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Jason Lobel's Dissertation PHILIPPINE AND NORTH BORNEAN LANGUAGES: ISSUES IN DESCRIPTION, SUBGROUPING, AND RECONSTRUCTION A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN LINGUISTICS MAY 2013 BY JASON WILLIAM LOBEL Dissertation Committee: Robert A. Blust, Chairperson Michael L. Forman Kenneth L. Rehg R. David Zorc Ruth Elynia S. Mabanglo © Copyright 2013 by Jason William Lobel IMPORTANT NOTE: Permission is granted to the native speakers of the languages represented herein to reproduce this dissertation, or any part thereof, for the purpose of protecting, promoting, developing, or preserving their native languages, cultures, and tribal integrity, as long as proper credit is given to the author of this work. No librarian or other holder of a copy of this dissertation in any country shall have the right to require any additional proof of permission from this author in order to photocopy or print this dissertation, or any part thereof, for any native speaker of any language represented herein. ii We certify that we have read this dissertation and that, in our opinion, it is satisfactory in scope and quality as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics. ____________________________________ Chairperson ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ iii iv ABSTRACT The Philippines, northern Sulawesi, and northern Borneo are home to two or three hundred languages that can be described as Philippine-type. In spite of nearly five hundred years of language documentation in the Philippines, and at least a century of work in Borneo and Sulawesi, the majority of these languages remain grossly underdocumented, and an alarming number of languages remain almost completely undocumented. This dissertation reports on the results of a decade of work aiming to address this lack of language documentation, with the author having conducted fieldwork on over three hundred speech varieties throughout most of the Philippines, as well as in northern Sulawesi and northern Borneo. The issues discussed herein are some of those felt to be most important and most relevant: a reanalysis of Maranao phonology; a description of Manide and Inagta Alabat, two previously-undocumented languages that appear to form a primary branch of the Philippine macrogroup; a reanalysis of the subgrouping of the languages of northern Borneo, based on phonological and functor innovations instead of lexicostatistics; a reconsideration of the evidence for the position of Umiray Dumaget; an internal subgrouping of the Subanen languages, and evidence for the integrity of the Subanen subgroup and reconstructions of its protolanguage; a reconstruction of the pronominal systems of the protolanguages ancestral to the Philippine languages and the Southwest Sabah languages; a discussion of the Black Filipino ethnolinguistic groups of the Philippines and their languages; a description of the angry speech register found in many Greater Central Philippine languages; a discussion of the various developments in the verb systems of Philippine-type languages; and an analysis of the data contained in the Spanish-era dictionaries and grammars of various Central Philippine languages. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………………………. v ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………….. viii LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………………………… xiv LIST OF MAPS……………………………………………………………………… xix LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………………. xx Chapter 1: Introduction……………………………………………………………… 1 1.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………….. 1 1.2 Outside Support……………………………………………………………… 4 1.3 Periods of Fieldwork………………………………………………………… 5 1.4 Conditions of Fieldwork…………………………………………………….. 6 1.5 Methodology and Research Tools…………………………………………… 8 1.6 The Author’s Background…………………………………………………… 10 1.7 Structure of the Dissertation…………………………………………………. 10 1.8 A Note on Previous Literature………………………………………………. 12 1.9 A Note on the Concept of “Proto-Philippines” and a Philippine Macrogroup……………………………………………………………….. 13 1.10 Geographical Areas Covered in This Dissertation..………………………… 14 Chapter 2: On the Spanish-Era Documentation of Philippine Languages………. 33 2.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………. 33 2.2 The Languages Documented During the Spanish Occupation……………… 36 2.2.1 Tagalog…………………………………………………………………. 37 2.2.2 Bikol……………………………………………………………………. 37 2.2.3 Waray…………………………………………………………………… 38 2.2.4 Ilonggo………………………………………………………………….. 39 2.2.5 Cebuano…………………………………………………………………. 39 2.3 Archaic <um> Allomorphs………………………………………………….. 40 2.4 Old Tagalog <ungm>……………………………………………………….. 44 2.5 Old Bikol mag- vs. <um> ………………………………………………….. 46 2.6 Another Lost <um> Paradigm: Old Ilonggo………………………………… 48 2.7 Affixes mu- and <um> in Old Cebuano…………………………………….. 