DOCSLIB.ORG

A Grammatical Sketch of Masbatenyo

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Grammatical Sketch of Masbatenyo A GRAMMATICAL SKETCH OF MASBATENYO Michael Wilson I. Rosero 2 7- 3 3 Irma U. Peneyra, Ph.D Advisor A thesis su.mitted in partial fulfillment of the re1uirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts in Linguistics Department of Linguistics University of the Philippines Diliman, 3ue4on City 11 1 March 2 11 6Revised 7une 2 189 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the following people: M mentors: m advisor, Prof. Irma Pene ra. (ou have been ver patient. Thanks for alwa s believing in me. And Prof. Rick Nolasco, for all the wonderful lectures and ver linguistic discussions ou shared with me. This ,masterpiece- is for the two of ou. Prof. Rest Cena, for his invaluable comments and suggestions on m thesis, Mr. Paul /ulian Santiago, for entertaining conversations about love and linguistics and Mr. Marfeal Santiago, for introducing me to the world of discourse and functional linguistics. 0acult and members of the 1P Department of Linguistics and all m other professors who have passionatel shared their knowledge and e2periences to me. M famil and relatives for the help and understanding the have rendered me to be able to accomplish this paper. Thank ou for our never3ending support. M main informants: Auntie Charit, Lola Dandit, Mama Nining, and other countless Masbaten os who have been m inspiration in doing this thesis. 1ncle Nono for letting me borrow our laptop while I was doing m research. M first ever Linguistics 130 class who helped me 7umpstart the studies on Masbaten o. Special mention to Katrina 8ipolito and Giggle 9rillante for their efforts and dedication that led to the creation of Masbaten o Corpus. M coffee mates, I7i Imperial, A a Tantiangco, Pete Sengson, Case Giron with whom I had interesting, thought3provoking and ,progressive- conservations on language and linguistics and its practical applications to the societ . The 1P Samahang Linggwistika, who were m first linguistic companions and who taught me the value of linguistics. Members of 1P La ap :La apeeps) who have boldl accepted m invitation and the challenge of advancing a multilingual and culturall relevant education which I believe is the ultimate task of being a linguist who studies language. Danielle Tadena, /eva delos Re es, Abbi Lavina, Leizl Ocampo and all the Rick babies and survivors. M friends, Empor :N4) blockmates, and fellow Linguistics ma7ors. Maraming salamat> Lipad tungo sa karunungan> i A9STRACT Masbaten o :?msb]) is a member of Central Philippines and of the 9isa an subgroup of the Austronesian famil of languages. It is spoken in the islands of Masbate and some parts of Sorsogon. According to the latest report Ethnologue :2009) on the languages of the world, it has 3C0, 000 speakers as of 2002 :SIL, 2002) with C0, 000 who speak it as first language. About 2C0,000 speakers use it as their second language. There are but a few researches and studies that have been done on Masbaten o language. 1nlike its neighboring languages, Masbaten o is not a well3researched area in the field of linguistics. 0or man ears, the Masbaten o language has onl been an oral language despite the size of the population and the outstanding academic achievements of the speakers. This paper is another attempt to document the language. It is a grammatical sketch of Masbaten o language, a short description of the most salient points of the grammar of the language. It aims to describe and establish the Masbaten o grammar. This is also to further support the e2istence of Masbaten o as a language, and not merel as a dialect of one of the surrounding ma7or language groups in the Disa an area. This paper presents the basic phonological, morphological and s ntactic structures of the language based on both written and actual spoken language following the framework of the discourse3functional grammar. It is divided into five chapters. The first chapter discusses the general information about the Masbaten o language such as the location of Masbate province, the short histor , the varieties of the language spoken in Masbate area and the previous studies done on the language. This chapter also includes the discussion of the theoretical approaches, the methodolog of the stud and the review of the previous studies done on the language. The second chapter discusses the phonolog section. This part presents the phonemic inventor of the language, the phonotactic constraints and the morphophonemic changes in the language. 