The Barcelona Forum on Decentralized Governance and Conflict Prevention 6-8 JULY 2009

FORUM PROCEEDINGS

DOCUMENTS 02/2010 The Barcelona Forum on Decentralized Governance and Conflict Prevention 6-8 JULY 2009

These proceedings correspond to the Barcelona Forum on Decentralized Governance and Conflict Prevention, organized by the International Catalan Institute for Peace, the Office for the Promotion of Peace and Human Rights of the Generalitat of Catalonia and the United Nations System Staff College, within the framework of the agreement of collaboration between the Generalitat of Catalonia and the United Nations System Staff College. © 2010 International Catalan Institute for Peace Gran Via, 658, baix. 08010 Barcelona (Spain) T. +34 93 554 42 70 | F. +34 93 554 42 80 [email protected] | www.icip.cat

The Rapporteurs Pablo Aguiar, program coordinator and conference coordinator for OPPHR at the time of the Forum, is now a researcher at the ICIP. Javier Alcalde is researcher at the ICIP. Catherine Charrett is conference coordinator and research assistant at the ICIP. Helena Oliván is conference and program coordinator at the OPPHR. UNSSC contributed to editing these forum proceedings.

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All rights reserved Human Rights the ICIPandCatalanuniversities andresearchcenters as such bodies, and departments service civil other of cooperation the with peace, and rights human of areas the in society Catalan of and authorities public of cation edu the promotes It goals. these achieve to order in society, civil with Generalitat the connects and rights human and peace of promotion the for activities supports Office The peace. of culture a promoting to view a with Participation, Re- and lations Institutional Interior, the of Department the under created was OPPHR The fist movement. society civil members demanding among public policy to complement the tradition of the Catalan paci- needs social to response in created was It rights. human and peace promote to aims which policy, public boost to Generalitat the by created was that body a is (OPPHR) Rights Human and Peace of Promotion the for Office The Office gies, andtoendowCataloniawithanactiveroleasagentofpeace. strate resolution conflict and solutions peaceful endorse to world, the throughout The main purpose of the ICIP is to promote a culture of peace in Catalonia as well as field. the in intervention and awareness and ideas, of dissemination knowledge, of through collaborations and the organization of activities such as research, teaching, transfer developed, be will task This administration. public and general in world provide must services to it the demands of citizens, the peace movement, that universities, the academic states ICIP the created that act legal The public. general the and society civil Government, Catalan the Parliament, the to accountable is which manner, a in act to capacity the with Catalunya de Generalitat the within titution The International Catalan Institute for Peace (ICIP) is a public yet independent ins- Interna Organizers About the tional Ca f or ec an d Peace f o Promotion the t alan Instituef or Peace - -

3 DOCUMENTS 02/2010 The Barcelona Forum on Decentralized Governance and Conflict Prevention commitment tobeingfinancially-viable,client-focusedandresults-oriented. its building and objectives its capacities, while focusing on achieving a number of strategic areas. in The vision encompasses a system UN the support to dedicated services training and learning UNSSC’s of excellence of centre The high-quality a be to culture”. is vision management system-wide, cohesive, more a developing and system, UN the outside effectiveness; and inside stakeholders operational with cooperation enhancing increasing collaboration, inter-agency strengthening development, management and leadership strategic providing institution, learning “The Staff College shall serve as a distinct, system-wide, knowledge management and coherence and effectiveness of the the strengthen international to civil need service. the on According perceptions to long-standing its to Statute response direct a was system Nations United the serve to College Staff a establishing of idea The 2002. January 1 on system Nations United the within institution distinct a as operations its began (Italy) Turin in based (UNSSC), College Staff System Nations United The United Na tions System aff College

4 DOCUMENTS 02/2010 The Barcelona Forum on Decentralized Governance and Conflict Prevention mechanism, preventivetoolanddeterrentagainstviolence? Case studiespresentations:Decentralizedgovernance as power sharing C. AFTERNOONSESSION: Decentralized governanceandconflictprevention:nature of linkages B. MORNINGSESSION: A. OFFICIALPENINGCEREMONY 1.MONDAY,6THJUL 2. Forum Proceedings,6-8Jul 4. BACKGROUND 3. F 2. OBJECTIVES 1. INTRODUCION 1. Forum Present SUMMARY 2.TUESDAY,7THJUL ORUM OUTLINE 3. HON.JOANSAURAILAPORT 2. DR.CARLOSLOPE 1. MSªLUIAHUIDOBRO 2. MR.RENÉMAURICIO VALDÉS Guatemala 1. MS.GUINKAPIT FYR Macedonia 3. MR.LENNIMONTIEL MR.ARNAUGUTIÉRREZ 2. MR.RAF 1. MR.CARLESVIVERPIUNYER AEL GRASAAND Y ANOVA a A tion y 7-10 22-23 21 21 18-20 16-18 13-15 13 13 12-13 11-12 11 11 11 11-44 19-10 8 8 7

