Ang Marks the What?: an Analysis of Noun Phrase Markers in Cebuano
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Cebuano Grammar Notes Jessie Grace U. Rubrico
Cebuano Grammar Notes Jessie Grace U. Rubrico 1. Cebuano phonemes Sixteen consonants and three vowels constitute the segmental phonemes of the Cebuano language, while stress and length constitute its suprasegmentals. 1.1 Consonants according to their points of articulation Bilabial Labio-velar Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal / p / / t / / k / / ? / / b / / d / / g / / m / / n / / ? / / s / / h / / w / / l / / r / / y / 1.2 Vowels according to tongue advancement (1) and position (2), lip rounding (3). (1) Front Central Back / i / /u/ (2) High [ i ] [u] (3) mid [ I ] [o] (3) low / a / Phoneme /i/ has two phonetic representations, [i] and [I] which freely alternate. The phoneme /u/ has also two allophones which may be considered to be in complementary distribution, to wit: / u / [ u ] / ___ C# Example: ug, uy! [ o ] / (V) C___# Example: ko, mo, ako, imo 1.3 Suprasegmentals. Stress and Vowel length are phonemic in Cebuano. 1.3.1 Stress. Cebuano lexical items may be accented: a) on the penultimate vowel as in dayon , unya, ligo; b) on the final vowel as in dayón, walá, sukád; c) on both vowels in a two-syllable word, if these vowels are glottal as in sab-?a; ?ak-?ak; d) the position of the stress on the stem (i.e., final or penult) is retained when suffixation is applied as in palit > palitan e) in word reduplication, the stress of the base is carried over as primary stress on the second component while the initial component gets the secondary stress. Example, gamaygamay, hinayhinay f) the glottal stress - whether in the initial, medial, or final position- is retained whenever affixation is applied. -
Axis Relationships in the Philippines – When Traditional Subgrouping Falls Short1 R. David Zorc <[email protected]> AB
Axis Relationships in the Philippines – When Traditional Subgrouping Falls Short1 R. David Zorc <[email protected]> ABSTRACT Most scholars seem to agree that the Malayo-Polynesian expansion left Taiwan around 3,000 BCE and virtually raced south through the Philippines in less than one millenium. From southern Mindanao migrations went westward through Borneo and on to Indonesia, Malaysia, and upwards into the Asian continent (“Malayo”-), and some others went south through Sulawesi also going eastward across the Pacific (-“Polynesian”)2. If this is the case, the Philippine languages are the “left behinds” allowing at least two more millennia for multiple interlanguage contacts within the archipelago. After two proposed major extinctions: archipelago-wide and the Greater Central Philippines (Blust 2019), inter-island associations followed the ebb and flow of dominance, expansion, resettlement, and trade. Little wonder then that “unique” lexemes found on Palawan can appear on Mindoro or Panay; developments throughout the east (Mindanao, the Visayas, and southern Luzon) can appear in Central Luzon, and an unidentified language with the shift of Philippine *R > y had some influence on Palawan and Panay. As early as 1972, while writing up my dissertation (Zorc 1975, then 1977), I found INNOVATIONS that did not belong to any specific subgroup, but had crossed linguistic boundaries to form an “axis” [my term, but related to German “SPRACHBUND”, “NETWORK” (Milroy 1985), “LINKAGE” 3 (Ross 1988. Pawley & Ross 1995)]. Normally, INNOVATIONS should be indicative of subgrouping. However, they can arise in an environment where different language communities develop close trade or societal ties. The word bakál ‘buy’ replaces PAN *bəlih and *mayád ‘good’ replaces PMP *pia in an upper loop from the Western Visayas, through Ilonggo/Hiligaynon, Masbatenyo, Central Sorsoganon, and 1 I am deeply indebted to April Almarines, Drs. -
892-3809-1-PB.Pdf
