèmes. L’évaluation de ces algorithmes nous mène à tirer plusieurs conclusions. Le modèle lexical est le plus performant, notamment lorsqu’on considère les morphèmes et non pas les mots. De plus, en faisant varier leur évaluation en fonction de la langue, le japonais nous apporte de meilleurs résultats. ABSTRACT A rich literature explores unsupervised segmentation algorithms infants could use to parse their input, mainly focusing on English, an analytic language where word, morpheme, and syllable boundaries often coincide. Synthetic languages, where words are multi-morphemic, may present unique diffi- culties for segmentation.
    [Show full text]
  • Information Structure and Object Marking: a Study Of
    INFORMATION STRUCTURE AND OBJECT MARKING: A STUDY OF THE OBJECT PREPOSITION ʾET IN BIBLICAL HEBREW A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES HEBREW UNION COLLEGE—JEWISH INSTITUTE OF RELIGION BY PETER JOSEPH BEKINS IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ________________________________ First Reader: Dr. Stephen A. Kaufman ________________________________ Second Reader: Dr. W. Randall Garr NOVEMBER 2012 © Copyright by Peter Joseph Bekins 2012 All rights reserved Acknowledgements I would like to begin by thanking my readers for their tireless work. My advisor, Stephen Kaufman, was everything that one could ask for in a first reader—direct and quick. I have benefited greatly from my years studying under him and completing this project with him. My second reader, Randall Garr, graciously took on this project despite the fact that we had never previously spoken, much less met. He proved to be the perfect complement with an eye to detail, and this work was improved immeasurably by his participation. I would like to thank my professors and colleagues at Hebrew Union College—Jewish Institute of Religion. The faculty of the graduate school, including Sam Greengus, David Weisberg !"#, Nili Fox, David Aaron, Jason Kalman, and Adam Kamesar, have all contributed to my growth as a scholar and a person. I thank my fellow graduate students for their friendship, fellowship, and encouragement. I would like to thank the other scholars who have taken an interest in my work and provided both support and encouragement. Robert Holmstedt and John Hobbins have given feedback and encouragement in various stages of the project.
    [Show full text]
  • ٧٠٩ Morphological Typology
    جامعة واسط العـــــــــــــــدد السابع والثﻻثون مجلــــــــة كليــــــــة التربيــــــة الجزء اﻷول / تشرين الثاني / 2019 Morphological Typology: A Comparative Study of Some Selected Languages Bushra Farhood Khudheyier AlA'amiri Prof. Dr. Abdulkareem Fadhil Jameel, Ph.D. Department of English, College of Education/ Ibn Rushud for Humanities Baghdad University, Baghdad, Iraq Abstract Morphology is a main part of English linguistics which deals with forms of words. Morphological typology organizes languages on the basis of these word forms. This organization of languages depends on structural features to mould morphological, patterns, typologising languages, assigning them to analytic, or synthetic types on the base of words segmentability and invariance, or measuring the number of morphemes per word. Morphological typology studies the universals in languages, the differences and similarities between languages in the structural patterns found in different languages, which occur within a restricted range. This paper aims at distinguishing the various types of several universal languages and comparing them with English. The comparison of languages are set according to the number of morphemes, the degree of being analytic ,or synthetic languages by given examples of each type. Accordingly, it is hypothesed that languages are either to be analytic, or synthetic according to the syntactic and morphological form of morphemes and their meaning relation. The analytical procedures consist of expressing the morphological types with some selected examples, then making the comparison between each type and English. The conclusions reached at to the point of the existence of similarity between these morphological types . English is Analytic , but it has some synythetic aspects, so it validated the first hypothesis and not entirely refuted the second one.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 36. Grammatical Change
    Chapter 36. Grammatical change Willem B. Hollmann 36.1 Preliminaries Grammatical change is an extremely interesting area but does presuppose some knowledge of grammar. For this reason, if you do not have this knowledge yet, this chapter will work best if you have first familiarised yourself with the terminology discussed in the chapters on grammar, i.e. especially chapters and 5–8. Chapters on grammatical change in traditional textbooks on the history of English or historical linguistics by and large focus on change in morphology (the structure of words) and/or syntax (the structure of phrases and clauses). Some of the most important changes in the history of English can indeed be described in more or less purely structural terms, i.e. without considering meaning very much. Sentences (1–2), below, illustrate object-verb (or OV) constituent order,1 which was quite frequent in Old English but became less and less common during Middle English, until it was completely lost in the sixteenth century. (1) Gregorius [hine object] [afligde verb]. (Homilies of Ælfric 22.624) Gregory him put-to-flight ‘Gregory made him flee’ (2) Ne sceal he [naht unaliefedes object] [don verb]. (Pastoral Care 10.61.14) not shall he nothing unlawful do ‘He will do nothing unlawful’ Example (2) shows that we must be careful when discussing OV order in Old and Middle English: the finite verb (here: sceal) actually often occurred before the object, taking up the second position in the clause (the initial position here being occupied by the negator ne). Thus, it is often only the lexical verb (here: don) that follows the object.
