DOCSLIB.ORG

A Pollen Record from Lake Louise, Washington

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Pollen Record from Lake Louise, Washington ABSTRACT HOLOCENE AND TERMINAL PLEISTOCENE CLIMATE IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST: A POLLEN RECORD FROM LAKE LOUISE, WASHINGTON Pollen extracted from lake sediments provides the ability to reconstruct Holocene vegetation history, providing a proxy for changes in temperature, precipitation and fire- or erosion-related disturbance at Lake Louise, near the southern terminus of Puget Sound, Washington State, USA. The resulting assemblage is divided into four zones. Z4, the oldest of these, and dominated by Pinus, suggests a cold climate. Z3 exhibits an increase in Pseudotsuga menziesii and Alnus rubra, indicating warmer conditions and increased disturbance, likely due to increased fire frequency. In Z2, Thuja and Tsuga increase, as Alnus declines, and Pseudotsuga declines slightly. This suggests higher precipitation, slightly cooler conditions, and decreased disturbance. Finally, Z1 shows an increase in Alnus, a slight increase in Pseudotsuga, no change in Tsuga, and a decrease in Thuja, signaling slightly increased temperatures, with increased disturbance, and consistent high precipitation. The general trends detected are similar to others observed in similar studies across the region. Jeremy Matthew Scherr August 2015 HOLOCENE AND TERMINAL PLEISTOCENE CLIMATE IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST: A POLLEN RECORD FROM LAKE LOUISE, WASHINGTON by Jeremy Matthew Scherr A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Geology in the College of Science and Mathematics California State University, Fresno August 2015 APPROVED For the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences: We, the undersigned, certify that the thesis of the following student meets the required standards of scholarship, format, and style of the university and the student's graduate degree program for the awarding of the master's degree. Jeremy Matthew Scherr Thesis Author Peter Van de Water (Chair) Earth and Environmental Sciences Mathieu Richaud Earth and Environmental Sciences Robert Dundas Earth and Environmental Sciences For the University Graduate Committee: Dean, Division of Graduate Studies AUTHORIZATION FOR REPRODUCTION OF MASTER’S THESIS X I grant permission for the reproduction of this thesis in part or in its entirety without further authorization from me, on the condition that the person or agency requesting reproduction absorbs the cost and provides proper acknowledgment of authorship. Permission to reproduce this thesis in part or in its entirety must be obtained from me. Signature of thesis author: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my advisor, Professor Peter Van de Water, for approximately 99 instances of assistance through every step along the way. Without his patience, insight, and clarity, this work would not have been possible. I would like to thank my committee members, Professors Mathieu Richaud and Robert Dundas. Through their diligence, this paper has gone from unremarkable raw stone, through cutting and polishing, to achieve its full potential. Thanks to Kena Fox-Dobbs, Jeff Tepper and their students, for their work in acquisition of the core itself, and for other forms of analysis that add significantly to overall understanding of the Lake Louise record. Finally, thanks to Judy Stone, Mary Phillips, Emily Michel, and all of the friends I have made in the EES department of CSU Fresno, for all the support that they have given me in this undertaking. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................. vi LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................. 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 1 LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................................... 5 Overview ........................................................................................................... 5 Puget Coastal Rain Shadow .............................................................................. 7 Southern Puget Lowland ................................................................................. 10 Olympic Peninsula West Coast ....................................................................... 11 Surrounding Areas .......................................................................................... 13 METHODS ............................................................................................................. 15 RESULTS ............................................................................................................... 18 DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................... 22 Overview ......................................................................................................... 22 Terminal Pleistocene and Early Holocene ...................................................... 23 Middle Holocene ............................................................................................. 27 Late Holocene ................................................................................................. 28 WORKS CITED ..................................................................................................... 30 APPENDIX: POLLEN SITES OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST ...................... 