5 DOCUMENTS 02/2010 The Barcelona Forum on Decentralized Governance and Conflict Prevention 3. WEDNESDAY,8THJUL Annex 1:Biosofp G. F Presentation ofresults,lessonslearnedandconclusions the Forum F. FINALSESSION Putting LessonsintoPractice E. AFTERNOONSSSION: preventive toolanddeterrentagainstviolence Case studiespresentations:Decentralizedgovernanceaspower sharing D. MORNINGSESSION: ORMAL CLOSURE 2. MR.XAVIER BAD IA ICARDÚS 1. MR.JAF 7. MR.JAVIER GILPÉREZ 6. MR.EL-MOST 5. HON.IRMAXHASUDUNGANPOHAN Indonesia (Aceh) 4. MR.GORKAESPIAU 3. PROF.LUISMORENOFERNÁNDEZ Spain: CataloniaandBasqueCountry 2. MS.CA 1. MR.JAF 4. MS.CAMILLEA.MONTEUX 3. MR.ADRIANIONESCU 2. PROFESSORJAMESALM 1. MR.NICHOLASHAYSOM 5. MS.ALMAEVANGELIST Phillippines 4. MR.GEOREMA India (Kerala) 3. MR.DEEP Nepal 2. MR.SANELHUSKIC 1. MS.CHRISTINEMCNAB Bosnia andHerzegovina THERINE CHARRE AR JAVAN AR JAVAN AK THAP AF A BENLAMLIH THEW Y A A articip ants 43-44 43 43 42 41 41 38-39 37-38 34-37 32-34 32 31 30-31 30 29-30 29 29 29 27-28 26-27 25-26 24-25 23-24 45-54

6 DOCUMENTS 02/2010 The Barcelona Forum on Decentralized Governance and Conflict Prevention ture actionbasedonwhathadbeenpresentedand discussedduringtheForum. fu- for proposals professional and comments summarizing present to selected also was panel closing A decentralization. of functionality the on view and experience unique a offered case Each regions. of spectrum wide-ranging a from and sectors professional and political academic, from participants, 23 from heard Forum The were discussed. resource processes peace through decentralization of distribution, implementation external and sharing, and decentralization financial accountability, democratic way to promote and preserve peace. Topics such as ethnic and territorial divisions, a as decentralization of universality and validity the both on discussions prompted and challenges and achievements presented cases other The decentralization. ful success of example an as attention, special given was Spain of experience tralized the future implementation of decentralization. for The case proposals of offer Catalonia and and the decen conclusions draw to order in days two the during covered discuss how it can be properly implemented. Eight case studies were selected to be intended to review the theoretical strength of decentralization as a political tool and vance human security and ensure greater governmental accountability. The Forum on decentralized governance and its capacity to promote peace, prevent conflict, ad- The Barcelona Forum aimed to generate both a theoretical and practical discussion ference inaproposedseriestotakeplaceoverthefollowingyears. UNSSC, the located in Turin Barcelona, and the OPPHR, also situated in Barcelona. This was the firstin con- based ICIP the entities, three of effort collaborative a was organization Its Spain. Barcelona in 171 Claret, M. Antoni Sant Barcelona, de place on the 6-8 July, 2009 at the Casa de la Convalescència, Universitat Autónoma took Prevention Conflict and Governance Decentralized on Forum Barcelona The 1. Introducion PRESENTATION 1.FORUM The BarcelonaForum - -

