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Reports - Researcii/Technical (10) -- Collec O -General (020) , " DOCUMENT RESUME Et) 248 723 0-14. 579 , / ,AUTHOR Sajavaaral Kari, Ed. TITLE Cross-Language.Analysisand Secimd Language Acquisition. Vc4ume 2.:JyvasicYla CrQss-Language----:-.------------- Studies, No. 10 . Jimaskyla Univ, (inland). Dept. of,Eng,lish.'. ,,PUB DATE Nov 13" . , NOTE 292p.; For -the volu e to-thisdocument,see / FL 014 578. :. PUE TYPE Reports - Researcii/Technical (10) -- Collec o -General (020) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC12,Plup Postage. DESCRIPTORS Afrikaans; *Cantrastive Linguistics; Discourse' Analysis; Effglish; gnglish (Second Languige); Estonian ,/Finnish; Form Classes (Language0; French; Germa , Grammat; Iatonation4r_Langdage Acquisition; *L uage Research; Language *Linguigtic Theory; Oral Language; Polish; Reading Cdmprehensqm; Reading Materials; Rumanian; *Second. Language Learning; Semantics-;NSpatial Ability; Swedish . ABSTRACT A collection of'21 papers mostperesented at the Fifth Internationi1,Conference onContrastive Projects in June 1982 in Finland, includes: "Searching for Linguistic Universals through I,- Contrastive Analysis," "Oral- Discourse and Gon.trastive Analysis: f .Towards a French 1p. Finno-Scandinavian Model," "Cultural Effect on the Comprehensibility. of Reading Texts.," "The AppliOetion of some Parameters of Textlinguistics on ContrastiveAnql,lysis'","The Influence of the-First Language: An Analysis of Learners' Questions," "Questioning Strategies in Eiglish and Swedish Conversation," "Pragmatic Equivalence in Contrastive Studies: Requests in Polish and English," "Giving and Getting Directions: Cross-Language Interaction Bet#een Native and Finnish Speakers of English," "A Pragmatic Account ot-Proper Names in English and Polish," "A Functional Model for the Description_of Modality in Contrastive Analysis," "Pragmatici 'Aspects of Definite. iferiiiiirriatiblviittzt-hotrt,.-Lp.r404.41enti.u. ' in English and Polish," "Prepositional Usage in English andAfrikaiiiii-riTterenceis----, in Spatial Perception," "Remarks on Pronominal Reference and Definiteness in French an Finnish," "Emphatis and Ellipsis,'" "The. .Object in German and Engli h According to Dependency Grammari, A Contrastive Analysis," "En ish Loanwords in Estonian," "English . Loanwords in Romanian," "On Lexis: The Swedish Learnerand the Native Speaker Compared," "The Semantics of 'Average' and 'Competitor'; Two Inp of Dizzy Busineqs or Busy Dizziness," "Chain CoAtpounds--Anglicismsitances in Finnish?", and "AbpectS of Perception in Learning Second Language VOWel Quality." (MSE.) PI ********x************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS arethe.,best that can be made from the original document.* ********************************************************************4 9999,_ I 0 ' 1 , ----- t . Jyaskyld 'Gross,-Lan.4uage Studies , , Department of English, University' of)yviskyra , edi ted by Kari andfi3aakko Lehtoner & "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER. (ERIC) U.B. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION 4 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION. EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION A CENTER (ERIC) This document has been reproduced . as received from the persoN or organization 9 originating it eprove ! Minor changes'have been made rePruction s. Poletits of view or opinions stated inthis docu :Tient do not necessarily representofficial ME position or 'limy. a e ......,..".......