philippine studies Ateneo de Manila University • Loyola Heights, Quezon City • 1108 Philippines Origins of the Philippine Languages Cecilio Lopez Philippine Studies vol. 15, no. 1 (1967): 130–166 Copyright © Ateneo de Manila University Philippine Studies is published by the Ateneo de Manila University. Contents may not be copied or sent via email or other means to multiple sites and posted to a listserv without the copyright holder’s written permission. Users may download and print articles for individual, noncom- mercial use only. However, unless prior permission has been obtained, you may not download an entire issue of a journal, or download multiple copies of articles. Please contact the publisher for any further use of this work at [email protected]. http://www.philippinestudies.net Origins- of the Philippine Languages CEClLlO LOPEZ 1. Introduction. In the Philippines there are about 70 languages and in Malayo-Polynesia about 500. To say some- thing about unity and diversity among these many languages and about our evidence for their Malayo-Polynesian source is not an easy task, particularly when it must be done briefly and for readers without the requisite linguistic sophistication. For the purposes of this paper, therefore, the best I can do is to explain some representative phenomena, making the presenta- tion as simple as I possibly can. In determining similarities and diversitiea between lan- guages, comparison based on any one of four levels may be used: phonology, morphology, syntax, or vocabulary. The ap- proach using all the four levels is undoubtedly the mast re- liable, particularly if it fulfills the following conditions: exhaus- tiveness of coverage, simplicity of exposition, and elegance of form. -
A Phylogenetic Approach to Comparative Linguistics: a Test Study Using the Languages of Borneo
Hirzi Luqman 1st September 2010 A Phylogenetic Approach to Comparative Linguistics: a Test Study using the Languages of Borneo Abstract The conceptual parallels between linguistic and biological evolution are striking; languages, like genes are subject to mutation, replication, inheritance and selection. In this study, we explore the possibility of applying phylogenetic techniques established in biology to linguistic data. Three common phylogenetic reconstruction methods are tested: (1) distance-based network reconstruction, (2) maximum parsimony and (3) Bayesian inference. We use network analysis as a preliminary test to inspect degree of horizontal transmission prior to the use of the other methods. We test each method for applicability and accuracy, and compare their results with those from traditional classification. We find that the maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference methods are both very powerful and accurate in their phylogeny reconstruction. The maximum parsimony method recovered 8 out of a possible 13 clades identically, while the Bayesian inference recovered 7 out of 13. This match improved when we considered only fully resolved clades for the traditional classification, with maximum parsimony scoring 8 out of 9 possible matches, and Bayesian 7 out of 9 matches. Introduction different dialects and languages. And just as phylogenetic inference may be muddied by horizontal transmission, so “The formation of different languages and of distinct too may borrowing and imposition cloud true linguistic species, and the proofs that both have been developed relations. These fundamental similarities in biological and through a gradual process, are curiously parallel... We find language evolution are obvious, but do they imply that tools in distinct languages striking homologies due to community and methods developed in one field are truly transferable to of descent, and analogies due to a similar process of the other? Or are they merely clever and coincidental formation.. -
Publications
Publications PHILIPPINE LANGUAGES: AS COLORFUL AS THE COUNTRY ITSELF by: Donna May S. Baltazar Teacher III, Orani National High School Parang - Parang The Philippines is an archipelagic country consisting of over seven thousand islands. With vast variation of landscapes and terrains. With the majority of the country being divided by either vast waters to huge mountain ranges, it is not surprising that there are also many variations in language. There are eight major dialects in the Philippines, not including sub-dialects. The first one is Bikol, the language use in the southern tip of the Luzon islands, the Bikol region, which includes Naga, Camarines Sur, Camarines Norte, Legazpi, and Albay, as well as parts of Surigao islands. The Bikol language is further divided to four sub- groups, the Northern Coastal Bikol, Southern Bikol language, Central Bikol language, and the Bisakol. Then there is the Cebuano language or also referred to as Visaya is the native language of the majority of people in the Visayan islands. The third one is Hiligaynon or the Ilonggo, which originated in Ilo-ilo still a part of the Visayan Islands. Hiligaynon is not as wide spread as that of Cebuano language, the native speakers are mostly concentrated in the Western Visayas region which includes Ilo-ilo, Capiz, Guimaraz, and Negros Occidental. Although some of the neighboring islands also adopted the language. Ilocano on the other hand is the language of the spoken in the Ilocos region as well as other northern provinces in the Philippines. Ilocano is the major spoken language in 22 November 2019 Publications the Northern Luzon. -