36 LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1. Pollen Sites From Previous Research in Region Surrounding Lake Louise ......................................................................................................... 7 LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1. View of western Washington state, with previous pollen research sites from literature review shown. ........................................................... 2 Figure 2. Approximate location of the Lake Louise sediment core sample, USGS 7.5" Steilacoom topographic quadrangle. ...................................... 4 Figure 3. Lake Louise pollen percentage diagram showing percentage abundance of conifer and other arboreal taxa, plotted against core depth. ....................................................................................................... 19 Figure 4. Lake Louise pollen percentage diagram showing non-arboreal, aquatic and other pollen, as well as abundance summation and lycopodium to pollen ratio, plotted against depth. ................................. 20 Figure 5. Ternary diagram showing covariance, with end members Pinus (cold) Pseudotsuga (warm) and Thuja (wet). ......................................... 23 INTRODUCTION The Pleistocene-Holocene boundary marks the transition from glacial conditions, and the rise of our current interglacial environment (Walker et al., 2009). Within this interglacial, climate has fluctuated to varying degrees (Mayewski et al., 2004). These shifts affect our ecosystems and thus result in changes to the floral assemblage in a given region over time. By examining pollen extracted from sediment, the history of changes in a floral assemblage can determine, with sufficient precision to be useful, a proxy for changes in the regional climate. The nature of such changes can be further constrained by examining charcoal extracted from sediment. During the terminal Pleistocene, the glacial terminus of the western Cordilleran glacial ice mass occurred in western Washington state (Figure 1). The region thereby provides key insights in understanding Holocene climate (Tsukada et al., 1981). The southern terminus of the Continental ice sheet in the Puget lowlands has borne comparably little scrutiny of the available pollen sites. The Puget Trough is a low elevation region, whose northern interface sinks below current sea level and coincides with that of Puget Sound. The trough extends southward through Washington (Barnosky, 1985) and northern Oregon, at which point it becomes the Willamette Valley. It is bounded on the west by the coastal ranges, and on the east by the Cascades (Barnosky, 1985). The northern extent of the region was predominantly physiographically influenced by the Puget Lobe of the Cordilleran ice sheet during the Vashon stade of the Fraser Glaciation (Hibbert, 1979). The formation of the Puget Sound occurred as the Cordilleran ice sheet retreated. Based on a time-distance curve of glacial advance and retreat, supported by radiocarbon dating of specific sites (Porter and Swanson, 1998), the region currently occupied by Lake Louise would have been free of ice around 16.6 ka. 2 2 Figure 1. View of western Washington state, with previous pollen research sites from literature review shown. Note: Lake Louise is represented by LL. For the key to other sites, see Appendix. 3 3 Regional climate west of the Cascade mountains alternates between dry summers and wet winters. The Puget Trough, located in a partial rain shadow caused by the Olympic Mountains to its west, experiences reduced precipitation compared to the coastal region. Precipitation also increases significantly to the east as elevation rises in the Cascades. Lake Louise, a circular depression of 0.16 km2 of surface area, is interpreted as a kettle lake, with maximum depth of 10.7 m (Wolcott, 1961). It is located approximately 3.2 km east of the nearest extension of Puget Sound and the town of Steilacoom, Washington (Figures 1, 2). The deepest sediments represent the lake in its infancy, in a basin exposed, and then filled with melt-water from recently retreated glaciers, as the Vashon stade gave way to the present
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Manis Mastodon Site
    The Manis Mastodon Site Raven Taylor Division - Junior History Paper Word Count - 1562 Since I was little, I’ve wanted to help animals. Naturally, for me as a five-year-old, my dream job was to become a vet. There was something about helping more than just the dogs and cats, so my enthusiasm for becoming a vet turned into my enthusiasm of becoming a zoologist. Around age 9, I met a lady named Iesha while my mom and I were on our way to Arizona. We started talking and then Iesha told us she had just been Hawaii helping leatherback turtles. The stranger sitting next to me quickly became the coolest person I had ever met. She went on to explain that she was going to Arizona to help the bats at a festival so they wouldn’t go extinct from a fungus. All I knew at that point was that I wanted to do what she did. She got to travel the world and save animals, and I thought that was really fantastic. So, yet again, my dream job changed to becoming a zoologist that traveled around the world and saved endangered species. Due to a recent assignment, I’ve found that the job I truly want to do, and that is under the label of Endangered Species Biologist. Since then my heart has been set on saving African Elephants from going extinct. Oddly enough, one of the topics to do for my project was to write about the mastodon, which is an animal that has gone extinct.