    [Show full text]
  • Tense, Mood and Aspect in the Verbal System of Spoken Israeli Hebrew
    UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Languages in contact: preliminary clues of an emergence of an Israeli Arabic variety Dekel, N.; Brosh, H. Publication date 2012 Document Version Final published version Published in Journal of Arts and Humanities Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Dekel, N., & Brosh, H. (2012). Languages in contact: preliminary clues of an emergence of an Israeli Arabic variety. Journal of Arts and Humanities, 1(3), 1-17. http://www.theartsjournal.org/images/archive_articles/December2012/1.pdf General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:25 Sep 2021 Languages in contact: Preliminary clues of an emergence of an Israeli Arabic variety Nurit Dekel, PhD Senior Researcher in Linguistics Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication University of Amsterdam, Netherlands Hezi Brosh, PhD Professor of Arabic Languages and Cultures Department United States Naval Academy Annapolis ABSTRACT This paper describes from a linguistic point of view the impact of the Hebrew spoken in Israel on the Arabic spoken natively by Israeli Arabs.
    [Show full text]
  • CONTRASTIVE GRAMMAR: Theory and Practice
    Киї вськии університет Національнии університет імені Бориса Грінченка «Києво-Могилянська академія» CONTRASTIVE GRAMMAR: Theory and Practice KYIV 2019 0 УДК 811.111-112(076) Contrastive Grammar: Theory and Practice = Порівняльна граматика: теорія і практика: навч. посіб. / авт.-сост.: Н. Ф. Гладуш, Н. В. Павлюк; Київ. ун-т. ім. Б. Грінченка; Нац. ун-т «Києво-Могилянська акад.». – К., 2019. – 296 с. Навчальний посібник з порівняльної граматики англійської та української мов висвітлює теоретичні питання, які розкривають спільні та відмінні риси у структурі двох мов. Кожна тема з морфології та синтаксису супроводжується практичними завданнями, які допомагають краще зрозуміти і засвоїти матеріал. У другій частині надаються таблиці, які систематизують і класифікують явища, що вивчаються. Посібник відповідає програмі курсу «Порівняльна граматика англійської та української мов» для вищих навчальних закладів. Розраховано на студентів спеціальності «Філологія» навчальних закладів вищої освіти, викладачів та усіх, кого цікавлять питання структурної організації мови. УДК 811.111-112(076) 1 CONTENTS Preface 4 Unit 1. Introduction to Contrastive Grammar 5 Unit 2. Basic Grammar Notions 16 Unit 3. Contrastive Morphology 19 Unit 4. The Noun in English and Ukrainian 26 Unit 5. The Adjective, Numeral and Pronoun in English and Ukrainian 34 Unit 6. The Article 43 Unit 7. Functional Parts of Speech in English and Ukrainian 48 Unit 8. The Verb in English and Ukrainian 55 Unit 9. Verbals in English and Ukrainian 65 Unit 10. The Adverb and Stative in English and Ukrainian 72 Unit 11. Contrastive Syntax. Phrases in English and Ukrainian 78 Unit 12. The Simple sentence in English and Ukrainian 87 Unit 13. The Composite Sentence in English and Ukrainian 95 Unit 14.
    [Show full text]