49 2.8 Old Cebuano *si- > *ki-…………………………………………………….. 50 2.9 Old Cebuano Plural Personal Case Markers………………………………… 52 2.10 Old Tagalog Imperatives……………………………………………………. 53 Chapter 3: Notes on the Black Filipinos and Their Languages…………………… 55 3.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………….. 55 3.1.1 A note on terminology for Black Filipinos………………………………. 64 ix 3.2 Black Filipino Groups……………………………………………………… 66 3.2.1 The Manide of Camarines Norte, and the Agta of Alabat and Lopez, Quezon……………………………………………………………… 66 3.2.2 Umiray Dumaget……………………………………………………….. 67 3.2.3 The Agta of Camarines Sur, Bikol: Rinconada Agta, Partido Agta, and East Lake Buhi Agta..………………………………………….. 68 3.2.4 Remontado Dumagat…………………………………………………… 72 3.2.5 Ati………………………………………………………………………. 74 3.2.6 Mamanwa………………………………………………………………. 78 3.2.7 Ata………………………………………………………………………. 85 3.2.8 Ayta……………………………………………………………………… 86 3.2.9 Batak……………………………………………………………………. 86 3.2.10 Alta……………………………………………………………………… 87 3.2.11 Arta……………………………………………………………………… 87 3.2.12 Casiguran and Nagtipunan Agta………………………………………… 88 3.2.13 Pahanan and Dinapigue Agta…………………………………………… 88 3.2.14 Dupaningan Agta……………………………………………………….. 89 3.2.15 Atta……………………………………………………………………… 89 3.2.16 Central Cagayan Agta…………………………………………………… 89 3.2.17 Iraya Mangyan………………………………………………………….. 90 3.2.18 Black Manobos (Ata, Tigwa, Matigsalug)……………………………… 90 3.2.19 “Tabuy” (Lapu-Lapu Island)……………………………………………. 91 3.2.20 Sorsogon “Ayta”………………………………………………………… 91 3.2.21 Samar Agta………………………………………………………………. 92 3.2.22 Katabangan of Catanauan……………………………………………….. 92 3.2.23 Tayabas “Ayta”………………………………………………………….. 93 3.2.24 Black Filipinos in the Zamboanga Peninsula……………………………. 93 3.3 Epilogue: Discrimination and Violence Against the Black Filipinos……….. 93 Chapter 4: Pronouns………………………………………………………………… 103 4.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………….. 103 4.2 Evidence for the Pronoun Sets………………………………………………. 104 4.2.1 Replacement of *ku+*ikaw and *ku+*=ka[w]………………………….. 118 4.3 Major Divergences from the Proto-Philippine and Proto-Southwest Sabah Pronoun Systems……………….……………………………………….. 122 4.3.1 Development of overt case markers on pronouns……………………….. 124 4.3.2 Mongondow-Gorontalo pronominal number…………………………… 134 4.3.3 Genitive replacement in Dusunic languages……………………………. 140 4.3.4 Aberrant pronoun systems in Mangyan languages……………………… 144 4.3.5 Pronoun replacement in Brunei Dusun and Limbang Bisaya, Northwestern Borneo……………………………………………….. 146 4.3.6 Topicalized pronouns in Tidung and Murut Kalabakan………………… 148 x Chapter 5: Verb Morphology and the Focus System……………………………… 150 5.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………. 150 5.2 The Focus System…………………………………………………………… 161 5.3 Tense/Aspect and Mood……………………………………………………. 165 5.4 Mode………………………………………………………………………… 165 5.5 Actor Focus Forms: *<um>, *maR-, and *maN-…………………………… 174 5.6 Reduced-Focus Languages………………………………………………….. 175 5.7 Loss of the Focus System: The Case of Brunei Dusun……………………… 177 5.8 Ablaut in the Philippines…………………………………………………….. 182 5.9 The Aberrant Behavior of the Buhidic Verb System………………………… 188 Chapter 6: The Angry Speech Register of the Greater Central Philippine Languages…………………………………………………………….. 194 6.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………….. 194 6.2 The Angry Register in Use………………………………………………….. 196 6.3 The Angry Register in the Bikol Languages………………………………... 199 6.3.1 Derivation of angry lexicon……………………………………………... 201 6.3.2 Infixation………………………………………………………………… 201 6.3.3 Partial replacement………………………………………………………. 202 6.3.4 Phoneme replacement…………………………………………………… 203 6.3.5 Semantic shift……………………………………………………………..203 6.4 Reconstructing the Angry Register of Proto-Central Philippines……………. 204 6.5 The Angry Register Outside of the Central Philippine Subgroup…………… 207 6.6 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………… 209 Chapter 7: On The Position Of Umiray Dumaget…………………………………. 212 7.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………….. 212 7.2 Consonants…………………………………………………………………... 213 7.3 Vowels……………………………………………………………………….. 215 7.4 Pronouns…………………………………………………………………….. 218 7.5 Lexicon………………………………………………………………………. 222 7.6 Lexicostatistics………………………………………………………………. 224 7.7 Morphology………………………………………………………………….. 227 7.8 Case Markers………………………………………………………………… 229 7.9 If Not Greater Central Philippine, Then What?……………………………… 230 Chapter 8: Manide And Inagta Alabat……………………………………………… 236 8.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………….. 236 8.1.1 Manide…………………………………………………………………… 236 8.1.2 Inagta Alabat…………………………………………………………….. 241 8.1.3 The uniqueness of Manide and Inagta Alabat…………………………… 242 8.2 Phonology…………………………………………………………………… 243 xi 8.2.1 The reflex of PMP *q……………………………………………………
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