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Conventional Tunnelling / Shield Tunnelling / Shafts / Caverns German Tunnel-Expertise Group Conventional Tunnelling / Shield Tunnelling / Shafts / Caverns Expertise Group for Planning – Structural Analysis – Development – Consultancy 1 The range of expertise in mechanical and conventional tunnel construction includes: - ground modelling and assessment - feasibility studies - selection of optimum tunnelling method - launching and receiving procedures - tunnelling simulations - selection of securing methods - lining classifi cation - supporting pressure calculations - non-linear geotechnical FEM analyses and settlement prognoses - performance and wear prognoses 2 - dimensioning of fi nal linings - structural analyses Highest groundwater level - tunnel segments design Pipe umbrella Average groundwater level - fi re protection analyses and concepts Top - drainage concepts Temporary invert heading of top heading - analyses of rock face and earth slope stability Jet grouting frame - monitoring /surveying programmes Bench TOR = ± 0.00 - evidence preservation Invert Bottom edge of the invert - geological and geotechnical consulting/construction management - target /actual comparison Picture credit: Lang Hugger Rampp GmbH Architekten credit: Picture - cost and schedule assessment - contract and cost management Metro station Marienplatz – railway connection in the centre of Munich - visualisation - construction management and supervision - project management - analysis of construction interruptions - error and risk analyses Tunnel construction is one of the most interesting yet most dif- of civil engineering. Interaction between ground and tunnel prehensive approach, fostered by a partnering culture. Thanks - gallery structures for stations fi cult disciplines of civil engineering. It combines theory and prac- drilling as well as resulting surface settlements and building to close collaboration within the partners’ companies, the asso- - underground caverns tice to form an engineering art of its own, requiring wide-ranging displacements are to be managed and minimised. The German ciation delivers holistic solutions for major infrastructure projects. - cross-cuts knowledge and long years of experience in the fi elds of civil Tunnel-Expertise Group is an association of SSF Ingenieure AG, The comprehensive knowledge and understanding of the inter- - tunnel grouting engineering, structural engineering, geology and hydrogeology, K+S Ingenieur-Consult GmbH & Co. KG, Baugeologisches Büro action of numerous factors when it comes to implementing un- - excavation /undercutting /underpinning geotechnics as well as mechanical engineering and construction Bauer GmbH and Technische Universität Munich, Institut for En- derground construction sites and their interfaces enables us to - supplementary measures /ground improvement methods. gineering Geology with fi rst rate experience in tunnel and metro optimally assist you during all stages of a tunnel project. - bored piles, diaphragm or temporary walls infrastructure. - back anchors and rock anchors Introduction The team of the German Tunnel-Expertise Group specialises in ap- - tunnel renovation Constantly increasing traffi c in urban conurbations and at the An interdisciplinary team of experts working in partnership plying comprehensive knowledge and long years of experience in - concepts for technical tunnel equipment same time limited availability of traffi c surfaces, growing require- and applying an integrated multi-disciplinary approach to re- the fi eld of underground construction by intensive interdiscipli- ments of regional and national traffi c networks and mobility and solve tomorrow‘s tunnel issues today. The members of German nary dialogue in order to optimise projects as a whole. The assess- 1 Tunnel Jin Shazhou China, drill & blast method, phase topheading with en- last but not least the demand for protection and conservation of Tunnel-Expertise Group are specialists in planning, design and ment of execution, cost and schedule risks and unpredictability of hanced temporary lining living spaces underline the importance of underground construc- management services for tunnels, metro infrastructures, deep complicated and diffi cult conditions are part of our services too, 2 Conventional excavation, divided in top heading, bench and invert, top head- ing advance with compressed air protected by a pipe umbrella and lateral soil tion. The technological complexity of tunnel construction projects, foundations, excavations, support structures and ground im- as well as the adaptation of the design to expedient and effi cient improvement in the area of the tunnel side walls, construction of a bench and especially in inner-urban area, is one of the greatest challenges provement. Our teams are at the forefront of