    [Show full text]
  • Development of Redmond's Cultural Resources Management Plan Preliminary Draft Prepared for the City of Redmond Prepared By
    Development of Redmond’s Cultural Resources Management Plan Preliminary Draft Prepared for the City of Redmond Prepared by DOWL May 2017 Table of Contents 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Cultural Resources: An Overview .................................................................................................................. 2 1.2 Vision ......................................................................................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Purpose and Layout ............................................................................................................................................ 5 1.4 Process for Development .................................................................................................................................. 6 2 Regulatory Context ........................................................................................................................................................ 7 2.1 Laws and Regulations ......................................................................................................................................... 8 Federal 8 Washington State ......................................................................................................................................................... 10 King County ...................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Richard D. Daugherty
    DEPARTMENTOF ANTHROPOLOGY SPRING1991 RichardD. Daugherty:A Faculty Biography A few sayit's all luck, but But that was to be delayed someof us know better. for a few years. Richard Daugherty is In 1946-47, the Columbia one of thoserare individu- River Basin surveys were als who have an uncanny being organizedin the cen- ability to choosethe best tral Washingtonplateau, and placesto look for the best archaeologicalsurveys were archaeologicalsites and the being funded for areasto be bestplacesto dig inthe sites impactedby dam construc- they have chosen.He fol- tion and by the proposed lows a simple, seemingly Columbia Basin irrigation unrealistic philosophy to project. A handful of Uni- ". surroundyourselfwith versity of Washington good people,and let them graduate students-includ- Richard Daugherty shows ofl his new tee shirt (il the 1990 Society.fbr do their thing." Somehow, American ArchtLeoktgymeeting in Lus Vegus,Nevado. Flunking him ure ing Dick-were "drafted" to he makesit work. "daughters" (1.to r.) Ruth Ann Knudson, StephanieRodefler, Le,sLie conduct most of the initial grew in Aber- Wildesen,Lorraine Heurtfield, und Jutet Frietlmtm. See "Alumni News," surveys. Dick up poge 5. deen, Washington, at the To sive someideaof what easternend of GraysHarbor on the Olympic Peninsulahe archaeologywas like in those days, three graduate lovesso well. Theareaisbeautiful, withitsruggedcoastline, studentssurveyed the entireMcNary Dam region.In a the rain forest,and the majesticOlympic Mountainsin the secondsurvey, Dick andone other student were respon- distance.During World War II, Dick pilotedblimps ofTthe sible for surveying l4 reservoirsites in Washington, Washingtoncoast, searching for enemyships and subma- Idaho, and Montana. In Dick's words, these surveys rines.Hoveringlazily in the sky day after day must have were basedon "little knowledge,almost no time, and given him a uniqueperspective on the Olympic Peninsula they were extremely inadequate."Inadequate as they and the peoplewho lived there.
    [Show full text]
  • Dr. Brett R. Lenz
    COLONIZER GEOARCHAEOLOGY OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST REGION A Dissertation DR. BRETT R. LENZ COLONIZER GEOARCHAEOLOGY OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST REGION, NORTH AMERICA Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Leicester By Brett Reinhold Lenz Department of Archaeology and Ancient History University of Leicester June 2011 1 DEDICATION This work is dedicated to Garreck, Haydn and Carver. And to Hank, for teaching me how rivers form. 2 Abstract This dissertation involves the development of a geologic framework applied to upper Pleistocene and earliest Holocene archaeological site discovery. It is argued that efforts to identify colonizer archaeological sites require knowledge of geologic processes, Quaternary stratigraphic detail and an understanding of basic soil science principles. An overview of Quaternary geologic deposits based on previous work in the region is presented. This is augmented by original research which presents a new, proposed regional pedostratigraphic framework, a new source of lithic raw material, the Beezley chalcedony, and details of a new cache of lithic tools with Paleoindian affinities made from this previously undescribed stone source. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The list of people who deserve my thanks and appreciation is large. First, to my parents and family, I give the greatest thanks for providing encouragement and support across many years. Without your steady support it would not be possible. Thanks Mom and Dad, Steph, Jen and Mellissa. To Dani and my sons, I appreciate your patience and support and for your love and encouragement that is always there. Due to a variety of factors, but mostly my own foibles, the research leading to this dissertation has taken place over a protracted period of time, and as a result, different stages of my personal development are likely reflected in it.
