Cedar Hollow, an Early Holocene Faunal Site from Whidbey Island, Washington

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Western North American Naturalist

Volume 65 Number 4 Article 2

11-11-2005

Cedar Hollow, an early Holocene faunal site From Whidbey Island, Washington

George E. Mustoe Western Washington University, Bellingham

C. Richard Harington Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Richard E. Morlan Canadian Museum of Civilization, Gatineau, Quebec, Canada

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Recommended Citation Mustoe, George E.; Harington, C. Richard; and Morlan, Richard E. (2005) "Cedar Hollow, an early Holocene faunal site From Whidbey Island, Washington," Western North American Naturalist: Vol. 65 : No. 4 , Article 2. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/wnan/vol65/iss4/2

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CEDAR HOLLOW, AN EARLY HOLOCENE FAUNAL SITE FROM WHIDBEY ISLAND, WASHINGTON

George E. Mustoe1, C. Richard Harington2, and Richard E. Morlan3

ABSTRACT.—Coastal erosion at central Whidbey Island reveals a cross-section view of dune sands that contain the only known record of animals that inhabited the Pacific Northwest coast during the early Holocene. Mammal fossils include bones and teeth of deer, wolf, brown bear, and several species of rodents. A deer vertebra from basal beds yielded a 14C age of 8840 ± 50 yr BP. The faunal diversity suggests that the region was repopulated relatively quickly following the final retreat of the Cordilleran sheet. This paleofauna was quite different from that of the late Pleistocene, when the region was inhabited by mammoth, musk oxen, giant sloth, and other large mammals. Avian remains include hawks, geese, and seabirds, 3 groups that occupied quite different ecological niches. Early Holocene bird fossils from Whidbey Island are dissimilar to late Pleistocene avifaunas from inland sites in California and Oregon, evidence that the coastal environment offered habitat conditions quite unlike those of interior wetlands.

Key words: Holocene, Pleistocene, paleontology, Puget Sound, Whidbey Island.

Strata exposed along northern Puget Sound identification, description, and discussion of record 3 late Pleistocene glacial cycles, the most of the larger vertebrate fossils; Morlan— greatest ice advance occurring approximately identification, description, illustration, and dis- 15,000 yr BP during the Fraser Glaciation. By cussion of rodent fossils. 10,000 yr BP the Fraser ice sheet had retreated north of the 49th parallel, leaving extensive SITE DESCRIPTION deposits in its wake (Armstrong et al. 1965, Crandall et al. 1965, Easterbrook 1979, 1992, Cedar Hollow is located near Point Partridge, 1994). Whidbey Island’s central isthmus is the the westernmost projection of Whidbey Island. only location in Puget Sound that provides a Coastal bluffs lie adjacent to an upland area of detailed stratigraphic record of the late Pleis- extensive kettle topography (Fig. 1). At Cedar tocene transition from glacial till to subaerial Hollow coastal erosion has exposed a cross outwash and glaciomarine drift (Carlstad 1992). section of a kettle that is partially filled with The scarcity of fossils has limited our ability to dune sands (Fig. 2). In 1991 a brown bear (Ursus reconstruct faunal changes that occurred fol- arctos) cranium was found near the base of lowing the final retreat of the Cordilleran ice these sand beds. Mustoe and Carlstad (1995) sheet, and Cedar Hollow is the only known erroneously assumed the age of the fossil to be coastal site in the Pacific Northwest that pre- serves fossils from the early Holocene (approx- late Pleistocene based on radiocarbon ages of imately 10,000–7500 yr BP). mollusk shells in glaciomarine drift underlying The purpose of this paper is to (1) provide a the dune sand (Easterbrook 1992). We now geologic and paleoenvironmental perspective recognize that the fossiliferous strata were on the fossil site and (2) provide a description deposited during the early Holocene, as evi- of vertebrate paleofauna, including relationships denced by dating of a deer vertebra (Odoco- to the modern fauna of the Whidbey Island ileus sp.) collected in 1999 from the bed that region. We have divided responsibility for the contained the bear skull. Collagen extracted work roughly as follows: Mustoe—collection from the specimen (Geochron GX-25892-AMS) of specimens and organization of background yielded a radiocarbon age of 8840 ± 50 yr BP information, tables, figures, most references, (10,009 ± 97 cal yr BP; CALIB v4.1, Stuiver and authorship of the 1st draft; Harington— and Reimer 1993). The early Holocene age has

