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Open Access College of Asia and the Pacific the Australian National University Open Access College of Asia and the Pacific The Australian National University Papers from 12-ICAL, Volume 4 I WayanArka, Ni LuhNyoman Seri Malini, Ida Ayu Made Puspani (eds.) A-PL 019 / SAL 005 This volume contains papers describing and discussing language documentation and cultural practices in Austronesian languages. The issues discussed include language description, vitality and endangerment, community partnerships in language revitalisation and dictionary making, language maintenance of transmigrants, documenting and archiving verbal arts, traditional music and songs, cultural aspects in translation and politeness. This volume should be of interest to Austronesianists, sociolinguists and anthropologists. Asia-Pacific Linguistics SAL: Studies on Austronesian Languages EDITORIAL BOARD: I Wayan Arka, Mark Donohue, Bethwyn Evans, Nicholas Evans,Simon Greenhill, Gwendolyn Hyslop, David Nash, Bill Palmer, Andrew Pawley, Malcolm Ross, Paul Sidwell, Jane Simpson. Published by Asia-Pacific Linguistics College of Asia and the Pacific The Australian National University Canberra ACT 2600 Australia Copyright is vested with the author(s) First published: 2015 National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry: Title: Language documentation and cultural practices in the Austronesian world: papers from 12-ICAL, Volume 4 / edited by I Wayan Arka, Ni Luh Nyoman Seri Malini, Ida Ayu Made Puspani ISBN: 9781922185204 (ebook) Series: Asia-Pacific linguistics 019 / Studies on Austronesian languages 005 Subjects: Austronesian languages--Congresses. Dewey Number: 499.2 Other Creators/Contributors: Arka, I Wayan, editor. Seri Malini, Ni LuhNyoman, editor. Puspani, Ida Ayu Made, editor Australian National University. Department of Linguistics. Asia-Pacific Linguistics International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics (12th: 2012: Bali, Indonesia) Cover illustration: courtesy of Vida Mastrika, Typeset by I Wayan Arka and Vida Mastrika . Preface and Acknowledgements The 12th International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics was held in Denpasar- Bali in July 2012. The organisers are publishing a series of compilations of papers based on specific topics, and the present volume is one of the planned four volumes containing papers that describe and discuss language change in the Austronesian languages of eastern Indonesia and Taiwan. All papers have been peer-reviewed and revised before publication. The editors would like to thank our colleagues who happily acted as referees: Kunio Nishiyama, Hsiu-chuan Liao, Sander Adelaar, René van den Berg, Arthur Holmer, David Gil, and Loren Billings. We also thank Bryce Kositz and Vida Mastrika for their editorial help and technical assistance in preparing the manuscript for publication. About the editors I WAYAN ARKA is a Fellow at the Department of Linguistics, School of Culture, History and Language, College of Asia and the Pacific ANU and a senior Lecturer at Udayana University Bali (English Department and Graduate Program in Linguistics). His interests are in descriptive, theoretical and typological aspects of Austronesian and Papuan languages of Indonesia. His publications include, among others, books and journal articles on Balinese, Indonesian, Rongga, and Marori. He is currently working on on Marori as part of the ARC-funded project on the Languages of Southern New Guinea (2011-2015) and on his Humboldt project on the languages of Flores (2012-2014). NI LUH NYOMAN SERI MALINI is a Lecturer in the English Department, Faculty of Letters and Culture, Udayana University. She obtained her PhD in 2011 in Sociolinguistics from Udayana University. She has strong interests in sociolinguistics, discourse analysis, and applied linguistics. Her publications include studies on learners' motivation (1993), discourse by proselytizers (2004), and language contact in migrant areas (2011). She has won some research grants from the Indonesian government on linguistics and social accommodation of migrants in the Indonesian setting (2011-2013). She is currently working on language contact phenomena among young generations of Balinese in multicultural areas (2013, 2015). IDA AYU MADE PUSPANI is a Senior Lecturer and coordinator of the Non-Regular Program of the Department of English, Faculty of Letters and Culture, Udayana University. She obtained her PhD in 2010 in Applied Linguistics (Interpreting) from Udayana University and her Master in Applied Linguistics (translation) in 2003 from Udayana University. Her research interests are translation and language teaching. Her publications include studies on translation (2013- 2014), language teaching for young learners (2011) and court interpreting in Denpasar Court (2010). Contents 1 J. Stephen