    [Show full text]
  • Newsletter Volume 11 No 4/5 October 1977
    .l SOCIETY FOR CALIFORNIA ARCHAEOLOGY NEWSLETTER VOLUME 11 NO 4/5 OCTOBER 1977 NORTHERN DATA-SHARING ~INGS OCTOBER 22 A panel discussion on "Archaeology in the Priva te Sector" and an open discussion on problems of site The SCA 1 s annual Northern California Data- Sharing classification and possible solutions to these session is scheduled for Sonoma State College on problems, will conclude the meetings about 5:00 P.M. Saturday, October 22 , 1977. Registrat~on will start at 8:30 A.M. in Stevenson Hall 1002, with meetings An inforinal gathering sponsored by the Sonoma beginning promptly at 9:00 A.M. State Anthropology Department, to which everyone is invited, will take place at the Valparaiso Recreation David Fredrickson, organizer of the sessions as Center following the day's activities. Northern Vice-President, has set up a tentative program for the morning session during which people from various colleges will speak on Current Projects EXECUTIVE BOARD MEETING OCT . 21 and Substantive Results. The next SCA Executive Board meeting will again Arrangements will be made with a local be at David Fredrickson's house in Berkeley (1940 restaurant for lunch. In the afternoon. the session Parker St.), on F'riday night, October 21, from beginni~ at 2 P.M. , will include talks by Victoria 7:00 t o 10:00 P. M. preceding the Sonoma State Roberts lNa.tive American Heritage Commission): "The Data Sharir.g Meetings set fer October 22nd. Role of the Archaeologist in the Native American Community," and Arnold Cleveland (Big Valley Rancheria, Clear Lake): "MAHPA- Native American ~: SCENES FROM SCA ANNUAL MF.El'INGS, 1977 Historic Preservation Association,", to be followed A=iving, meeting and imbibing- SCA members at 3:00 by Ray Krause (Sonoma County Planning Dept.), and officers in San Diego.
    [Show full text]
  • Holocene Subsistence and Settlement Patterns
    Archaeology in Washington, Vol. 13, 2007 HOLOCENE SUBISTENCE AND SETTLEMENT PATTERNS: MOUNT RAINIER AND THE MONTANE PACIFIC NORTHWEST Greg C. Burtchard1 ABSTRACT landscapes, to prehistoric people, however, has only recently become widely recognized The last two decades have witnessed in the Pacific Northwest. Perhaps because of increased interest regarding the role of elevation, unpredictable weather and rugged mountain landscapes in regional subsistence terrain, places like Mount Rainier have been and settlement systems, and the manner in regarded by many as marginal to subsistence which those systems changed through time. and settlement strategies that focused instead The 1998 report (revised 2003) Environment, on lowland settings east and west of the Prehistory and Archaeology of Mount Rainier Cascades. National Park, Washington deals with these issues as they apply to Mount Rainier, with The mountain locally known as Takhoma1 was implications for the Cascades generally. This renamed Mount Rainier by George Vancouver paper extracts key arguments from that report, during his Puget Sound explorations (Morgan updated and refined through recent research, 1979:8). It is the highest and most massive of to address long-term land-use processes as the stratovolcanos that form the eastern spine they apply to Mount Rainier and Cascade of the Cascade Range, which extend from Mt. landscapes; and to consider the capacity of Baker in northern Washington to Mt. Lassen the archaeological record to improve our in northern California. For at least the last understanding of these processes. This paper 75,000 years (Harris 1988:240), Rainier has first introduces Mount Rainier’s basic loomed above the surrounding western environmental characteristics, and addresses Cascade peaks, dominating the landscape the capacity of this, and other mountain from the Puget Trough to the Cowlitz River landscapes, to attract and sustain precontact valley on the west, and from the Kittitas to hunters and gatherers.