9oth articulator and acoustic anal ses of the phonolog of the language will be presented. The third chapter focuses on the morphos nta2 of the language. This includes the discussion of the structural and distributional properties of word classes and presents the morphological and s ntactic evidences, as well as the discourse basis for such classifications. It also deals with the debated issues on Philippine morphos nta2 such pre3 categorialit and inherent argument structure, the la ered structure h pothesis, transitivit and ergativit and makes use of the Masbaten o language to provide support for such claims. ii The fourth chapter describes the clause structure and grammatical patterns of unmarked and pragmaticall marked constructions in Masbaten o. It also e2plores the notion of intonation units which are found to have some correlation to grammatical structures of the language. The fifth chapter concludes this stud . This stud will also describe the Masbaten o language patterned to some recent research findings on Philippine language that constitute a ver important role in the description of Masbaten o grammar. iii LIST O0 0IG1RES Linguistics Map of Southern Philippines with Masbaten o highlighted EEEEEE. 1 Map of the Philippines with Masbate highlighted EEEEEEEEEEEEE....E 2 The subgrouping of Austronesian language famil :Lobel, 2002)EEEEEEEEE..7 Masbaten o and the 9isa an subgroup of languages :Lobel, 2002)EEEE...EEEE 7 Masbaten o and other languages spoken in Masbate Islands EEEEE...EEEEE 8 The dialects of Masbaten o and the areas where the are spoken EE...EEEEEE 9 Screen shot of Goldwave vC.C7 EEEEEEEEEEEEEE..EEEEEEEE. 16 Screen shot of Praat programE........................................................................................... 16 Screen shot of a Plot0ormants output showing the raw measurements and the plotted values of Masbaten o vowelE..EEE..EEEEEEEEEEEE.. 17 01 and 02 formant freIuencies in vowels EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE.... 22 Dowels and their formant freIuencies as seen in the spectrogram EEEEEEEEEE... 22 The plotted values of the formant freIuencies for each vowel in Masbaten o. EEE.. 23 The mean values of the formant freIuencies of Masbaten o phonemes EEEE..E... 24 Screenshot of the Praat Edit window showing the glottal stop in ?baɁ.baɁ] EEEEE 32 Screenshot of segment :0.0036.26s) of Padera Pear stor EEEEEEEEEEEEE 93 Screenshot of segment :10.42317.07s) of Padera Pear stor EEEEEEEEEEEEE..... 94 Screenshot of segment :3.93317.C7s) of Tabigue J Self3introduction EEEEEE..E 9C Screenshot of Padera J Pear Stor annotation showing changes in pitch EEEEE... 9C Screenshot of Padera J Pear Stor illustrating final element lengthening EEEEEEEEE 96 Intonation 1nit t pes in Masbaten o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. 96 iv LIST O0 TA9LES Masbaten o vowel chart EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. 21 Mean Dalues in 8ertz of the 01 and 02 for each Masbaten o vowel EEEEEE...… 23 The consonant chart of Masbaten o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 24 Duration, Pitch, Intensit Measurements of Stressed and 1nstressed S llables EEE.. 26 Consonant clusters in Masbaten o :adapted from Wolfenden, 2001) EEEEEE..E 27 Consonants in initial, medial and final positions in Masbaten o EEEEEEEE.E 28 Masbaten o sound and their orthographic representation EEEEEEEEEE..E 31 Masbaten o eIuivalents of borrowed consonants EEEEEEEEEEEEE.EE 34 Nominalization morphemes EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 41 Nominalizing voice affi2 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE..... 42 Proposed Transitivit Parameters for Philippine Languages :Nolasco, 2003) EEE..EC2 Doice Affi2es of Masbaten o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE... C0 Aspectual forms of transitive and intransitive verbs EEEEEEEEEEEE.EE CC Summar of Mode in Masbaten o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE.. 62 Doice affi2es deriving stative verbs EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 6C Masbaten o pronominal forms EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE...E 69 Demonstrative pronouns in Masbaten o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE.. 71 Case determiners in Masbaten o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE.E... 74 Numeral e2pressions EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE..EE. 76 Clitic placement and distribution in Masbaten o :Lee, 2006).......EEEEEEEE... 79 Order of clitic particles EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE... 82 Semantic Classification of Subordinating Con7unctions EEEEEEEEEEE...E 8C 0reIuenc of I1 t pes in Masbaten o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 97 0reIuenc of non3clausal I1s in Masbaten o EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE.... 99 A freIuenc count of transitive and intransitive I1s EEEEEEEEEEEEE.... 