Chapter 1: Introduction and Background
CONSTRAINTS ON PATTERNS OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY STRESS Laura W. McGarrity Submitted to the faculty of the University Graduate School in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Linguistics Indiana University August 2003 Accepted by the Graduate Faculty, Indiana University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy ____________________________________ Daniel A. Dinnsen, Ph.D., Chair ____________________________________ Stuart Davis, Ph.D. ____________________________________ Kenneth de Jong, Ph.D. August 27, 2003 ____________________________________ Judith A. Gierut, Ph.D. ii © 2003 Laura Wilbur McGarrity ALL RIGHTS RESERVED iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I owe a great deal of thanks to the members of my committee, without whose guidance and support this dissertation could never have been written: Dan Dinnsen, Stuart Davis, Ken de Jong, and Judith Gierut. I am particularly indebted to my chair, advisor, and mentor, Dan Dinnsen. He has always been a constant source of support, encouragement, and inspiration to me; it is solely because of him that I became a phonologist. His willingness to listen and discuss every idea that went into this dissertation has been absolutely invaluable to me. I am truly fortunate to have had the honor of working with him. I would also like to thank the other Linguistics faculty members at Indiana University, particularly Bob Botne. Though not a member of my committee (or even a phonologist!), he has always shown an interest in my scholarship, which I greatly appreciate. Thanks are also due to my friends and colleagues at Indiana University: Masa Deguchi, Caitlin Dillon, Marilyn Estep, Ashley Farris, B.J. -
The Puzzling Case of Chabacano: Creolization, Substrate, Mixing and Secondary Contact
The Puzzling Case of Chabacano: Creolization, Substrate, Mixing and Secondary Contact Patrick O. Steinkrüger ZAS (Centre for General Linguistics), Berlin) [email protected] Commonly known as “Chabacano” are the different varieties of the Spanish-based Creole in the Philippines. Until the present, the (socio-)historical origin of the Chabacano varieties is far from being entirely explained (e.g. Lipski 1988 and 1992). In addition, nearly all publications on Chabacano refer to Zamboangueño and not to the variety of Ternate (Manila Bay) which is the oldest variety and in many aspects more conservative (cf. Steinkrüger forthcoming). Also, the constant contact between India, Macau and the Philippines has been neglected. Consequently, it seems to be necessary to classify the morphosyntactical features and lexical items of Chabacano as of Malayo-Portuguese origin or of the (Mexican) Spanish superstrate origin, or finally as of Philippine origin by later contact. The analysis of these features and their comparison with Portuguese-based creoles in Asia could also lead to more clarity explaining the (socio-)historical origin of Chabacano. It is the aim of this paper to discuss some external and internal aspects of the Chabacano varieties in the Philippines, considering their historical background (e.g. Francisco 2002) and focussing on morphosyntactic ‘typical’ features of creole languages considering Zamboangueño in Mindanao but also the variety spoken in Ternate (Manila Bay). Nevertheless, it is true that Chabacano has in some respect a mixed character by language contact in the Philippines, but this fact is not an argument against its original structure as a creole (against the status as an “intertwined language”). -
Languages of Malaysia (Sarawak)