Quakenbush and Gary F. Simons 1 - 17 Looking at Austronesian language vitality and endangerment through EGIDS and the sustainable use model 2 Karl Anderbeck 19 - 47 Portraits of language vitality in the languages of Indonesia 3 Teresita D. Tajolosa 49 - 75 Predicting the ethnolinguistic vitality of an endangered Philippine language: The case of three Batak communities in Palawan 4 Ni Luh Nyoman Seri Malini and Ni Made Dhanawaty 77 - 88 Language contact: A case study of Balinese in the transmigration sites of Lampung 5 Apay (Ai-yu) Tang 91 - 109 Preliminary results of university-community partnerships and participatory action research methods in a youth for language revitalization project 6 Gregory D. S. Anderson, Danielle Barth, and Kadagoi Rawad Forepiso 111 - 126 The Matukar Panau online talking dictionary: collective elicitation and collaborative documentation 7 Nicole Revel 127 - 133 From vivid to virtual memory: The Philippine epics and ballads multimedia archive 8 Dana Rappoport 135 - 148 Music as evidence of settlement: the case of diphonic singing in Eastern Indonesia (Eastern Flores, Eastern Timor) 9 Antonio J. Guerreiro 149 - 177 The Lebbo’ language and culture: A window on Borneo’s ancient past 10 Ida Ayu Made Puspani 179 - 194 Balinese cultural terms: Issues in meaning explication and translation 11 Emalia Iragiliati 195 - 204 Linguistic politeness in doctor-patient interactions in East Java, Bali, and Lombok: what do we learn? 1 Looking at Austronesian language vitality and endangerment through EGIDS and the sustainable use model J. STEPHEN QUAKENBUSH AND GARY F. SIMONS 1 Introduction The lack of a generally accepted vocabulary and descriptive framework has made assessing language vitality and endangerment on a global scale even more difficult than it would be otherwise. Florey (2005) noted that a “profusion of terms” for describing endangerment has complicated the task of describing the situation for Austronesian languages in particular. This paper employs a new scale for categorizing language situations—the Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (EGIDS). EGIDS integrates three previous classification systems and forms the backbone of the more comprehensive Sustainable Use Model for language development. Analysis of the most recent EGIDS data available through Ethnologue (Lewis, Simons, and Fennig 2013) yields a revealing snapshot of the vitality status of Austronesian languages overall and in the particular countries where they are spoken, and also allows for comparisons with language situations worldwide. Joshua Fishman (1991) provided a well-known rubric for describing levels of language endangerment with the introduction of the Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (GIDS) in his landmark work Reversing Language Shift. A little over a decade later, a UNESCO Ad Hoc Expert Group Meeting on Endangered Languages introduced the Language Vitality Index, which incorporated finer distinctions for languages on the endangered end of the scale (Brezinger et al 2003). Meanwhile, the Ethnologue (Lewis 2009) had been publishing a limited amount of information on “language viability” including categorization of languages at the extreme end of the endangerment scale as nearly extinct and dormant.1 Lewis and Simons (2010) proposed a helpful harmonization of these three systems in the Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (EGIDS), which has now been applied to every known language in the latest Ethnologue (Lewis, Simons, and Fennig 2013). EGIDS can be seen as the backbone of a broader Sustainable Use Model for language development (see Lewis and Simons 2011). The Sustainable Use Model (SUM) builds on the basic notion that there are four and only four inherently sustainable levels of language 1 In 2012, the Alliance for Linguistic Diversity launched the Endangered Languages Project at www.endangeredlanguages.com. The Endangered Languages Project employs yet another Scale of Endangerment from the Catalogue of Endangered Languages (ELCat), similar but not identical to UNESCO’s Language Vitality Index. Asia-Pacific Linguistics, 2015. Copyright held by the authors, released under Creative Commons Attribution Licence (CC BY 4.0). 1 2 J. Stephen Quakenbush and Gary F. Simons use for a minority language—history, identity, orality, and literacy—and that each of these levels builds on the preceding one. Certain conditions must be met for these sustainable levels to be reached or maintained. In today’s globalizing world, without intentional effort on the part of speakers to reinforce the vitality of their language, there is an inevitable drift toward endangerment. This is especially true for languages that are already lower on the scale, and languages with a low number of speakers. The Sustainable Use Model provides descriptive and theoretical insight
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