101 v LIST O0 A99REDIATIONS A agent or source of action A9S absolutive AGENT semantic agent APT aptative 9EN beneficiar /recipient CA1S causative CON/ con7unction COMPR comparative C1D1 first s llable reduplication DIST distal DISTR distributive ERG ergative 0OC focus GEN genitive INCP inceptive future IND indicative INTR intransitive affi2 INTSD intensive IMP imperative IP0D imperfective LKR linker LOC locative MED medial MOD modifier MODE mode NEG negator NE1T neutral tense3aspect NOM nominalization NONSPEC non3specific N1M numeral O patient or most affected entit O9L obliIue PAT semantic patient P0D perfective PL plural vi POSS possessive PR personal PROL pro2imal PRSP prospective PRT particle MW Iuestion word RED reduplication
Load more

Recommended publications
  • James Francis Warren
    JIOWSJournal of Indian Ocean World Studies IN SEARCH OF JULANO TAUPAN: HIS LIFE AND HIS TIMES James Francis Warren To cite this article: Warren, F. James. “In Search of Julano Taupan: His Life and His Times.” Journal of Indian Ocean World Studies, 4 (2020), pp. 2-31. More information about the Journal of Indian Ocean World Studies can be found at: jiows.mcgill.ca © James F. Warren. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons License CC BY NC SA, which permits users to share, use, and remix the material provide they give proper attribution, the use is non-commercial, and any remixes/transformations of the work are shared under the same license as the original. Journal of Indian Ocean World Studies, 4 (2020), pp. 2 - 31. © James F. Warren CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 | 2 IN SEARCH OF JULANO TAUPAN: HIS LIFE AND HIS TIME James F. Warren Murdoch University, Perth PART I. HistORICAL CONTEXT AND PRELUDE INTRODUCTION Spanish colonialism in the Philippines began with conquest of the coastal stretches of Luzon and the central Visayas in the second half of the sixteenth century. During that time, the Spaniards came into direct contact and conflict with various groups professing Islam in the southern part of the Philippines in the Sulu chain of islands and Mindanao. Among the most important of these different people were the Taosug and Samal of the Sulu Archipelago. The Spanish officials and friars called them moros, a term that was originally used to describe the Muslim North Africans who, under Arab leadership, ruled the Iberian Peninsula from the eighth to the sixteenth centuries.
    [Show full text]
  • Axis Relationships in the Philippines – When Traditional Subgrouping Falls Short1 R. David Zorc <[email protected]> AB
    Axis Relationships in the Philippines – When Traditional Subgrouping Falls Short1 R. David Zorc <[email protected]> ABSTRACT Most scholars seem to agree that the Malayo-Polynesian expansion left Taiwan around 3,000 BCE and virtually raced south through the Philippines in less than one millenium. From southern Mindanao migrations went westward through Borneo and on to Indonesia, Malaysia, and upwards into the Asian continent (“Malayo”-), and some others went south through Sulawesi also going eastward across the Pacific (-“Polynesian”)2. If this is the case, the Philippine languages are the “left behinds” allowing at least two more millennia for multiple interlanguage contacts within the archipelago. After two proposed major extinctions: archipelago-wide and the Greater Central Philippines (Blust 2019), inter-island associations followed the ebb and flow of dominance, expansion, resettlement, and trade. Little wonder then that “unique” lexemes found on Palawan can appear on Mindoro or Panay; developments throughout the east (Mindanao, the Visayas, and southern Luzon) can appear in Central Luzon, and an unidentified language with the shift of Philippine *R > y had some influence on Palawan and Panay. As early as 1972, while writing up my dissertation (Zorc 1975, then 1977), I found INNOVATIONS that did not belong to any specific subgroup, but had crossed linguistic boundaries to form an “axis” [my term, but related to German “SPRACHBUND”, “NETWORK” (Milroy 1985), “LINKAGE” 3 (Ross 1988. Pawley & Ross 1995)]. Normally, INNOVATIONS should be indicative of subgrouping. However, they can arise in an environment where different language communities develop close trade or societal ties. The word bakál ‘buy’ replaces PAN *bəlih and *mayád ‘good’ replaces PMP *pia in an upper loop from the Western Visayas, through Ilonggo/Hiligaynon, Masbatenyo, Central Sorsoganon, and 1 I am deeply indebted to April Almarines, Drs.
