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Cebuano Language Objectives Missionary Training Center CEBUANO LANGUAGE OBJECTIVES MISSIONARY TRAINING CENTER FOR MISSIONARY USE ONLY 30 MAY 2002 Table of Contents TO THE MTC CEBUANO LANGUAGE OBJECTIVES #1: CEBUANO APHABET AND PRONUNCIATION -1- THE CEBUANO ALPHABET (ABAKADA) -1- READING AND WRITING CEBUANO WORDS -3- PRONUNCIATION PRACTICE -4- SPELLING PRACTICE -4- #2: GREETINGS IN CONVERSATION -5- GREET OTHERS WITH ‘GOOD MORKING?’, ETC. -5- ASKING ‘HOW ARE YOU?’ -5- ASKING HOW SOMEONE / SOMETHING -6- ASKING ‘‘WHAT (WHO) IS YOUR NAME?’’ -6- #3: EXPANDED GREETINGS IN CONVERSATION -7- ASKING ‘WHERE ARE YOU GOING/COMING FROM?’ -7- WHERE ARE YOU GOING / HEADED TO? -7- ASKING WHERE SOMEONE IS FROM -8- ASKING WHERE SOMEONE LIVES -8- #4: ASKING FOR ENGLISH / CEBUANO EQUIVALENTS -9- ASKING FOR TRANSLATIONS OF WORDS AND PHRASES -9- THE PLURALIZER MGA -10- #5: GRAMMAR STRUCTURE OVERVIEW -11- INTRODUCTION -11- NOUN MARKERS -11- NOUN PHRASE -12- FOCUS -12- NON-FOCUS -12- SPECIFIC AND NON-SPECIFIC -13- NOUNS AND PRONOUNS -13- LOCATION (HERE AND THERE) -14- #6: THE ANG SET OF NOUN MARKERS -15- PURPOSE OF THE ANG SET OF NOUN MARKERS -15- THE ANG SET OF NOUN MARKERS -15- THE ANG SET OF PRONOUNS -16- USING AND PRONOUNS IN GREETINGS -17- ANG DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS -17- #7: THE OG SET OF NOUN MARKERS -19- PURPOSE OF THE OG SET OF NOUN MARKERS -19- THE OG SET OF NOUN MARKERS -19- THE OG SETS OF PRONOUNS -20- OG DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS -22- #8: THE SA SET OF NOUN MARKERS -23- PURPOSE OF THE SA SET OF NOUN MARKERS -23- THE SA SET OF NOUN MARKERS -23- THE SA SETS OF PRONOUNS -24- SA DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS -25- SA LOCATION MARKERS -26- #9: NUMBERS -27- FORMING CEBUANO NUMBERS -28- SPANISH NUMBERS -29- ASKING PILA QUESTIONS -30- #10: ADJECTIVES TO DESCRIBE OBJECTS AND TASTE -31- #11: USING ‘TO BE’ IN STATEMENTS AND QUESTIONS -33- USING ANG FOR ‘TO BE’ -33- THE NGA LINKER -34- CEBUANO PARTICLE ORDER -35- ASKING YES / NO QUESTIONS USING BA -35- DILI - NOT -36- KAAYO AND GAYUD -37- ANSWERING YES / NO QUESTIONS -37- #12: TO HAVE / THERE IS (EXISTENTIAL) -39- USING ADUNA, MAY, AND WALA IN SENTENCES -39- USING ADUNA AND WALA -39- THE - Y LINKER -40- USING MAY -41- ANSWERING EXISTENTIAL QUESTIONS -41- #13: SENTENCE STRUCTURE -39- #14: VERB STRUCTURE OVER VIEW -45- INTRODUCTION -45- FOCUS -45- ACTOR -45- OBJECT -46- LOCATION -46- TRANSITIVE -46- Ditransitive -46- TENSE -46- ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE -47- #15: ACTOR FOCUS VERB CONJUGATION -49- ACTOR FOCUS VERB CONJUGATIONS -49- ABSOLUTE -50- IMMEDIATE -51- ABILITY (or POTENTIAL) -52- IMPERATIVES (ACTOR FOCUS) -52- NEGATING ACTOR FOCUS -52- #16: OBJECT FOCUS VERBS -55- IMMEDIATE / ABSOLUTE (Transitive) -56- IMPERATIVE (Transitive) -56- ABILITY (Transitive) -57- IMMEDIATE / ABSOLUTE (Ditransitive) -58- IMPERATIVE -59- NEGATING OBJECT FOCUS (for either transitive or Ditransitive) -59- COMPARISON OF ACTOR FOCUS AND OBJECT FOCUS -60- #17: LOCATION FOCUS VERBS -61- LOCATION FOCUS VERB CONJUGATIONS -61- LOCATION FOCUS -62- NON-ABILITY -62- ABILITY -62- IMPERATIVE (for either transitive or Ditransitive) -64- NEGATING LOCATION FOCUS (for either