1Corresponding author: Geology Department, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225. 2Canadian Museum of Nature, Paleobiology, Box 3443, Station D, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1P 6P4. 3Canadian Museum of Civilization, Box 3100, Station B, Gatineau, Québec, Canada J8X 4H2.

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Fig. 1. Late Pleistocene kettles are a common landform at central Whidbey Island, but Cedar Hollow is unique because it has been dissected by coastal erosion. been confirmed by a radiocarbon age of 8280 The basal sand bed at Cedar Hollow has a ± 40 yr BP (Beta Analytic, Inc. 199434) deter- maximum thickness of 3 m on the southwest mined for vole bones collected approximately slope, decreasing to 0.5 m at the kettle’s lowest 1 m above the level of the deer vertebra point, and pinching out on the northeast slope (Polenz et al. 2005). (Fig. 3). Overlying this stratum is a 0.5-m-thick 2005] HOLOCENE FAUNA FROM WHIDBEY ISLAND, WASHINGTON 431

Fig. 2. Cedar Hollow viewed from the intertidal zone, looking northeast. sandy paleosol. The remainder of the kettle fill strata. Figure 4 shows stratigraphic locations consists of well-sorted fine sand, separated for most specimens collected between 1992 from the paleosol by a fairly sharp contact. and 1995 and described in this report; not Gradual migration of the dunes in response to shown are a few additional fossils that were prevailing southeasterly winds caused the topo- collected from basal strata during preliminary graphic low to shift northwest from the origi- investigation. The seeming scarcity of speci- nal kettle bottom. No samples suitable for mens from middle and upper levels is partly a radiometric dating have been obtained from result of the loose sand and vegetation that upper strata, and both the sedimentation rate obscures these beds. Specimens cataloged with and the age of the youngest beds are unknown. a WWU-P prefix are part of the Western Wash- Cedar Hollow eolian sediments date from a ington University paleontology research col- period when the climate was warmer and drier lection. Canada Goose and rodent specimens than today, a xerithermic interval that is well collected in 1999 by Harington from the north- documented by macrofossil evidence from west flank of Cedar Hollow are labeled with a lacustrine sediments at Marion Lake, Vancou- CR prefix. CMN catalog numbers indicate ver, British Columbia, 120 km to the northeast reference specimens in the collections of the (Wainman and Mathewes 1987; Fig. 3). Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottowa.

METHODS SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY

Fossils were first discovered following the Birds (Class Aves) 1990–91 winter after unusually severe storms CANADA GOOSE (BRANTA CANADENSIS).—CR- eroded a channel in the face of the bluff. For 99-26 consists of 2 fragments of a right humerus: the next several years weathering continued to (1) a proximal portion running from near mid- expose new specimens, but slumping of the shaft to a point just below the proximal arti- sandy face eventually buried the fossiliferous cular end showing, in anterior view, the 432 WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN NATURALIST [Volume 65