    [Show full text]
  • 892-3809-1-PB.Pdf
    philippine studies Ateneo de Manila University • Loyola Heights, Quezon City • 1108 Philippines Origins of the Philippine Languages Cecilio Lopez Philippine Studies vol. 15, no. 1 (1967): 130–166 Copyright © Ateneo de Manila University Philippine Studies is published by the Ateneo de Manila University. Contents may not be copied or sent via email or other means to multiple sites and posted to a listserv without the copyright holder’s written permission. Users may download and print articles for individual, noncom- mercial use only. However, unless prior permission has been obtained, you may not download an entire issue of a journal, or download multiple copies of articles. Please contact the publisher for any further use of this work at [email protected]. http://www.philippinestudies.net Origins- of the Philippine Languages CEClLlO LOPEZ 1. Introduction. In the Philippines there are about 70 languages and in Malayo-Polynesia about 500. To say some- thing about unity and diversity among these many languages and about our evidence for their Malayo-Polynesian source is not an easy task, particularly when it must be done briefly and for readers without the requisite linguistic sophistication. For the purposes of this paper, therefore, the best I can do is to explain some representative phenomena, making the presenta- tion as simple as I possibly can. In determining similarities and diversitiea between lan- guages, comparison based on any one of four levels may be used: phonology, morphology, syntax, or vocabulary. The ap- proach using all the four levels is undoubtedly the mast re- liable, particularly if it fulfills the following conditions: exhaus- tiveness of coverage, simplicity of exposition, and elegance of form.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded File
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348870739 Mga Elementong Katutubo at Pakahulugan sa mga Pananagisag sa Nagcarlan Underground Cemetery, Nagcarlan, Laguna Article · December 2020 CITATIONS READS 0 2,383 1 author: Axle Christien Tugano University of the Philippines Los Baños 35 PUBLICATIONS 16 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE All content following this page was uploaded by Axle Christien Tugano on 17 April 2021. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Mga Elementong Katutubo at Pakahulugan sa mga Pananagisag sa Nagcarlan Underground Cemetery, Nagcarlan, Laguna1 Axle Christien TUGANO Asian Center, University of the Philippines - Diliman [email protected] https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4849-4965 ABSTRAK Marami sa mga simbahan (iglesia) at libingan (cementerio) ang itinayo noong panahon ng mga Español sa dati nang sinasambahan at nililibingan ng mga katutubo, kung kaya bahagi pa rin ng pagtatawid sa sinaunang pananampalataya patungo sa tinatawag na Kristiyanismong Bayan (tinatawag ng iilan bilang Folk Catholicism o Folk Christianity). Dahil hindi pasibong tinanggap ng mga katutubo ang ipinakikilalang dogma, inangkop nila sa kanilang kinab7ihasnang kultura ang pagtanggap sa Kristiyanismo. Makikita ang ganitong pag-angkop sa sistema ng paniniwala; iba’t ibang tradisyon; at konsepto ng mga bagay-bagay. Ipinamalas din nila ang bersiyon ng pagsasama o sinkretismo sa sining ng arkitektura na makikita sa mga imprastraktura katulad ng cementerio. Isa ang Nagcarlan Underground Cemetery (NUC) ng Nagcarlan, Laguna sa mga tinitingnan bilang halimbawa ng isang magandang cementerio sa Pilipinas na tumutugon sa pamantayang binanggit sa itaas. Sa kabila ng imprastraktura at arkitekturang banyaga nito, mababakas pa rin ang patuloy na pagdaloy ng mga elementong pangkalinangan ng mga katutubo sa pamamagitan ng mga simbolong nakamarka at makikita sa kabuuan ng libingan.