transitive or Ditransitive -64- COMPARISON OF ACTOR FOCUS, OBJECT FOCUS, AND LOCATION FOCUS -65- #18: INTERROGATIVES -67- HOW -69- KUMUSTA -69- UNSA KA -69- UNSAON AND GIUNSA -71- SA UNSA NGA PAAGI -71- PILA -71- WHERE -71- #19: ADJECTIVES TO DESCRIBE NATURE, SMELL, SOUND AND COLOR -75- VOCABULARY FOR DESCRIBING NATURE -75- VOCABULARY FOR DESCRIBING SMELL -75- VOCABULARY FOR DESCRIBING SOUND -75- #20: PSEUDO VERBS -77- USING BUOT AND GUSTO -78- USING PWEDE AND MAHIMO -78- USING KINAHANGLAN -78- #21: DIRECTIONS AND SPECIFYING LOCATIONS -79- #22: ASSORTED VERBS -81- HIMO -81- TO THINK -82- USING ABI -83- USING SAYUD, HIBALO, AND ILA -83- #23: NA / PA ADVERBS -85- #24: CALENDAR AND CLOCK TIME -87- #25: TIME ADVERBS -89- #26: CONJUNCTIONS -91- COMMON CONJUNCTIONS -91- #27: VERBALS -93- #28: ASSORTED VOCABULARY -95- #29: ADVANCED CONJUGATIONS -97- APPENDIX -100- CEBUANO NOUN MARKERS -101- COMMON VERBS -102- VOCABULARY LIST BY SUBJECT -106- ADJECTIVES -106- BEDROOM TERMS -106- BOOKS OF THE BIBLE -106- BOOKS OF THE BOOK OF MORMON -107- CALENDER MONTHS -107- CALENDER DATES -107- CITY TERMS -108- CLOCK TIME-SPANISH -108- COLORS -108- CONJUNCTIONS -108- DAYS OF THE WEEK -108- FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS -108- FOODS IN GENERAL -108- FRUITS -109- GOSPEL TERMS -109- HOUSEHOLD TERMS -111- HUMAN BODY -111- KITCHEN TERMS -111- LIVING ROOM TERMS -111- MEATS, FISH & POULTRY -111- MEDICAL TERMS -112- MEN’S CLOTHES -112- PEARL OF GREAT PRICE -112- PREPOSITIONS -112- RELIGIONS -112- SEASONS -112- SPORTS/ATHLETICS -112- SUPERMARKET TERMS -112- TIMES -113- TRAVEL TERMS & DIRECTIONS -113- INTERNATIONAL TERMS -113- VEGETABLES -113- WOMEN’S CLOTHING & MAKE-UP -113- DIALOGUES -115- NOTE: This Cebuano Language Objective is intended for use in the Missionary Training Center of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. As the missionary or MTC staff uses this guide please keep in mind that this book is under constant revision and is not perfect. We ask you to overlook the mistakes and please make changes where necessary. This Language Objective book is also not completely correct for every region of the Visayas. Please make adjustments as needed and edit this guide as more is learned about the Visayan-Cebuano language. Salamat! CEBUANO LANGUAGE OBJECTIVE #1 CEBUANO ALPHABET AND PRONUNCIATION (SYL) #1: CEBUANO ALPHABET AND PRONUNCIATION OBJECTIVEFIGURE 1 BY THE END OF THIS LESSON YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO: - Pronounce the letters in the Cebuano alphabet - Read and write Cebuano words THE CEBUANO ALPHABET (ABAKADA) Abakada (alphabet). The abakada or the Cebuano alphabet consists of twenty letters in the following sequence: a, b, k, d, e, g, h, i, l, m, n, ng, o, o, r, s, t, u, w and y Note that k follows b and ng (new and different letter!) follows n. Cebuano vowels. The Cebuano vowels are a, e, i,o and u. The Cebuano vowel sounds are slightly different than English vowel sounds. The closest sounds to the five vowel sounds of Cebuano are: a as in far, father (ah, like ‘‘Ah ha! Eureka!’’) e as in end, bed (eh, like an old man saying ‘‘Eh sonney!’’) i as in eve, marine (ee, like ‘‘Eek, it’s an eel!) o as in obey, hope (oh, like ‘‘Oh my goodness!’’) u as in food, moon (ooh or ew, like seeing a