-.....................?..... '.' \ . .., 1 : 4v6skyl'6.) Cross Language Studies . 0 ' .No 10 I CROSS -LANG CAGE AND SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION Volume 2 4 4 .dr edited 0 I Kari Sajavaara .lyvskytii. 1983 .......___. .1. k N._ v 9 r) Department of English, University of Jyv'dskyll 1983 !ISBN 951-679-106-9 ISSN '0358-6464'. A lo 0,1*14...a.re-*....* k PREFACE Most of the papers which are published in gyvaskyla Cross-Language Studies 9 and 10 were presented at the Fifth International Werence on Contrastive Projects entitled "Cross-LanquageAnalysis and Second Language* Acquisition ". The conference was held at Jyva5kyla on June1-5, 1982. A number of the conference papers have been published in aspecial issue'on cross-language analysis and second language acquisitionof Applied Linguistics (Volume 4, Number 3) and in Finlance: the Finnish Journal of Language Learning and Language Teaching (Volume 2). Both were published i51 1983. Some of the payers included inf the two volumes were not read atthe 'conference; they tome from various contexts, eg. Finnish SummerSchools of Linguistics, or.are based on research carried out in dyvaskyla. dYvOkyra K.S. November; 1983 A 13 7 sv.. 0 -....),...., CONTENTS Volume 10 . Gloria Italianb SEARCHING FOR LINGUISTIC UNIVERSAL'S AnzilOtti THROUGH 'CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS, ..... ...... 9 M.M: Jocelyne ORAL DISCOURSE AND CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS: Fernandez TOWARDS A FRENCH VS. FINNO-SCANDINAVIAN MODEL . 19 M. Al-Rufai CULTURAL EFFUT ON THE COMPREHENSIBILITY 1 OF READING TEXTS 0 35 ti-----OF .i Vesna Polovina THE APPLICATION OF SOME PARAMETERS OF. TEXTLINGUISTICS 'ON CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS. 47 Horst Raabe- THE INFLUENCE OF THE FIRST LANGUAGE: AN ANALYSIS OF LEARNERS' QUESTIONS .53 Anna-Brita Stenstrom QUESTIONING STRATEGIES IN ENGLISH AND SWEDISH CONVERSATION. .67% Wies4aw Oleksy PRAGMATIC EQUIVALENCC4IN'CONTRASTIVE STUDIES: REQUESTS IN POLISH 4ND ENGLISH. 79 Marja-Kaisa Pihko GIVING AND GETTING DIRECTIONS: CROSS-. LANGUAGE' INTERACTION BETWEEN NATIVE AND FINNISH SPEAKERS OF ENGLISH 95 Barbara Kryk A PRAGMATIC ACCOONT OF PROPER NAMES IN ENGLISH AND POLISH 117 Paul RObberecht and, A FUNCTIONAL MODEL FOR THE DESCRIPTION OF Marleen van PetdWlem MODALITY IN CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS 133 El2bieta Tabakowska PRAGMATIC ASPECTS OF DEFINITE DETERMINA- TION WITHOUT 'PRIOR MENTION' IN ENGLISH ° AND POLISH 167 L.A. Barnes PREPOSITIONAL USAGE IN ENGLISH AND AFRIKAANS: DIFFERENCES IN SPATIAL PERCEPTION 175 Juhani Harma REMARKS ON PRONOMINAL REFERENCE AND DEFINITENESS IN FRENCH'AND FINNISH 185 Aleksander Szwedek EMPHASIS AND ELLIPSIS 203'. Kalevi Tarvainefl THE OBJECT.IN GERMAN AND ENGLISH ACCORDING TO DEPENDENCY GRAMMAR: A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS 211 Aino Jggi ENGLISH LOANWORE6 IN ESTONIAN 235 Hortensia Pgrlog ENGLISH 1OANWORDS IN ROMANIAN. 241 Moira Linnarud ON LEXIS: THE SWEDISH LEARNER AND THE NATIVE SPEAKER COMPARED 249 Christer Pahlsson THE SEMANTICS OF 'AVERAGE' AND 'COMPETITOR':. TWO INSTANCES OF DIZZY BUSINESS OR BUSY DIZZINESS 263 Krista'Varantola CRAIN COMPOUNDS - ANGLICISMS IN FINNISH? 