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Textualizations of the Northern Tutchone Story of Crow Contemporary Ethnographic Translation of Traditional Aboriginal Narrative: Textualizations of the Northern Tutchone Story of Crow Philippe Cardinal A Thesis In the Humanities Program Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Concordia University Montreal, Quebec, Canada September 2009 © Philippe Cardinal, 2009 Library and Archives Bibliotheque et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-63409-7 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-63409-7 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie priv6e, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. 1+1 Canada iii ABSTRACT Contemporary Ethnographic Translation of Traditional Aboriginal Narrative: Textualizations of the Northern Tutchone Story of Crow Philippe Cardinal, Ph.D. Concordia University, 2009 This thesis is designed as an encounter between translation studies and ethnography. It demonstrates how a cross-fertilization between those two disciplines can be achieved for the benefit of both. If several of the research methods employed to gather the data analysed are those currently used by translation studies specialists investigating all manner of translation, others, such as field research, are typical of ethnography. And while some of the theoretical framework upon which the thesis builds its argumentation is essentially that of translation studies, translation theories formulated by practitioners of anthropology have not been ignored. The thesis takes the form of a case study. Its object of inquiry is an ethnographer's recording of the telling of an age-old narrative by an Aboriginal elder in his own Northern Tutchone language, and the subsequent translation, textualization and publication of this narrative into English and into French. It establishes why and how this elder and this ethnographer agreed to collaborate to transform this traditional narrative into two learned publications. The central question that the thesis asks is this: How did a combination of linguistic, social, cultural, historical, institutional and political constraints operate on each state of the text of this traditional Tutchone story iv cycle to make it such as we find it in the published books? Manifestations of those limiting factors are identified and their effects are assessed in each state of the text as well as in the paratext of the forewords and afterwords of the English and French publications. Such restrictions are moreover shown not to be confined to this particular case since analogous forces are demonstrated to have similarly informed other recent Yukon ethnographic encounters. V RESUME La traduction ethnographique contemporaine des recite autochtones traditionnels : les textualisations de I'histoire du corbeau des Tutchones septentrionaux Philippe Cardinal, doctorant Universite Concordia, 2009 Cette these est concue comme une rencontre entre la traductologie et I'ethnographie. Elle demontre comment un echange de procedes entre ces deux disciplines peut etre opere au profit de chacune. Si bon nombre des methodes de recherche ayant servi a la collecte des donnees analysees sont celles qu'utilisent couramment les traductologues pour etudier toutes sortes de traductions, d'autres, notamment les recherches de terrain, relevent typiquement de I'ethnographie. Et si le cadre theorique sur lequel la these fonde son argumentation est essentiellement celui de la traductologie, les theories traductives que les anthropologues ont formulees sont egalement prises en compte. La these est essentiellement une etude de cas. L'objet etudie est I'enregistrement effectue par un ethnographe de la narration d'un recit seculaire par un aTne dans sa propre langue tutchone septentrionale et la traduction, la textualisation et la publication de cette narration en anglais et en francais qui s'ensuivit. La these explique comment et pourquoi cet ethnographe et cet alne collaborerent a transformer ce recit traditionnel en deux livres savants. vi La question centrale posee est la suivante : comment la combinaison d'une serie de contraintes linguistiques, sociales, culturelles, historiques, institutionnelles et politiques a-t-elle opere sur chacun des etats du texte de ce cycle d'histoires traditionnelles tutchones pour en faire ce que Ton trouve dans ces publications? La these releve les manifestations de chacun de ces facteurs restrictifs et en mesure les effets sur chaque etat du texte et du paratexte des prefaces et postfaces de chacune des publications. Finalement, en etablissant que des forces analogues ont egalement agi sur le deroulement d'autres collaborations ethnographiques yukonnaises contemporaines, la these demontre que de tels facteurs ne sont pas limites au seul cas etudie. vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Most of all, I want to thank my major advisor, Dr. Sherry Simon, whose knowledgeable advice and guidance kept me on track throughout. I also want to express my gratitude to Dr. Dominique Legros whose generosity made this enquiry possible. I am likewise grateful to Ms. Lucy McGinty and Ms. Mary McGinty without whose collaboration my research in Pelly Crossing would have failed. Sincere thanks to Dr. Gavin Taylor and Dr. John Leavitt for the helpful advice. Sincere thanks also to Ms. Emma Alfred and Ms. Beverly J. Brown who did what they could to help with my project. A very special thank you to Dr. Ruth Gotthardt who helped me obtain research funding and who generously shared her knowledge regarding the recent history of Aboriginal/Euro-Canadian relations in Yukon. I also owe a debt of gratitude to the Fonds quebecois de la recherche surla societe et la culture (FQRSC) for the doctoral fellowship as well as the supplementary grant that made my Yukon field research possible. Last, but most definitely not least, I am particularly grateful to Mrs. Lizzie Hall who, in her own quietly dignified fashion, has earned my utmost respect. VIII DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to the memory of Mr. Tommy McGinty, raconteur extraordinaire, and his Selkirk First Nation of Pelly Crossing and Minto. IX TABLE OF CONTENT I ntrod uction 1 Chapter 1: How Euro-Canadians and Euro-Americans failed to gain Aboriginals' trust 32 The Jesuit's Relations de ce qui s'est passe 34 Literature in the raw for some—subjugation tool for others 36 Science, poetry and myth 38 From Mekeel's degenerated Indians to Malinowski's theory of myth 43 From structuralism to publishing "the world's tribal poetry" 47 The historiographic approach 56 Seeds of doubt 59 Twisting narrative 64 The nature of traditional stories 71 Delgamuukw vs. Regina 76 Recent historiography 78 Anthropology at the close of the millennium 83 Anthropological translation 86 Poetizing translation 88 Appropriating Western modes of cultural production 92 Chapter 2: The history of Yukon Aboriginals and the stories of Tommy McGinty - 95 In the beginning 96 Contact among Aboriginals 100 First European contact 107 The first trading post 109 X The sack of Fort Selkirk 114 1852 - 1896 117 Gold Rush 119 Passing of an age-old system 121 After the Klondike Rush 123 The Alaska Highway 126 Injustice breeds militancy 128 The Athapaskan linguistic family 131 The Selkirk First Nation in 2006 (through the eyes of an outsider) 134 Yukon Aboriginals' concept of history 139 Traditional stories as history 141 How the culture of the Tutchone is informed by colonial contact and how this has affected the Tutchone approach to storytelling 143 From orality to literacy in one generation 149 Chapter 3: The Two States of Tommy McGinty's 1984 Text 151 Text 1: Tommy McGinty's 1984 Northern Tutchone narration 154 Making a record for those who would come after 157 The recorded Northern Tutchone text 158 Tommy McGinty's Northern Tutchone story of crow 160 The flood 161 Crow rebuilds the world 161 Crow makes the lakes and rivers 162 Crow's fancy new blanket 163 Crow catches a fish 164 Crow
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