landfall in southwestern Washington, following the Willamette Valley of Oregon to its wintering grounds (Bellrose 1976). LESSER SNOW GOOSE (CHEN HYPERBOREA).— Represented by 4 bones found together, all from the left front portion of the breast: WWU-P-43, proximal half of left scapula; P-44, proximal half of left furculum; P-45, complete left coracoid; P-46, proximal half of left humerus. Size is close to that of an adult female specimen from Eskimo Point, Northwest Ter- ritories (CMN-ZIC-35). Whidbey Island is within the present wintering range of Chen hyperborea, its entire range extending from arctic areas of Asia and North America in summer, and south as far as California in winter. HAWK (CF. ACCIPITER SP.).—WWU-P-27A is a left femur of a hawk similar in size and form to modern specimens of Sharp-shinned Hawk (Accipiter striatus) and Cooper’s Hawk (A. cooperi). Both raptors today inhabit the Whid- bey Island region, where they are usually found in fields, open woodlands, and woodland margins. Ranges of these hawks extend from Alaska to Mexico, where their habitats vary from tundra to freshwater marshes in desert regions (Clark and Wheeler 1987). BLACK-LEGGED KITTIWAKE (RISSA TRIDAC- TYLA).—WWU-P-48 is a nearly complete left humerus of a gull, lacking the distal spur (Fig. Fig. 3. Late Pleistocene to modern climatic trends as 6C). The maximum length of 87.0 mm is com- indicated by plant microfossils from Marion Lake, British parable to Rissa tridactyla specimens CMN-S- Columbia. Data from Wainman and Mathewes (1987). 6061 and CMN-S-5946 from Red Bay, Labra- dor. Members of this species presently winter offshore along the Pacific Coast, including lowermost end of the deltoid crest and the rel- Whidbey Island (Robbins et al. 1983), breed- atively broad convexity right of the lower 2/3 ing on coastal cliffs and headlands of the Arc- of the crest, as well as the nutrient foramen tic Ocean in summer. some 35 mm below the deltoid crest; the speci- CLARK’S NUTCRACKER (NUCIFRAGA COLUM- men compares closely in shape and size BIANA).—WWU-P-27B is the distal 3rd of left (within 0.2 mm in width and depth at midshaft humerus. The presence of Nucifraga columbiana and 1 mm in length, i.e., position of the nutri- in an early Holocene coastal environment was ent foramen below the deltoid crest) to CMN unexpected. The species presently winters in 55031, a modern Canada Goose humerus from the Puget Lowlands (Robbins et al. 1983). Today Ontario; (2) a smaller portion corresponding to these birds inhabit coniferous forests from the lower part of the shaft (with the posterior southern British Columbia and Alberta to north- surface being slightly crushed), but which ern Baja California, most commonly being ob- does not quite articulate with the proximal served near timberline in mountain regions. fragment. The surface bone shows a fine net- They possess a sublingual pouch that allows work of rootlet tracks, suggesting that after them to transport seeds, an adaptation that death the goose was buried in grassy surround- permits nutcrackers to cache their entire food ings. This specimen probably represents an supply for their late winter nesting season. ancestor of the dusky race that breeds along Heinrich (1989) reported that N. columbiana the southeastern coast of Alaska and makes has been observed carrying pine seeds as far 2005] HOLOCENE FAUNA FROM WHIDBEY ISLAND, WASHINGTON 433

Fig. 4. Stratigraphy at Cedar Hollow. Prevailing southeast winds caused the topographic low to shift to the northwest and produced the inclined bedding. Locations of individual fossils are shown, using WWU-P catalog numbers. as 22 km, supporting the possibility that the cesses. These assemblages may have originated Cedar Hollow specimen came from a foraging as pellets regurgitated by owls or other rap- visitor rather than an endemic inhabitant. tors. Investigations of taphonomic characteris- TUFTED PUFFIN (FRATERCULA CIRRHATA).— tics of avian pellets have been summarized by WWU-P-49 is a complete left ulna (Fig. 6D), Kusmer (1990), Lyman (1994), Lyman and nearly identical to modern specimen CMN- Lyman (2003), and Lyman and Power (2003). S5540 from Vancouver Island. Tufted Puffins Kusmer (1990) observed that bones recovered presently spend each winter at sea in a zone from owl pellets typically show little or no frag- that extends along the Pacific Coast of North mentation or surface corrosion, consistent with America as far south as the northern border of the pristine Cedar Hollow rodent fossils. In Mexico. Summer breeding grounds range from contrast, bones found in modern Falconiforme the Aleutian Islands south to the Queen Char- pellets typically show obvious damage as a lotte Islands and Vancouver Island, where these result of highly acidic gastric secretions. The birds make nests in burrows in colonies on following taxonomic identifications were made grassy slopes and headlands or singly or in small from assemblages WWU-P-42, WWU-P-54, colonies in rock crevices on steep sea cliffs. and WWU-P-62. Tufted Puffins are usually found in the company Subfamily Cricetinae: Deer mouse (Peromys- of hundreds or thousands of other seabirds cus cf. P. maniculatus): One maxilla and 2 man- (Harrison 1983). dibles representing at least 2 individuals are tentatively assigned to P. maniculatus, the only Mammals (Class Mammalia) species of Peromyscus that occurs in the area ORDER RODENTIA, FAMILY CRICETIDAE.— today. The modern range extends from Alaska Rodent fossils include individual bones and to Mexico. These mice are particularly abun- teeth, as well as elongated clusters that con- dant in wooded or brushy environments, but tain well-preserved skeletal elements of sev- they also inhabit open areas (Dalquest 1948, eral animals of different species (Fig. 5). Jaws Hall 1981). commonly contain all of their teeth even in Subfamily Arvicolinae: Voles (Microtus spp.): taxa that have rootless molars, and some long Seven maxillae and 19 mandibles contain a bones have epiphyses that are still articulated total of 83 molars. Four of the best-preserved with the diaphysis. There are no sedimento- specimens are shown in Figure 6. At least 2 logic indications that these bone clusters were species are represented, appearing to have assembled as a result of eolian or fluvial pro- had approximately equal abundance based on 434 WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN NATURALIST [Volume 65

