UC-NRLF B M D21 E7Q ^ : . ' > > > 1 1 A. VOL. XII. THE LANGUAGES OF THE NORTHERN -^ HIMALAYAS, BEING STUDIES IN THE GRAMMAR OF TWENTY - SIX HIMALAYAN DIALECTS. BY THE REV. T. (IRAHAMEIbAILEY, B.D., M.A., M.R.A.S. LONDON PUBLISHED BY THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY, 22, ALBEMARLE STREET, W. 1908. 1 ,,u^ PREFATOKY N^OTE. ^J^'^^^ words are necessary in order to explain how A FEW aj aj /] Mr. Grahame Bailey's valuable collection of monographs appears in its present form. In the year 1905 it was brought to the notice of the Council of the Royal Asiatic Society that he had prepared sketches of a number of dialects spoken in the Panjab hills between Simla and Murree, for insertion in the local District Gazetteers then being prepared for the use of officials. Each sketch was intended to be printed as an independent section of the appropriate volume of a series which would not easily be accessible to students in Europe ; and the Council, considering that their publication in a con- nected shape would form a book of no little scientific value, represented the facts to the Panjab Government, with the suggestion that, if the type were still standing, a sufficient number of copies should be struck oft' for that purpose. As it happened, some of the type had been broken up, but the Panjab Government most liberally supplied the Society not only with sheets of the entire work, reprinting what was necessary, but also with sets of several sketches prepared by Mr. Grd,hame Bailey on other occasions, the whole being so arranged that, with the Author's Preface, it forms one convenient volume. Owing to some sections of the book having been printed off before it was decided to publish them in this form, the pagination of the volume is not? continuous from end to end, but the Table of Contents g-iven in the Preface is so arrano-ed as to render it easy to find the particulars of any required dialect. The scientific world owes a debt of gratitude to Mr. Grahame Bailey for the preparation of these sketches, and to the Government of the Panjab for its liberality in placing them, in a printed form, at the disposal of the Royal Asiatic Society. G. A. GRIERSON. 5^9 4 4G — , PREFACE. This volume is a collection of studies printed at various times. It lias not been possible, therefore, to have continuous pagination. Studies in Noftliern Himalayan Dialects was first the to be written ; it was privately printed in 1902. Sketches of ten dialects were printed in 1905 with a view to their being incorporated in the forthcoming Gazetteers of the Simla States, Camba State and the States of Mandi and Suket. Lastly, notes on seven dialects in Kulu and JammS State together with a Sasi Vocabulary have been printed in 1906. It will be noticed that notes on the Padari dialect of JammS State occur in two different parts of the volume. This is due to the fact that the type of the Studies mentioned above had long ago been broken up, and I was unable to cut out, as I should have wished, the couple of pages on Padari, printed in 1902. They have perforce been permitted to stand. A much fuller account of this interesting dialect will be found in Part III. The following Table will show at a glance the contents of the volume : Page. I. Dialects of the Simla Hills and Kulu, pp. i-iii, 1-65. Introduction to the Simla Hills Dialects ... i Grammar of Baghati ... ... ,,. 1 „ „ KiSthali ... ,.. ... 11 Notes on Eastern KiSthali ... ... 21 „ „ Kot Khai ... ... ... 23 Grammar of Kot Guriii ... ... ... 25 Introduction to the Kulu Dinlects ... ... 35 Gi'am mar of Outer Siraji ... ... ... 37 „ „ Inner Siraji ... ... ... M ,, „ Sainji ... ... 52 „ „ Kului .., ,., ,,. 57 II, Dialects of Mandi State, pp. i, ii, 1-17. Introduction to the Mandi Dialects 1 Grammar of Mandeali 1 Notes on North Mandeali ... 11 „ „ Chota Baijghali ... 16 n III. Dialects of Camha and Jammu States and Sasi Gloss- aries, pp. i-vi, 1-108. Introduction to Camba Dialects 1 Grammar of Cameali 1 „ „ Bhateali ... 17 „ ,, Cuiahi 27 ,, ,, Laliull 37 Inti'oduction to Bhadrawalii, BlialesI and Padain 53 Grammar of Bhadrawalii... 57 „ ,, Bhalesi 68 ,, ,, Pad^iri 76 Introduction to Slsi Glossary 85 Glossary of Original SIsi Words 91 ,. ,, Borrowed and Disguised S^si Words ... 97 Appendix 100 Grammar of Parjgwali 101 IV. Studies in Northern Himalayan Dialects, pp. 1-72 Prefatory Note 1 Grammar of Gujuri 3 Notes on Tinaull 12 Grammar of Dhundi or Kairali 15 „ ,, Punch! 24 Notes on Padari 33 Grammar of Siraji (Doda Siraji) 36 „ ,, Rambani 46 „ „ Pou:uli ... 