    [Show full text]
  • Manis Mastodon Collection: an Exciting Donation to the Washington State Historical Society
    FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE: June 12, 2019 MEDIA CONTACT: Julianna Verboort, Marketing and Communications Director, Washington State Historical Society, 253-798-5902 or [email protected] Manis Mastodon Collection: An exciting donation to the Washington State Historical Society Tacoma, WA – Imagine standing beside a mucky pit in your yard on the Olympic Peninsula and hearing “This is the most important archaeological discovery in the world today.” Those words were spoken by Washington State University professor and researcher Dr. Richard Daugherty to Clare and Emanuel Manis on a sweltering Sequim afternoon more than 40 years ago. A dig on their property turned up the remains of an ancient mastodon, and some major surprises, leading to a re-write of North American history. Recently, Clare Manis Hatler decided to donate the collection of over 50 cartons including bones, ivory, teeth, soil samples, stone tools, photographs, field notes, educational materials and more, to the Washington State Historical Society. "I dedicate this gift to two great men,” Hatler remarked. “This gift would not have happened without Emanuel Manis, who made the effort to share the site with the public. He wanted everyone to participate in and learn about the wonderful discoveries made daily during the dig. Secondly, to Dr. Carl E. Gustafson, a dedicated professional, investing over 30 years of his life into revealing the site’s mysteries, without expectation of accolades or financial gain. Both men are gone now, Emanuel in 2000 and Carl in 2016, but never to be forgotten.” “We are thrilled to receive the Manis mastodon collection as a donation from Clare Manis Hatler.
    [Show full text]
  • Prehistory of the Northwest Coast ROY L
    CHAPTER 1 Prehistory of the Northwest Coast ROY L. CARLSON n the beginning there was ice ... in the end there were ice. Sub-arctic and then temperate fauna spread into this approximately 100,000 Indian people living along the new found land. Man was part of this fauna; he preyed IPacific coast from southeast Alaska to the mouth of on the other animals for food and used their hides for the Columbia River in Oregon ... in between is the pre­ clothing. He arrived by different routes, and brought historic period, the time span of the unknown, between with him different cultural traditions. By 10,000 years the retreat of the last continental glacier and the arrival ago ice only existed in the mountain top remnants we of the first Europeans with their notebooks and artist's still see today. sketches who ushered in the period of written history. The Northwest Coast (Fig. 1:1) is a ribbon of green, The prehistoric period here lasted from perhaps 12,000 wet forested land which hugs the Pacific coast of North years ago to the late 1700's when Cook, Vancouver, America from the mouth of the Copper River in Alaska Mackenzie and others began writing about the area and to just below the mouth of the Klamath River in northwest its inhabitants. Glacial geology suggests that the coast California. It was part of the "Salmon Area" of early was ice free by 12,000 years ago, but there remains the ethnographers and its cultures were clearly different possibility of even earlier movements of peoples whose from those of the California acorn area, the agricultural traces were wiped out by the last glacial advance.
    [Show full text]
  • Summary of the Proposal
    4.13: Archaeological and historical 4.13.1: Existing conditions Archaic – 10,500-4,400 BC consisting of highly Archaeological and historical resources may be mobile small groups subsisting on marine, categorized into 3 major types: shoreline, and terrestrial resources with stone, bone, antler, and perishable technological Archaeological - resources that represent materials illustrated by Olcott points. important evidence of past human behavior, including portable artifacts such as arrowheads Early Pacific – 4,400-1,800 BC consisting of or tin cans; non-portable features such as increased sedentism in seasonal villages cooking hearths, foundations, and privies; or subsisting on shoreline resources, expanded residues such as food remains and charcoal. marine resources harvesting camas and Archaeological remains can be virtually any age, shellfish with an increase in ground stone, bone, from yesterday's trash to prehistoric deposits antler, and perishable technological materials thousands of years old. illustrated by Cascade points. Ethnographic - sites, areas, and materials Middle Pacific – 1,800 BC - 500 AD consisting of important to Native Americans for religious, winter villages of plank houses and seasonal spiritual, or traditional uses that can encompass camps subsisting on marine and riverine the sacred character of physical locations (e.g., resources with food storage technologies with a mountain peaks, springs, and burial sites) or decrease in stone tools, diversification of tools particular native plants, animals, or minerals of bone, antler, perishable technological that are gathered for use in traditional ritual materials and canoes. activities. Also included are villages, burials, rock art, rock features, and traditional hunting, Late Pacific – 500 – 1775 AD consisting of large gathering, and fishing sites.