Fig. 5. These rodent remains (WWU-P-62) consist of a cluster of bones from several individuals distributed in an elon- gate pattern in sandy matrix, perhaps having originated as a regurgitated pellet from a raptor. the fossils that we collected. Four maxillae dible (Fig. 7) found on the upper beach at Fort have dentitions characteristic of Microtus penn- Ebey picnic area near the trailhead to Lake sylvanicus (meadow vole). Three specimens Pondilla, at the base of eolian sand beds that have dentitions similar to that of Microtus are correlative to Cedar Hollow, 2.5 km to the townsendii (Townsend’s vole). The mandibular southeast. Five teeth (RP2-RM2) are preserved, molars exhibit considerable morphological with alveoli for M3, C1, and 2 incisors (Table 1). variation that makes species assignment diffi- Nowak (1983) suggested that wolves migrated to the Cascade Range from the south- cult. Many of the M1 molars fall within the range of variation seen in M. pennsylvanicus, a ern Great Plains at the close of the Pleisto- widespread, highly variable species (Barnosky cene, but bones from a variety of wolf species found at Rancho La Brea and McKittrick, Cal- 1990, 1994). Some M1s are most similar to M. townsendii. ifornia (Merriam 1912, Schultz 1938) and Fossil The genus Microtus is listed among many Lake, Oregon (Elftman 1931) indicate that faunal assemblages from archaeological sites wolves were well established in the western in Washington, but it is rarely identified to United States by this time. Prior to eradication species (Morlan 2002). Microtus pennsylvanicus efforts that began in the late 19th century, wolves were the region’s most abundant carni- no longer occurs west of the Cascade Range, vore; by 1939 Washington’s C. lupus population but this species is locally abundant on the had dwindled to only 10 individuals (Laufer Columbia Plateau of northeastern Washington, and Jenkins 1989). The Whidbey Island mandi- where individuals inhabit marshes and damp ble most likely represents an ancestor of the meadows (Dalquest 1948, Maser and Storm Cascade Mountain wolf, Canis lupus fuscus 1970). There is no obvious reason for the appar- Richardson (1839). ent contraction of its range during the Holocene. Brown bear (Ursus arctos): Cedar Hollow Microtus townsendii inhabits some Puget Sound provides the 1st evidence of U. arctos in west- islands where it lives in meadows and salt ern Washington from the early Holocene. The marshes and often nests beneath driftwood specimen (WWU-P-60; Fig. 8) consists of a (Dalquest 1948). The species has been reported large cranial fragment, including 4 teeth. Three previously in late Holocene faunal assemblages detached incisors were found in the adjacent on southernmost Vancouver Island (Blacklaws sediment. The dentition compares closely to 1979, Hanson 1991) and at the Umpqua-Eden modern specimens of Ursus arctos horribilis site on the Oregon coast (Lyman 1991). (Mustoe and Carlstad 1995). ORDER CARNIVORA.—Gray wolf (Canis Harington (1989) noted that brown bears lupus): Specimen WWU-P-22 is a right man- had reached northwestern North America from 2005] HOLOCENE FAUNA FROM WHIDBEY ISLAND, WASHINGTON 435

