International Court of Justice Obligation
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INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE OBLIGATION TO NEGOTIATE ACCESS TO THE PACIFIC OCEAN (BOLIVIA v. CHILE) MEMORIAL OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PLURINATIONAL STATE OF BOLIVIA VOLUME I 17 APRIL 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 1 SECTION I: OVERVIEW OF THE DISPUTE ............................................................................ 1 A. The key Episodes ..................................................................................................... 2 B. The Chile’s Obligation to Negotiate ....................................................................... 7 C. Subject matter of this dispute .................................................................................. 8 SECTION II: JURISDICTION ................................................................................................ 8 SECTION III. RELIEF SOUGHT ........................................................................................... 10 SECTION IV: OUTLINE OF THE MEMORIAL ....................................................................... 10 CHAPTER I ......................................................................................................................... 13 THE FACTS ......................................................................................................................... 13 I. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 13 II. BOLIVIA’S COASTAL TERRITORY ON INDEPENDENCE (1825) .................................. 14 FIGURE I: BOLIVIA’S LOCATION IN SOUTH AMERICA ....................................... 15 FIGURE II: OFFICIAL MAP OF BOLIVIA (1859) ....................................................... 17 III. CHILE’S EXPANSIONIST POLICY .............................................................................. 19 IV. THE TERRITORIAL LIMITS TREATIES ...................................................................... 20 V. THE INVASION OF BOLIVIA’S COASTAL TERRITORY IN 1879 .................................. 23 VI. THE 1884 TRUCE PACT AND 1895 TRANSFER TREATY........................................... 26 VII. THE 1904 TREATY ................................................................................................... 39 VIII. 1920 ACT AND OTHER EXPRESSIONS OF CHILE’S AGREEMENT TO GRANT BOLIVIA SOVEREIGN ACCESS TO THE SEA ............................................................... 41 A. The 1920 Act ........................................................................................................... 41 B. Events following the 1920 Act ................................................................................. 44 C. The 1926 Kellogg proposal ..................................................................................... 47 D. The 1926 Matte Memorandum ............................................................................... 49 E. The secret Supplementary Protocol of 1929 between Chile and Peru .................... 50 IX. THE 1950 EXCHANGE OF NOTES ............................................................................. 51 X. THE 1961 TRUCCO MEMORANDUM ......................................................................... 57 XI. THE 1975 JOINT DECLARATION OF CHARAÑA ........................................................ 59 A. The Ayacucho Declaration of 1974 ......................................................................... 59 B. The Joint Declaration of 1975 ................................................................................ 60 C. OAS Resolution of August 1975 ............................................................................. 61 D. Proposals in August 1975 ....................................................................................... 62 E. Proposals in December 1975 .................................................................................. 63 F. Events in 1977, including the Joint Declaration of June 1977 ............................... 68 XII. CHILE’S COMMITMENTS BEFORE THE OAS (1979-85) ............................................. 72 A. Events of 1979 ........................................................................................................ 73 B. Events of 1980 – 1983 ............................................................................................ 75 C. Events of 1984 ........................................................................................................ 77 D. Events of 1985 ........................................................................................................ 78 XIII. THE “FRESH APPROACH” TO NEGOTIATIONS (ENFOQUE FRESCO) (1986-1987) ..... 79 A. The new bilateral approach .................................................................................... 79 B. Meeting in April 1987 ............................................................................................. 80 I C. Bolivia’s two memoranda ....................................................................................... 81 D. Chile’s Rejection of Further Negotiations in 1987 ................................................. 83 XIV. NEGOTIATIONS ATTEMPTS: 1995-2011 ................................................................... 87 A. 1995: Bolivian-Chilean mechanism of Political Consultation ................................ 87 B. Events From 2000 to 2005 ...................................................................................... 87 C. 2006: the 13-Point Agenda ..................................................................................... 89 D. 2011: Chile’s rejection of any further negotiations ................................................ 93 CHAPTER II ........................................................................................................................ 97 THE CHILEAN OBLIGATION ........................................................................................ 97 I. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 97 II. THE NATURE OF THE OBLIGATION TO NEGOTIATE ................................................. 97 A. The Specific Nature of the Obligation to Negotiate Agreed upon by Chile ............ 97 B. Content of the Obligation to Negotiate ................................................................... 100 a. Negotiations must be conducted in Good Faith .................................................. 100 b. Negotiations must be Meaningful ....................................................................... 103 C. Specific Aspects of the Obligation to Negotiate ..................................................... 104 a. Obligation to Make Proposals in Good Faith ..................................................... 104 i. Reasonable proposal ..................................................................................... 106 ii. Take into account the other party’s interests ....................................................... 107 iii. Address the subject matter that the parties agreed to negotiate ........................... 108 b. Obligation to Receive and Consider Proposals in Good Faith .................................... 108 c. Obligation to be willing to negotiate over any and all legal modalities which might be proposed ............................................................................................ 113 d. No Unreasonable Delay ............................................................................................... 114 e. The Continuing Obligation to Negotiate ...................................................................... 116 D. Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 119 III. THE PROCESS OF FORMATION OF THE CHILEAN OBLIGATION ........................................ 120 A. Formation of Obligations in International Law ............................................................... 120 a. Obligation Created by Agreements .............................................................................. 120 b. Obligation Created by Conduct and Unilateral Declarations ...................................... 125 B. The Key Episodes in the Process in this Case................................................................... 135 a. The antecedent: the 1895 Transfer Treaty .................................................................. 136 b. The 1920 Act and the 1926 Matte Memorandum ...................................................... 138 c. The 1950 Exchange of Notes ....................................................................................... 142 d. The Nature and Content of the Notes Exchanged ...................................................... 143 e. The Circumstances that Preceded the exchange of Notes ......................................... 144 f. The Circumstances that Followed the 1950 Exchange of Notes (The 1961 Trucco Memorandum) ................................................................................................. 146 g. The 1975 Joint Declaration of Charaña ...................................................................... 148 h. The Subsequent Confirmation by Chile of its Agreement within the Framework of the OAS ................................................................................................ 150 I. THE BINDING NATURE OF CHILE’S COMMITMENT ........................................................