Ethnologue report for Malaysia (Sarawak) Page 1 of 9 Languages of Malaysia (Sarawak) Malaysia (Sarawak). 1,294,000 (1979). Information mainly from A. A. Cense and E. M. Uhlenbeck 1958; R. Blust 1974; P. Sercombe 1997. The number of languages listed for Malaysia (Sarawak) is 47. Of those, 46 are living languages and 1 is extinct. Living languages Balau [blg] 5,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Southwest Sarawak, southeast of Simunjan. Alternate names: Bala'u. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo- Polynesian, Malayic, Malayic-Dayak, Ibanic More information. Berawan [lod] 870 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Tutoh and Baram rivers in the north. Dialects: Batu Bla (Batu Belah), Long Pata, Long Jegan, West Berawan, Long Terawan. It may be two languages: West Berawan and Long Terawan, versus East-Central Berawang: Batu Belah, Long Teru, and Long Jegan (Blust 1974). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo- Polynesian, Northwest, North Sarawakan, Berawan-Lower Baram, Berawan More information. Biatah [bth] 21,219 in Malaysia (2000 WCD). Population total all countries: 29,703. Sarawak, 1st Division, Kuching District, 10 villages. Also spoken in Indonesia (Kalimantan). Alternate names: Kuap, Quop, Bikuab, Sentah. Dialects: Siburan, Stang (Sitaang, Bisitaang), Tibia. Speakers cannot understand Bukar Sadong, Silakau, or Bidayuh from Indonesia. Lexical similarity 71% with Singgi. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Land Dayak More information. Bintulu [bny] 4,200 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Northeast coast around Sibuti, west of Niah, around Bintulu, and two enclaves west. Dialects: Could also be classified as a Baram-Tinjar Subgroup or as an isolate within the Rejang-Baram Group. Blust classifies as an isolate with North Sarawakan. Not close to other languages. -
Languages of Southeast Asia
Jiarong Horpa Zhaba Amdo Tibetan Guiqiong Queyu Horpa Wu Chinese Central Tibetan Khams Tibetan Muya Huizhou Chinese Eastern Xiangxi Miao Yidu LuobaLanguages of Southeast Asia Northern Tujia Bogaer Luoba Ersu Yidu Luoba Tibetan Mandarin Chinese Digaro-Mishmi Northern Pumi Yidu LuobaDarang Deng Namuyi Bogaer Luoba Geman Deng Shixing Hmong Njua Eastern Xiangxi Miao Tibetan Idu-Mishmi Idu-Mishmi Nuosu Tibetan Tshangla Hmong Njua Miju-Mishmi Drung Tawan Monba Wunai Bunu Adi Khamti Southern Pumi Large Flowery Miao Dzongkha Kurtokha Dzalakha Phake Wunai Bunu Ta w an g M o np a Gelao Wunai Bunu Gan Chinese Bumthangkha Lama Nung Wusa Nasu Wunai Bunu Norra Wusa Nasu Xiang Chinese Chug Nung Wunai Bunu Chocangacakha Dakpakha Khamti Min Bei Chinese Nupbikha Lish Kachari Ta se N a ga Naxi Hmong Njua Brokpake Nisi Khamti Nung Large Flowery Miao Nyenkha Chalikha Sartang Lisu Nung Lisu Southern Pumi Kalaktang Monpa Apatani Khamti Ta se N a ga Wusa Nasu Adap Tshangla Nocte Naga Ayi Nung Khengkha Rawang Gongduk Tshangla Sherdukpen Nocte Naga Lisu Large Flowery Miao Northern Dong Khamti Lipo Wusa NasuWhite Miao Nepali Nepali Lhao Vo Deori Luopohe Miao Ge Southern Pumi White Miao Nepali Konyak Naga Nusu Gelao GelaoNorthern Guiyang MiaoLuopohe Miao Bodo Kachari White Miao Khamti Lipo Lipo Northern Qiandong Miao White Miao Gelao Hmong Njua Eastern Qiandong Miao Phom Naga Khamti Zauzou Lipo Large Flowery Miao Ge Northern Rengma Naga Chang Naga Wusa Nasu Wunai Bunu Assamese Southern Guiyang Miao Southern Rengma Naga Khamti Ta i N u a Wusa Nasu Northern Huishui -
Annotated Bibliographies; *Austro
DOCUME T'RESUME ED 132 860 FL 008 262 .1UTHOR Johnson, Dora B.; And Others TITLE Languages of Southeast Asia and the Pacific. A'Survey of Materials for the Study of the Uncommonly Taught. Languages. INSTITUTION Center for Applied Linguis ics, Arlington, Va. SPONS AGENCY Office of Education (DHEW) Washington, D.C. PUB DATE 76 CONTRACT 300-75-0201 NOTE 73p. AVAILABLE FROMCenter for Applied Linguistics, 1611 North Kent Street, Arlington, Virginia 22209 ($3.95 each fascicle; complete set of 8, $26.50) EDRS PRICE MR-$0.83 HC-$3.50 Plus Postage._ DESCRIPTORS Adult Educacion; *Annotated Bibliographies; *Austro Asiatic Languages; Buriese; Cambodian; Dialects; Dictionaries; Indonesian; .