Fig. 6. Dentition of vole specimens from Cedar Hollow: A, maxillary molars of Townsend’s vole (Microtus townsendii); B, C, maxillary molars of meadow vole (M. pennsylvanicus); D, E, mandibular molars presumed to be from M. townsendii.

Asia by middle Wisconsinan time when lowered tral Washington that preserve faunal remains, sea level created a land connection (Bering only 5 contain brown bear bones (Lyman 1986). Isthmus) between Siberia and Alaska. This in- ORDER ARTIODACTYLA.—(Columbian black- terpretation is based on 2 U. arctos specimens tailed deer (Odocoileus cf. O. hemionus colum- from the Yukon that yielded radiocarbon ages bianus): Specimen WWU-P-57 is an atlas verte- of 41,000 ± 1050 and 36,000 ± 1150 yr BP. bra centrum collected approximately 1 m Kurtén (1976) believed that brown bears above the kettle’s basal contact. Collagen ex- migrated to the Pacific Northwest between tracted from this bone yielded a radiocarbon 12,000 and 11,000 yr BP. However, Churcher age of 8840 ± 50 yr BP (GX-25892-AMS). and Morgan (1976) identified a partial humerus WWU-P-41 is the distal half of a left humerus, from middle Wisconsinan till at Woodbridge, and WWU-P-14 is the diaphysis and fused dis- Ontario, as U. arctos, which they interpreted as tal epiphysis of a left tibia. The proximal end evidence that the migration of this species of the latter specimen has been crushed by a from the Beringia refugium had begun by carnivore or omnivore. These deer bones are 40,000 to 50,000 yr BP. Holocene history of U. presumed to represent O. hemionus columbi- arctos in the Pacific Northwest is poorly known. anus because this is the only subspecies known Of 110 archaeological sites in eastern and cen- to have inhabited the Puget Lowlands. They 436 WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN NATURALIST [Volume 65

Fig. 7. Right mandible of gray wolf (Canis lupus) WWU-P-22. are presently the region’s most abundant non- graphic levels. Specimens WWU-P-20 and P- domesticated large mammal, and their remains 51 are shown in Figure 9. The modern range are common at Holocene archaeological sites. extends from Alaska to central California (Bran- son 1977). Cameron (1986) observed that in Mollusks (Class Mollusca) modern coastal lowlands of British Columbia, Shells of Monadenia fidelis (sideband land M. fidelis typically inhabits mull soil (humus snail) are common fossils found at all strati- that incorporates underlying mineral matter) 2005] HOLOCENE FAUNA FROM WHIDBEY ISLAND, WASHINGTON 437

Fig. 8. Cranium and teeth of brown bear (Ursus arctos) WWU-P-60.