    [Show full text]
  • Ang Epikseryeng Filipino: Diskurso Sa Amaya
    Ang Epikseryeng Filipino: Diskurso sa Amaya Ateneo de Naga University Vasil A.Victoria, Ph.D aiba sa mga nakamihasnan, nakasanayan at nakagawiang mga soap opera, soap operang nakabahag at epikserye ang tawag sa Amaya. Ito ang kauna-unahang panuring o bansag sa ganitong uri ng dugtungang palabas sa telebisyon. Ano nga ba ang epikserye? Higit na malalim na tanong, paano masasabing epikseryengK Filipino ang isang palabas? Bago tuluyang masagot ang mga tanong na nailatag, mahalagang taluntunin ang naging kasaysayan at anyo ng mga soap opera sa mga palabas- pantelebisyon. Sa disertasyon ni Reyes (1) kaniyang sinabi na isa ang soap Victoria... opera sa mga programang sinusundan ng mga manonood ng telebisyon. At dahil kinahuhumalingan ang mga ganitong klaseng programa, unti-unti na itong sinusundan hanggang sa makabuo na ng mga solidong tagapagtangkilik. May isang aspekto ang masasabing naging dahilan kung bakit ganoon na lamang ang naging tugon ng mga tao sa mga programang kanilang sinusundan. Bukod sa katotohanang may mga elemento ng pag-iidolo sa mga artista kung saan masasabing tunay na naggagandahang lalaki at babae ang mga bida, pumapasok din ang kapangyarihan ng wika bilang mekanismo ng pagkakaunawa at pagkahumaling. Tumutukoy ang soap opera sa mga dramang pantelebisyon na may sumusunod na pormulasyon, (1) problem (suliranin), (2) examination (pagtalakay sa suliranin), (3) catharsis (pamamaraan upang magupo ang suliranin) at (4) resolution (ang kasagutan o kaliwanagan sa suliranin). Ibinatay ang siklong nabanggit sa narrative drama ayon kay Aristotle. Tinawag naman itong soap sapagkat karaniwan, mga sabon ang nagiging pangunahing advertiser nito (Anger, 1999). Mula sa soap opera, nabuo naman ang taguring telenobela.
    [Show full text]
  • A Phylogenetic Approach to Comparative Linguistics: a Test Study Using the Languages of Borneo
    Hirzi Luqman 1st September 2010 A Phylogenetic Approach to Comparative Linguistics: a Test Study using the Languages of Borneo Abstract The conceptual parallels between linguistic and biological evolution are striking; languages, like genes are subject to mutation, replication, inheritance and selection. In this study, we explore the possibility of applying phylogenetic techniques established in biology to linguistic data. Three common phylogenetic reconstruction methods are tested: (1) distance-based network reconstruction, (2) maximum parsimony and (3) Bayesian inference. We use network analysis as a preliminary test to inspect degree of horizontal transmission prior to the use of the other methods. We test each method for applicability and accuracy, and compare their results with those from traditional classification. We find that the maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference methods are both very powerful and accurate in their phylogeny reconstruction. The maximum parsimony method recovered 8 out of a possible 13 clades identically, while the Bayesian inference recovered 7 out of 13. This match improved when we considered only fully resolved clades for the traditional classification, with maximum parsimony scoring 8 out of 9 possible matches, and Bayesian 7 out of 9 matches. Introduction different dialects and languages. And just as phylogenetic inference may be muddied by horizontal transmission, so “The formation of different languages and of distinct too may borrowing and imposition cloud true linguistic species, and the proofs that both have been developed relations. These fundamental similarities in biological and through a gradual process, are curiously parallel... We find language evolution are obvious, but do they imply that tools in distinct languages striking homologies due to community and methods developed in one field are truly transferable to of descent, and analogies due to a similar process of the other? Or are they merely clever and coincidental formation..