painful football injury) Cebuano consonants. The consonants are pronounced with the sound of a at the end: Ba, Ka, Da, Ga, Ha, La, Ma, Na, Nga, Pa, Ra, Sa, Ta, Wa and Ya The consonant Ng (spelled nga). The ng sound is different to most English speakers because to them, the `n` and `g` are two different letters. The Cebuano letter ng is one consonant and has neither the `n` nor the `g` sound. It is pronounced in the same syllable. It is pronounced by saying an ‘‘nga’’ sound from the back of the throat, while leaving the tongue on the bottom of the mouth. Avoid the temptation to have the tongue touch the top row of teeth. The initial nga sound can be practiced by selecting a phrase with the correct sound (say -- sing a song). Then leave off the initial consonants (say –ing a –ong). Keep practicing until it comes with ease. CEBUANO LANGUAGE OBJECTIVE #1 CEBUANO ALPHABET AND PRONUNCIATION (SYL) The pronunciation of ng at the end of words is fairly simple, as in the English word sing or lung, but its pronunciation within a word is a little more challenging. Most English words with internal `n` and `g` consonants usually have the `n` and `g` separated into two different syllables (ex. Man-ger, en-gine, en-glish, or man-go). In English the `ng` combination is only found in the middle or end of words. In Cebuano, the consonant ng may appear at the beginning, middle, or end of words (such at ngalan, paingon, or ang). The closest English words with the inside ng sound are longing, singing, or hanger (pronounced with the `g` sound). Spanish adopted letters. There are letters not found in the Cebuano alphabet used in the language because of foreign languages. The following letters are taken from the Spanish alphabet: ch sounds more like `sh`, as in the Spanish name Chavez. j sounds more like `h`, as in the Spanish name Jose. ll sounds like `lly`, as in the Spanish name Padilla n sounds like `ny`, as in the English canyon. rr rolling r sound x sounds like `h`, as in the Spanish name Roxas English adopted letters. The following are English adopted letters: c, ch, f, j, q, v, x and z Other adopted letters. ts this sounds like the `ts` in the English hats Dipthongs. The Cebuano dipthongs are complex sounds that are combinations of simple vowel sounds and semi-vowels. iy as in pew diyutay (small amount) ey as in bait reyna (queen) ay as in hi balay (house) aw as in brow adlaw (day) oy as in boy baboy (pig) Other complex sounds are: dy as `j` in dyip (jeep) sy as `sh` in misyon (mission) CEBUANO LANGUAGE OBJECTIVE #1 CEBUANO ALPHABET AND PRONUNCIATION (SYL) READING AND WRITING CEBUANO WORDS There are two skills involved in learning and becoming functional in a foreign language: 1) Reading written language and pronouncing it correctly, and 2) Writing the words your hear correctly. A few ideas and a simple three step rule can help you develop both skills in Visayan. Cebuano syllables. Cebuano is not a truly-written language, which means that generally, a Cebuano word is spelled just as it is pronounced. Each syllable and vowel is pronounced separately and distinctly. One Cebuano syllable will consist of either a vowel (V), a vowel with a consonant (CV) / (VC), or a vowel between two consonants (CVC).
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