Range at latitudes well south of the maximum extent of the Cordilleran ice sheet, where the TABLE 1. Tooth dimensions of a gray wolf (Canis lupus) right mandible, WWU P-22. absence of topographic and climatic barriers allowed a long history of faunal interchange Maximum Maximum with the mid-continent region. The Cedar antero-posterior transverse Tooth diameter (mm) diameter (mm) Hollow paleofauna is modern in character, very different from the fauna of the late Pleistocene P2 12.5 6.0 when the Puget Lowlands were inhabited by P3 14.5 7.5 P 15.0 8.5 Bison, Mammuthus (mammoth), Rangifer (cari- 4 bou), Symbos (musk oxen), Megalonyx (giant M1 28.0 13.0 M2 12.0 9.0 sloth), and other large mammals (Harington P = premolar, M = molar, mandible length = 180 mm. 1975, 1996, McDonald 1998). The Manis Masto- don site near Sequim on the northern Olympic Peninsula (Gustafson et al. 1979, Petersen et al. 1983, Gustafson 1985, Bergland and Marr in forests of Thuja plicata (western red cedar) 1988) provides a useful comparison. Located and deciduous hardwoods. Perhaps these fos- 50 km southwest of Cedar Hollow, bog deposits sils represent shells of dead snails that were at Manis date from 11,000 to 12,000 yr BP and transported into the kettle by wind or rain, but preserve remains of mastodon, caribou, and their abundance suggests that they were part muskrat, as well as human artifacts. Mammoth of a flourishing local population. bones and teeth have been found in other late Pleistocene deposits in the local area (Haring- DISCUSSION ton 1975, Barton 1998). The final retreat of the Cordilleran ice sheet was accompanied by the The early Holocene faunal history of western extinction of most large mammals, and the North America is poorly known (Lyman and Cedar Hollow paleofauna provides evidence Livingston 1983, Graham and Mead 1987). of repopulation of the region. Although Canis Most early Holocene fossil sites in Washington lupus and Ursus arctos were driven to extinc- and Oregon are located east of the Cascade tion during the past century by humans, and 438 WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN NATURALIST [Volume 65

Oregon, is similar in age to the California asphalt beds, but the avifauna of this large inland lake is very different: 91% of the specimens are from water birds, and raptor remains comprise less than 1% (Miller 1911, Howard 1946, Allison 1966). Raptors may have been year-round residents, but the other birds whose remains are preserved at Cedar Hollow presumably migrated great distances between their winter ranges and their summer breeding grounds. Presently, Tufted Puffins, Canada Geese, Lesser Snow Geese, and Black-legged Kittiwake breed at northern latitudes ranging from British Colum- Fig. 9. Shells of the land snail (Monadenia fidelis) are bia to Arctic Alaska and travel as far south as among the most common fossils found at Cedar Hollow. California during the winter. Do avian remains Specimens WWW-P-20 and P-51. at Cedar Hollow, Rancho La Brea, McKittrick, and Fossil Lake represent birds that were win- Microtus pennsylvanicus no longer resides west ter residents, or summer breeding populations of the Cascade Range, all other Cedar Hollow that come from a time when migratory species fossils are from species that still inhabit cen- nested far to the south of their present nesting tral Whidbey Island. grounds? The presence of continental glaciers The abundance and diversity of bird bones must have been a major influence on flight at Cedar Hollow is noteworthy. The avifauna paths and nesting areas, but no research has includes 3 types of birds: raptors that probably been conducted on avian migration patterns fed on small rodents that inhabited the tree- during the Pleistocene/Holocene transition. less coastal plain, geese that consumed low- Cedar Hollow fossils show that several genera land vegetation, and marine birds that primar- of migratory birds inhabited the Puget Sound ily fed on fish. Early Holocene avifaunas are region during the early Holocene, but evidence scarce and clues for interpreting these fossils from other locations will be needed before the come from late Pleistocene sites at Rancho La seasonal cycle and the travel routes of these Brea and McKittrick, California and Fossil birds can be determined. Lake, Oregon. These deposits all demonstrate the close relationship between avian remains CONCLUSIONS and local environmental conditions. Asphalt de- With the exception of Ursus americanus posits at Rancho La Brea and McKittrick pre- (black bear) skeletons discovered in a cave on serve abundant avian remains of scavengers Vancouver Island (Nagorsen et al. 1995), Cedar and raptors that were attracted by creatures Hollow contains the only known early Holocene trapped in the sticky tar. These deposits com- paleofauna west of the Cascade Range. These monly preserve entire bird skeletons, in con- remains provide evidence of the faunal transi- trast to the disarticulated bones found at most tions that occurred following the final retreat other sites. Rancho La Brea has also yielded of continental glaciation at the close of the remains of a diverse array of passerines (perch- Pleistocene. Cedar Hollow is bordered on the ing birds) that indicate open meadows, brush, west by the Pacific Ocean, on the east by the and woodlands surrounding the asphalt seeps. Cascade Mountains, and to the north by the Bones of ducks, geese, grebes, herons, and Cordilleran ice sheet that persisted until other birds constitute only a minor part of the approximately 10,000 yr BP (Armstrong et al. avifauna (Howard and Miller 1939, Stock 1958). 1965, Easterbrook 1992). Despite these obstruc- McKittrick beds are also rich in predators and tions to faunal migration, the Cedar Hollow scavengers, but 67% of the bird remains come fossils show that the ecosystem that developed from water birds, representing a site where within 2000 years following deglaciation was asphalt pools were part of a much larger wet- populated by many of the species that pres- land environment (Miller 1935). Fossil Lake, ently inhabit the region. 2005] HOLOCENE FAUNA FROM WHIDBEY ISLAND, WASHINGTON 439