    [Show full text]
  • Ang Marks the What?: an Analysis of Noun Phrase Markers in Cebuano
    Ang marks the what?: An analysis ofnoun phrase markers in Cebuano Senior Essay Department ofLinguistics, Yale University Advised by Claire Bowern and Robert Frank Ava Tattelman Parnes 10 May 2011 Acknowledgements: Words can barely express the gratitude I feel toward those who have helped me tackle this daunting project. I would like to thank my advisors, Professors Claire Bowem and Robert Frank, for guiding me through the research process, suggesting possible analyses, asking me the tough questions, and making me smile. They always made me feel supported and made what could have been a frustrating experience an enjoyable one. I could not have completed this essay without their incredible teaching skills and their dedication to working through the tough spots with me. I would also like to thank Professor Larry Hom, the Director ofUndergraduate Studies, and the rest ofthe senior linguistics majors for their support and ideas in the senior essay class. Lastly, lowe my understanding ofCebuano to one woman, Ms. Threese Serana. Her warm personality and connection to Cebuano are what helped me to become interested in the intricacies ofthe language two years ago. Her dedication to the discovery process that is elicitation made this project a joy. The sentences, stories, and excitement we shared while discovering things about Cebuano will remain with me long after this project is completed. Table of Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Overview ofEssay 1 1.2 Cebuano Language Information and History 1 1.3 Voice in Austronesian Languages 3 1.4 Noun Phrase
    [Show full text]
  • Languages of Malaysia (Sarawak)
    Ethnologue report for Malaysia (Sarawak) Page 1 of 9 Languages of Malaysia (Sarawak) Malaysia (Sarawak). 1,294,000 (1979). Information mainly from A. A. Cense and E. M. Uhlenbeck 1958; R. Blust 1974; P. Sercombe 1997. The number of languages listed for Malaysia (Sarawak) is 47. Of those, 46 are living languages and 1 is extinct. Living languages Balau [blg] 5,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Southwest Sarawak, southeast of Simunjan. Alternate names: Bala'u. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo- Polynesian, Malayic, Malayic-Dayak, Ibanic More information. Berawan [lod] 870 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Tutoh and Baram rivers in the north. Dialects: Batu Bla (Batu Belah), Long Pata, Long Jegan, West Berawan, Long Terawan. It may be two languages: West Berawan and Long Terawan, versus East-Central Berawang: Batu Belah, Long Teru, and Long Jegan (Blust 1974). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo- Polynesian, Northwest, North Sarawakan, Berawan-Lower Baram, Berawan More information. Biatah [bth] 21,219 in Malaysia (2000 WCD). Population total all countries: 29,703. Sarawak, 1st Division, Kuching District, 10 villages. Also spoken in Indonesia (Kalimantan). Alternate names: Kuap, Quop, Bikuab, Sentah. Dialects: Siburan, Stang (Sitaang, Bisitaang), Tibia. Speakers cannot understand Bukar Sadong, Silakau, or Bidayuh from Indonesia. Lexical similarity 71% with Singgi. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak More information. Bintulu [bny] 4,200 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Northeast coast around Sibuti, west of Niah, around Bintulu, and two enclaves west. Dialects: Could also be classified as a Baram-Tinjar Subgroup or as an isolate within the Rejang-Baram Group. Blust classifies as an isolate with North Sarawakan. Not close to other languages.
    [Show full text]
  • Languages of Southeast Asia
    Jiarong Horpa Zhaba Amdo Tibetan Guiqiong Queyu Horpa Wu Chinese Central Tibetan Khams Tibetan Muya Huizhou Chinese Eastern Xiangxi Miao Yidu LuobaLanguages of Southeast Asia Northern Tujia Bogaer Luoba Ersu Yidu Luoba Tibetan Mandarin Chinese Digaro-Mishmi Northern Pumi Yidu LuobaDarang Deng Namuyi Bogaer Luoba Geman Deng Shixing Hmong Njua Eastern Xiangxi Miao Tibetan Idu-Mishmi Idu-Mishmi Nuosu Tibetan Tshangla Hmong Njua Miju-Mishmi Drung Tawan Monba Wunai Bunu Adi Khamti Southern Pumi Large Flowery Miao Dzongkha Kurtokha Dzalakha Phake Wunai Bunu Ta w an g M o np a Gelao Wunai Bunu Gan Chinese Bumthangkha Lama Nung Wusa Nasu Wunai Bunu Norra Wusa Nasu Xiang Chinese Chug Nung Wunai Bunu Chocangacakha Dakpakha Khamti Min Bei Chinese Nupbikha Lish Kachari Ta se N a ga Naxi Hmong Njua Brokpake Nisi Khamti Nung Large Flowery Miao Nyenkha Chalikha Sartang Lisu Nung Lisu Southern Pumi Kalaktang Monpa Apatani Khamti Ta se N a ga Wusa Nasu Adap Tshangla Nocte Naga Ayi Nung Khengkha Rawang Gongduk Tshangla Sherdukpen Nocte Naga Lisu Large Flowery Miao Northern Dong Khamti Lipo Wusa NasuWhite Miao Nepali Nepali Lhao Vo Deori Luopohe Miao Ge Southern Pumi White Miao Nepali Konyak Naga Nusu Gelao GelaoNorthern Guiyang MiaoLuopohe Miao Bodo Kachari White Miao Khamti Lipo Lipo Northern Qiandong Miao White Miao Gelao Hmong Njua Eastern Qiandong Miao Phom Naga Khamti Zauzou Lipo Large Flowery Miao Ge Northern Rengma Naga Chang Naga Wusa Nasu Wunai Bunu Assamese Southern Guiyang Miao Southern Rengma Naga Khamti Ta i N u a Wusa Nasu Northern Huishui