51 „ „ Kisbtawari 61 Note on tbe grammatical resemblance of SIsi to other dialects 70 V. Dialects of Karjgra District, pp. i, 1-53. Introduction to Kaggri and Gadi or Bharmauvi ... i Grammar of Kaggri ... ... ... 1 " Karjgri and Gadi Songs ... ... ... 12 Grammar of Gadi ... ... ... 19 Karjgri and Gadi Glossary ... ' ... 42 It will be seen that these twenty-six dialects cover a considerable portion of tlie northern and nortli-westei'n part of tlie Himalayas. All but two of them are in the strictest sense hill dialects. Gujuri is not confined to the mountains, but as Gujurs in the plains have a Ill teudencj to speak the language of the people among whom they dwell we must go to tl,e hills if we wisl, to study their dialect in its purity Gujurs in the hills, however widely separated, all seem to speak the same dialect. Sgsi is spoken in the plains, but it seemed advisable to print here the Sssi Glossaries. They are of great philological interest, as indeed are all secret vocabularies. There are many such vocabularies i.i the Panjah, some of them frankly criminal, but it is not easy to get any knowledge of them. The tribes who speak them are often migratory, and in any case it is difficult to attain to such terms of intimacy with them as will induce any of their members to impart the secret of their speech. That friendship with the.n will ultimately lead to the breaking down of the barrier of concealment one may readily believe. As a case in point I may mention that for two or three years I have known a trihe of monkey-trainers, conjurers and bear-dancers (Qalandar and Ma.lari). Qnite recently they have laid aside their reserve and initiated me info their language and rites and customs. The hill dialects, twenty-four in all, give a somewhat compre- hensive view of the speech of the Himalayas from the south of Sinda to beyond Murree. Three of them, with two sub-dialects, belong to ti.e S.mla States region, four to the Kulu sub-division of Kanora one with two sub-dialects to Mandi State, two to Kaijgra proper, °one ot these, Gadi or Bharmauri, being extensively spoken also in Caraba tour belong to ^Camba State (excluding Bharmauri just mentioned)' eight to Jammu State (including Punchi), and, lastly, two to the country round about the hill station of Murree. It should be noted that Siraji in JammS State has no connection with S^aji in Kulu. The word Siraj means simply Ull, and Sirnjl me.uBbelougm^^ to Ue hills or Ully. The JaramS Siraji might be called P^.deaUor Dodl or Doda Simji fi-om D.da, a large village in the Sirai' he headquarters of a Naib Tahsildar. It is picturesquely situated' high up above the Ciuab. This work has been almost entirely pioneer work. know I do not that a grammar of any of tl.ese dialects ,has previously been published. In Cameali portions of the Bible have been printed (see Oamba Introduction, vi) p. ; a Mandeali reading book lithographed ma form of the Takri character was issued some years ago Dr Jukes, the Medical Missionary in Kot Gurii, tells me that a portion otti.e Book of Common Prayer was printed a considerable time ago in Jiot Gurui. I have, however, failed to obtain a copy. In the case of Kaggpi and Gadi, I have contented myself with thoroughly revising the late Mr. O'Brien's notes, and adding to the — — IV grammar and vocabulary. I regret that the type of these two dialects is different from tliat of the lest. It will be seen that all the dialects treated of in these pages are Aryan with the one exception of Camba Lahuli. This dialect very closely resembles MancatI, spoken furtlier up the Cinab between the border of Camba and the junction of the Candra and Bhaga rivers. I sent the MS. proof of the grammar and vocabulary and prose specimen of Camba Laliu.ll to Dr. Sten Konow of Christiania. Be writes: —"I think that Lahuli is a characteristic Tibeto-Burman language, if you except the use of pronominal suffixes with verbs." Of this feature he says : 'It canhe Aryan, but I think it more probable that it is to be explained by tlie supposition of an old Munda substratum.' The greatest possible interest attaches to the linguistic process by which one language shades off into another. This process is illustrated very fully by the grammatical phenomena of the dialects under review. Several of the Jammft dialects show the steps between Kashmiii and Panjabi, those between Camba and Simla show a number of Rajasthani affinities. Various dialects show connec- tions with Hindi, Urdu or Lahnda. In addition to all this there are gradual changes by which a dialect merges into the one geogra- phically next to it. This is amply exemplified in the chain of dialects from Simla via Kulu or Maudl totheBanihal Pass or Kishtawar.