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ington. Master’s thesis, Western Washington Univer- sity, Bellingham. CHURCHER, C.S., AND A.V. MORGAN. 1976. A grizzly bear Cynthia Carlstad and Don Easterbrook from the middle Wisconsin of Woodbridge, Ontario. (Western Washington University) discovered Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 13:341–347. the fossil site. Bax Barton (University of Wash- CLARK, W.S., AND B.K. WHEELER. 1987. Field guide to ington Quaternary Research Center) identi- hawks of North America. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, fied specimen WWU-P14 as Odocoileus cf. O. MA. 316 pp. CRANDALL, D.R., D.J. EASTERBROOK, AND J.B. NOBLE. 1965. hemionus columbianus, and Alicia M. Cordero Late Pleistocene stratigraphy and chronology in south- and Barry Roth (Department of Integrative western British Columbia and northwestern Wash- Biology, University of California at Berkeley) ington. Geological Society of America Bulletin 76: confirmed the identification of land snails as 321–330. DALQUEST, W.W. 1948. Mammals of Washington. Univer- Monadenia fidelis. Elaine Mustoe and Samuel sity of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural His- Girouard, Jr., helped with fieldwork. Michael tory 2:1–444. Polenz provided additional radiocarbon age EASTERBROOK, D.J. 1979. The last glaciation of northwest data. The following Canadian Museum of Na- Washington. Pages 177–189 in J.M. Armentrout, M.R. Cole, and H. Terbest, editors, Cenozoic paleogeog- ture staff members deserve credit: Darlene raphy of the western United States. Pacific Coast Balkwill and Michel Gosselin (for the loan of Paleogeography Symposium 3, Pacific Coast Section, comparative specimens of modern vertebrates) Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralo- and Donna Naughton and Clayton Kennedy gists, Los Angeles, CA. (fossil preparation). Gail Harington word pro- ______. 1992. Advance and retreat of Cordilleran ice sheets in Washington, U.S.A. Géographie Physique et Qua- cessed the initial manuscript. R.A.D. Cameron, ternaire 46:51–66. R.L. Lyman, and J.M. Rensberger provided ______. 1994. Stratigraphy and chronology of early to late helpful reviews. Pleistocene glacial and interglacial sediments in the Puget Lowland, Washington. Pages 1–38 in D.A. Swanson, and R.A. Haugerud, editors, Geologic field LITERATURE CITED trips in the Pacific Northwest. 1994 Geological Soci- ety of America Annual Meeting, Seattle, WA. ALLISON, I.S. 1966. Fossil Lake, Oregon: its geology and ELFTMAN, H.O. 1931. Pleistocene mammals of Fossil Lake, fossil faunas. Oregon State University Monographs, Oregon. American Museum Novitiates, New York. Studies in Geology 9. 21 pp. ARMSTRONG, J.E., D.R. CRANDELL, D.J. EASTERBROOK, AND GRAHAM, R.W., AND J.I. MEAD.1987. Environmental fluc- J.B. NOBLE. 1965. Late Pleistocene stratigraphy and tuations and evolution of mammalian faunas during chronology in southwestern British Columbia and the last deglaciation in North America. Pages 371– northwestern Washington. 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