*Indonesiin Languages; *Instructional Materials; -Language Instruction; Language Variation; Lao; Malay; Reading Materials; *Sino Tibetan Languages; Thai; *Uncommonly Taught Languages; Vietnamese IDENTIFIERS Burma; Cambodia; Indonesia; *Languages of the Pacific; Laos; Malaysia; Philippines; Thailand; _Vietnam ABSTRACT This is an annotated bibliography of basic tools of access for the study of the uncommonly taught languages of Southeast Asia and the Pacific. It is one of eight fascicles which constitute a .revision of "A Provisional Survey of Materials for the Study of the Neglected Languages" (CAL 1969). The emphasis is on materials for the adult whose native language is English. Languages are grouped according to the following classifications: Burma (and Yunnan Cambodia, Laos, and Thailand; Vietnam; Indonesia and Malaysia; Philippines; Languages of the Pacific. Under each language heading, the items are arranged as follows:(1) teaching materials; (2) readers;(3) gLammars; and (4) dictionaries. Annotations are descriptive rather than critical. Wherever possible each entry contains the following bibliographical information: author, title, place of publication, date, and pagination. -
(Pré)Histoires D'articles Et Grammaire Comparée Des Langues Austronésiennes
Alain Lemaréchal Bulletin de la Société de linguistique de Paris, t. XCIX (2004), fasc. 1, p. 395-456 (PRÉ)HISTOIRES D'ARTICLES ET GRAMMAIRE COMPARÉE DES LANGUES AUSTRONÉSIENNES RÉSUMÉ. — Après avoir examiné dans une perspective comparative le système des diathèses et des voix de quelques langues austroné- siennes (BSLP 2001), nous nous livrerons au même travail sur un autre domaine associant dans cette famille stabilité et renouvelle- ments/remaniements, celui des articles-«∞∞∞marques de cas∞∞∞», à partir d'un échantillon de 35 langues. Introduction Cet article s'inscrit dans le prolongement de celui paru dans le BSLP 20011 qui examinait les systèmes de marques de voix («∞∞∞focus∞∞∞») et de quelques autres marques verbales dans un certain nombre de langues austronésiennes. En effet, si ces dernières constituent sans doute l'élément le plus constant et le plus stable permettant (hors langues océaniennes) d'identifier une langue comme appartenant à la famille austronésienne, les articles + marques de cas + prépositions forment aussi une constellation récur- rente, certes en remaniement constant dans les différentes langues, mais réunissant des marques à signifiant stable et en petit nombre∞∞∞: les articles2 *a(∞), *i ou *si (*t'i chez Dahl), la marque de Génitif et de complément d'agent *n-, des prépositions/marques d'objet, de locatif, etc., *sa (*t'a chez Dahl), *i ou *di, *kV (ou *kan). Le Note∞∞: Je n'ai pu tirer parti, pour cet article prévu par le BSLP 2003, des textes parus dans Faits de langues, 23-24, 2004 (voir bibliographie). 1. «∞∞∞Problèmes d'analyse des langues de Formose et grammaire comparée des langues austronésiennes∞∞∞», BSLP, XCVI/1, p. -
CEBUANO for BEGINNERS PALI Language Texts: Philippines (Pacific and Asian Linguistics Institute) Howard P
CEBUANO FOR BEGINNERS PALI Language Texts: Philippines (Pacific and Asian Linguistics Institute) Howard P. McKaughan Editor CEBUANO FOR BEGINNERS by Maria Victoria R. Bunye and Elsa Paula Yap University of Hawaii Press Honolulu 1971 Open Access edition funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities / Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Humanities Open Book Program. Licensed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 Inter- national (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0), which permits readers to freely download and share the work in print or electronic format for non-commercial purposes, so long as credit is given to the author. The license also permits readers to create and share de- rivatives of the work, so long as such derivatives are shared under the same terms of this license. Commercial uses require permission from the publisher. For details, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/. The Cre- ative Commons license described above does not apply to any material that is separately copyrighted. Open Access ISBNs: 9780824879778 (PDF) 9780824879761 (EPUB) This version created: 30 May, 2019 Please visit www.hawaiiopen.org for more Open Access works from University of Hawai‘i Press. The work reported herein was performed pursuant to a contract with the Peace Corps, Washington, D.C. 20525. The opinions ex- pressed herein are those of the authors and should not be con- strued as representing the opinions or policy of any agency of the United States Government. Copyright © 1971 by University of Hawaii Press All rights reserved PREFACE The lessons herein were developed under a contract with the Peace Corps (PC 25–1507) at the University of Hawaii under the auspices of the Pacific and Asian Linguistics Institute.