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 4 Safety in the Philippines
    Table of Contents Chapter 1 Philippine Regions ...................................................................................................................................... Chapter 2 Philippine Visa............................................................................................................................................. Chapter 3 Philippine Culture........................................................................................................................................ Chapter 4 Safety in the Philippines.............................................................................................................................. Chapter 5 Health & Wellness in the Philippines........................................................................................................... Chapter 6 Philippines Transportation........................................................................................................................... Chapter 7 Philippines Dating – Marriage..................................................................................................................... Chapter 8 Making a Living (Working & Investing) .................................................................................................... Chapter 9 Philippine Real Estate.................................................................................................................................. Chapter 10 Retiring in the Philippines...........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Tungusic Languages
    641 TUNGUSIC LANGUAGES he last Imperial family that reigned in Beij- Nanai or Goldi has about 7,000 speakers on the T ing, the Qing or Manchu dynasty, seized banks ofthe lower Amur. power in 1644 and were driven out in 1912. Orochen has about 2,000 speakers in northern Manchu was the ancestral language ofthe Qing Manchuria. court and was once a major language ofthe Several other Tungusic languages survive, north-eastern province ofManchuria, bridge- with only a few hundred speakers apiece. head ofthe Japanese invasion ofChina in the 1930s. It belongs to the little-known Tungusic group Numerals in Manchu, Evenki and Nanai oflanguages, usually believed to formpart ofthe Manchu Evenki Nanai ALTAIC family. All Tungusic languages are spo- 1 emu umuÅn emun ken by very small population groups in northern 2 juwe dyuÅr dyuer China and eastern Siberia. 3 ilan ilan ilan Manchu is the only Tungusic language with a 4 duin digin duin written history. In the 17th century the Manchu 5 sunja tungga toinga rulers ofChina, who had at firstruled through 6 ninggun nyungun nyungun the medium of MONGOLIAN, adapted Mongolian 7 nadan nadan nadan script to their own language, drawing some ideas 8 jakon dyapkun dyakpun from the Korean syllabary. However, in the 18th 9 uyun eÅgin khuyun and 19th centuries Chinese ± language ofan 10 juwan dyaÅn dyoan overwhelming majority ± gradually replaced Manchu in all official and literary contexts. From George L. Campbell, Compendium of the world's languages (London: Routledge, 1991) The Tungusic languages Even or Lamut has 7,000 speakers in Sakha, the Kamchatka peninsula and the eastern Siberian The mountain forest coast ofRussia.
    [Show full text]
  • Textualizing Epics in Philippine History from The
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Collecting the People: Textualizing Epics in Philippine History from the Sixteenth Century to the Twenty-First A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History by Brandon Joseph Reilly 2013 © Copyright by Brandon Joseph Reilly 2013 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Collecting the People: Textualizing Epics in Philippine History from the Sixteenth Century to the Twenty-First by Brandon Joseph Reilly Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Los Angeles, 2012 Professor Michael Salman, Chair My dissertation, “Collecting the People: Textualizing Epics in Philippine History from the Sixteenth Century to the Twenty-First,” examines the study and uses of oral epics in the Philippines from the late 1500s to the present. State institutions and cultural activists uphold epics linked to the pre-colonial era as the most culturally authentic, ancient, and distinctive form of Filipino literature. These “epics” originated as oral traditions performed by culturally diverse groups. Before they could be read, they had to be written down and translated into, first, the colonial language of Spanish, and later, the national languages of English and Filipino. Beginning from the earliest Spanish colonial times, I examine the longer history of writing about, describing, summarizing, and beginning in the late nineteenth century, transcribing the diverse sorts of oral narratives that only in the twentieth century came to be called epics. I pay particular attention to how the instruments of pen, printing press, tape recorder, and video recorder, and media of preservation such as government report, published ii or unpublished colonial chronicle, scholarly textualization, coffee table book, or television show, have shaped the epics.
    [Show full text]