ensuring a com- practicability on site. invert with pressure level of 1.1 bar, protected by 30 cm thick shortcrete Cross section type III Cross section type I Investigation, Methods and Programmes tunneling class 7A3 tunneling class 6A1 Changing direct and indirect exploration methods result in eco- Preceding support: Preceding support: single-layer pipe umbrella partially IBO spiles nomic solutions and lead to comprehensive knowledge of the hy- 10 pieces Heading face support drogeology and geotechnics. Moreover, an additional laboratory shortcrete C 20/25 programme forms the basis to establish geotechnical parameters. Heading face anchors: GFR, 5 pieces, l = 8.00 m Outer shell top heading: shotcrete C 20/25 Outer shell top heading: t = 15 cm, 1 layer RStM Q257A Direct exploration methods: shotcrete C 20/25 t = 30 cm, lattice girders type B 2 layers RStM Q257A - investigation drillings of surface (vertical /oblique) Partial excavations lattice girders type B and direct support, Top heading: - investigation drillings of tunnel (radial /preceding) max. open unsecured system anchoring radial Top heading system: excavation surface SN anchors, l = 4.00 m - diggings anchoring radial < 5m2 IBO anchors, l = 6.00 m BA KSG K +1.60 Top heading invert BA - exploration tunnel / pilot drillings Temporary invert of top heading Outer shell bench: shotcrete C 20/25 KSG - groundwater measurement points and gauge shotcrete C 20/25 t = 25 cm, 2 layers TStM Q257A t = 15 cm, 1 layer RStM Q257A foot piles: IBO anchors Indirect exploration methods: ST lattice girders type B -1.25 Bench invert - dynamic probing (DPH-DPL) Outer shell bench: Bench: shotcrete C 20/25 Offset bench invert system anchoring radial -2.29 - cone penetration test (CPT) t = 30 cm, 2 layers RStM Q257A BA to -1.35 m SN anchors, l = 4.00 m lattice girders type B - geophysical procedures Base pile Drainage Bench: system anchoring radial IBO anchors - documentation of washed material during anchor drillings/pipe IBO anchors, l = 6.00 m Outer shell invert: arch construction and injections shotcrete C 20/25 t = 30 cm, layers RStM Q257A - documentation of excavated material during mechanised shield tunnelling - extensometer / inclinometer / piezometer Laboratory analyses: - composition of mineralogy and form - pore spaces / mineral bonding - rigidity/compactness / consistency - compressive, tensile, shear resistance Metamorphosis of the ground by high temperature and pression – Exemplary - compression behaviour, plasticity and elasticity representation of a ground model from a simple use of investigation data to a - abrasiveness and adhesion detailed geological model Ground Modelling Knowledge of Geological Genesis Tunnelling projects present from the beginning huge challenges rameters can be developed, substantial estimations for design, The geological model has to be based on investigations and knowl- nuities such as clefts and faults, unclear demarcations between in view of geological matters. The so-called ‘view into the dark’, calculation and implementation be made and geological key prob- edge of the geological genesis to be able to defi ne geological solid and unconsolidated rock material (mixed-face conditions), the unknown of the ground has to be understood to be calcu- lems be identifi ed and evaluated. It is seldom suffi cient to meet boundaries. Tectonics and erosion processes infl uence the original changeable solid rocks, abrasiveness, adhesion potential, hydro- lable. The knowledge of the ground is decisive for all stages of standard requirements as always individual project-specifi c ques- horizontal compactness of sediments. Chemical, physical or biolog- logical separating layers, secondary changes such as cavities or design and construction to obtain a sustainable, economic, safe tions are to be answered, where the structure/geology interaction ical processes such as weathering or hydrothermal energy can lead backfi lls, but also anthropogenic interventions can be problematic and well-developed solution. plays a signifi cant role. to changes of geotechnical parameters. Ground formation process- and have to be taken into consideration when choosing excava- Especially for fi nancial reasons, it is sometimes only possible to es generate geotechnically decisive intermediate layers. Magmatic tion and support methods. carry out selective spot check investigations and then to analyse intrusions are vertically relevant and metamorphic transformations conscientiously this small ‘insight’ into the ground in order to infl uence compression and temperature. Primary anisotropies and Conventional tunnelling allows local adaptations of tunnelling elaborate reasonable defi nitions and identify geotechnical ho- inhomogeneities have an effect on all of these processes. and lining classifi cations, when
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