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural Resources
    CULTURAL RESOURCES EASTSIDE RAIL CORRIDOR REGIONAL TRAIL MASTER PLAN PROJECT FEBRUARY 2016 The Eastside Rail Corridor Regional Trail Master Plan Project develops a baseline inventory and planning guidelines for portions of the Eastside Rail Corridor owned by King County and Sound Transit. A variety of uses is possible for the corridor in the future, and various agencies and jurisdictions have ownership interests in the corridor. This document is an internal work product supporting a study for future development of a shared use trail in the corridor. For more information please visit the King County Parks Eastside Rail Corridor – Regional Trail webpage at: http://www.kingcounty.gov/erc King County Parks. 2016. Eastside Rail Corridor – Regional Trail Master Plan Project Cultural Resources. Prepared for: King County Department of Natural Resources and Parks. Prepared by: ESA, Alicia Valentino and Katherine F. Wilson. Seattle, Washington, February 2016. EASTSIDE RAIL CORRIDOR - REGIONAL TRAIL MASTER PLAN PROJECT FEBRUARY 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.1 Master Plan Alternatives .............................................................................................................. 1-1 1.1.1 On-Railbed and Off-Railbed Alternatives ..................................................................... 1-1 1.1.2 No Action Alternative ..................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural Resources Management Plan Context
    Exhibit E: Cultural Resources Management Plan Context Redmond’s Cultural Resources Management Plan Context Prepared for the City of Redmond Prepared by DOWL, May 2018 Refinements by the City of Redmond, June 2019 Advisement and Contributions by Steven Mullen-Moses, Tribal Historic Preservation Officer, Snoqualmie Tribe Kerry Lyste, Tribal Historic Preservation Officer, Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians Laura Murphy, Archaeologist, Muckleshoot Indian Tribe Richard Young, Cultural Resources Manager, Tulalip Tribes Table of Contents 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Cultural Resources: An Overview .................................................................................................................. 2 2. Regulatory Context ........................................................................................................................................................ 4 3. Cultural Resources in Redmond .............................................................................................................................. 6 3.1 Setting and Environment .................................................................................................................................. 6 3.1.1 Geology and Climate ................................................................................................................................... 6 3.1.2 Fauna ................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 42 Papers Human Origin Sites and the World Heritage Convention In
    42 World Heritage papers42 World Heritage papers HEADWORLD HERITAGES 5 NIO M O UN IM D R T IA A L • P • W L O A I R D L D N H O E M R I E TA IN G O E • PATRIM United Nations World Educational, Scientific and Heritage Cultural Organization Convention Human Origin Sites and the GOBIERNO DE World Heritage Convention in the Americas PUEBLAACCIONES QUE TRANSFORMAN In support of UNESCO’s 70th Anniversary Celebrations United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization VOLUME I Human Origin Sites and the Heritage World in the Convention Americas. I Volume For more information contact: UNESCO World Heritage Centre papers NIO M O UN IM D R T IA A L • P • W L O A I 7, place Fontenoy R D L D N H O E M 75352 Paris 07 SP France R E I TA IN G O Tel: 33 (0)1 45 68 24 96 E • PATRIM Fax: 33 (0)1 45 68 55 70 United Nations World Educational, Scientific and Heritage 9 789231 001406 http://whc.unesco.org HeritageWorld Cultural Organization Convention Human Origin Sites and the World Heritage Convention in the Americas HEADS 5 VOLUME I Published in 2015 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP, France and the UNESCO Office in Mexico, Presidente Masaryk 526, Polanco, Miguel Hidalgo, 11550 Ciudad de Mexico, D.F., Mexico. © UNESCO 2015 ISBN 978-92-3-100140-6 This publication is available in Open Access under the Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC-BY-SA 3.0 IGO) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo/).
    [Show full text]