285 Taisto Maatta ASPECTS OF PERCEPTION IN LEARNING SECOND A LANGUAGE VOWEL.QUALITY 293 V THE PAPERS IN VOLUME 9 (THE COMPANION VOLUME) Jacek Fisiak PRESENT TRENDS IN CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICS Andrei Danchev,. CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICS lNobULGARIA Gabriele katperP COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE IN :FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING: A RROJECT REPORT Ja-akko Lehtonen and FROM TRADITIONAL CONTRASTIVE.LINGUISTICS TOWARDS Kari Sajavaara . A COMMUNICATIVE APPROACH: THEORY AND APPLICATIONS WITHIN THE 'FINNISH-ENGLISH CROSS-LANGUAGE PROJECT Heino tiiv ESTONIAN - ENGLISH' CONTRASTIVE STUalES Evta H. Stephanides REPORT ON THE ENGLISH-HUNGARIAN CONTRASTIVE cdLINGUISTICS PROJECT Hans W. Dechert A PLEA FOR CONTRASTIVE PSYCHOLINGUISTICS 'C.J. Brumfit LANGUAGE VARIATION AND THE DEATH OF LANGUAGE TEACHING blga'Mieska Tomie GRAMMATICAL MODELS AND CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS Jerzy Rubach APPLIED CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICS: IN SEARCH OF A FRAMEWORK. Barbara Lewandowska- SOMEPSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF CONTRASTIVE Tomaszczyk PRAGMATICS or IN SEARCH OF A COGNITIVE CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL INTERACTION (CASI) ,Vladimir Ivir A TRANSLATION-BASED. MODEL OF CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS William T. Littlewood CONTRASTIVE PRAGMATICS AND THE FOREIGN LANGUAGE LEARNER'S PERSONALITY Udo O.H. Jung IMMIGRANT CHILDREN IN GERMANY: THEIR "GRAMMATICAL ABILITIES IN ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE Edna Aphek and UNDERSTANDING IDIOMS IN FIRST AND SECOND LANGUAGE ,Yishai Tobin ACQUISITION: A PRELIMINARY_ NALYSI5 1 Liisa Seppanen THE LEARNING OF CONVENTIONAL SYNTAGMS BY FINNISH COMPREHENSIVE SCHOOL PUPILS Irma Sorvali ON SIMPLIFICATION: SIMPLE AND SIMPLIFIED LANGUAGE IN EXAMINATION PAPERS ........ ... .4" ; 'SLARpING FUR LINGUISTIC UNIVERSALS THROUGH CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS , Gloria Italiano Anzilotti Univeneae dcgti Studi di. FC4cnze. Wow why Odn't they invent a way to adjust these roStrumssto people's'different heights? Had someone answered that questionnot only:would the rest ofthe audience have beeni surprised, but)I,too, ' would have been taken aback. The utterance posed had no real intention of being a questicn. From the point of view of discourse analysis, the. function of that syntactic questiop form was merely to gain animmediate apphoving audience reaction. t Before proceeding further, a common agreement on whatconstitutes .a rhetorical question is necessary.Most dictionaries define the term "rhetoric" first as the art of speaking or writing effectively'; then secondary derogatory definitions draw on lexiCal items. like insincere, empty or superficial, ript clear.' A subsidiary definition'''. Of rhetoric in Webster's dictionary states that it maybe considered is , ,solely "verbal communication", that is, a part of "discourse". Webster's goOs on to define the rhetorical question ass: "a question askedmerely for effect with no answer expected."Why, then, is it,classified as a question if no answer is expected? The American Heri6ge Dictionary .adds: "...or to which only one answer may be made.:', Is that sufficient to warrant a, question classification wheri the onty answer'possible is one already known by thegAstioner? It does appear that we have come
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