7 DOCUMENTS 02/2010 The Barcelona Forum on Decentralized Governance and Conflict Prevention 3. Forum Outline the civilsocietyandlocalauthorities(DiputaciódeBarcelona,cities). eralitat de Catalunya” - both at the academic and policy-making level, and also from the audience would benefit from the presence of crucial stakeholders from the “Gen- that intention the was It Catalonia. of Community governance, Autonomous the in decentralized particularly on experience Spanish the from shared and used was knowledge extensive that fact the considering Barcelona in place took Forum The bling themtoreplicategoodpracticesandlearnfromchallenges. ena- of goal the with stakeholders critical among knowledge-sharing practical and at building on country-based lessons learnt in order to provide a venue for effective The Barcelona Forum on Decentralized Governance and Conflict Prevention aimed 2. Objectives ANALYTICALANALYTICAL PART PART ANALYTICAL PART the Forum. of conclusions as learnt lessons and results extract to was part concluding this of aim The MAKING THINGSWORKBYPUTTING LESSONSINTO PRACTICE PREVENTIVE TOOL AND DETERRENT AGAINSTVIOLENCE CASE STUDYPRESENTATIONS: DECENTRALISEDGOVERNANCEASPOWERSHARING LOCAL GOVERNANCE&CONFLICTPREVENTION:NATURE OFTHELINKAGE PART III PART II PART I Nepal Bosnia Philippines (Mindanao) Guatemala India (Kerala) FYR ofMacedonia Indonesia (Aceh) Catalonia (presented byUNDPNewYork) governance decentralized in experience UN Institut the Catalá InternacionalperlaPau- ICIP) by conducted (Presentation practice and theory in art the of state The non and central authorities in conflict prevention: governance decentralized of task The The Spanish/Catalanperspective OUTPUTS OUTPUT Identification oflessonslearnt principles operational constructive of Identification and practices analytical frameworksforthefuture. good prevention, conflict for local and decentralized governance and definitions accepted broadly of Provision

8 DOCUMENTS 02/2010 The Barcelona Forum on Decentralized Governance and Conflict Prevention London: ZedBooks, 2002:p.76 Source: adapted from Tobias Debiel and Axel Klein (eds.) rial levels: territo- conflict atdifferent trigger that could issues some suggests The chartbelow that aresusceptibleofproducingnearlyoppositeoutcomes. ture of decentralized governance. Yet, no agreement has been reached on the factors na- double-edged the on consensus wide a is there scholarship relevant the Within perhaps, intensifiedthelevelofconfrontation(Bolivia,SouthernPhilippines). even have they cases, extreme some in and, conflict prevent to failed have efforts devolution circumstances, similar theoretically In Aceh). Macedonia, (India, curity impact on the process of national reconciliation by curtailing possible threats to se- volatility, actions aimed at increasing local governance capacity have had a positive political by characterized contexts of number a In results. mixed present analyses studies Case conflicts. exacerbating or preventing either in play may language) EU that decentralized governance and non central authorities (local and regional, in the In spite of this high potential, little attention has, however, been devoted to the role stitutions ( in- governmental non.-central to and partnership) private-public (deregulation; (deconcentration institutions central within competences of relocation the only not includes which sense, comprehensive most its in intended was governance decentralized this forum, In peace. building and conflicts transforming for instrument an as regarded been increasingly has governance local and Decentralized secession. even or tion self-determina autonomy, federalism, for demands advance stakeholders cerned con- often very grievances, these address to order In context. territorial specific a into embedded all are they power), political and economic of distribution unfair – sources, re- discrimination based on natural diversity – ethnic, linguistic, of religious, geographic control exclusive (e.g. issues different of set a over fought are flicts Virtually, all intra-state violent conflicts have a territorial dimension. Although con- 4. Background LEVEL eainhp ewe cmuiis – communities regions –centralgovernment between Relationship and regions communities between Relationship with groups conflict potential local between Relationship community and citizen individual between Relationship central government – regions – communities between Relationship Relationship betweencommunitiesandregions potential Relationship between local groups with conflict and community citizen individual between Relationship LEVEL devolution ) but also the transfer of some specific tasks to the private sector private the to tasks specific some of transfer the also but ) ). Fragile Peace VARIANT VARIANT • Blockades • Transportationdisruption • Noncooperation New rivalriesoverwealthdistribution: • Ethnicconfrontation • Landissues local of power of communities: balance the in Changes • Strikes to • Protests due performance incompetence oflocalrulersandcorruption: economic Declining • Spiralofviolence • Repression • Rebellion Rising claimsforautonomy/secession: • Blockades • Transportationdisruption • Noncooperation New rivalriesoverwealthdistribution: • Ethnicconfrontation • Landissues local of power of communities: balance the in Changes • Strikes to • Protests due performance incompetence oflocalrulersandcorruption: economic Declining • Spiralofviolence • Repression • Rebellion Rising claimsforautonomy/secession: : State Failure, Violence and Development in Crisis Regions . -

9 DOCUMENTS 02/2010 The Barcelona Forum on Decentralized Governance and Conflict Prevention responsibility toprotect the of promotion the for and security human MDGs, of achievement the for thus, and, development local for foundation the down lay can system governance accountable local and participatory a of presence The delivery. service social and ture infrastruc- local accountable and effective more ensuring by role major a play can authorities Local governance. decentralized for point entry an as utilized be can it extent what to clear not still is it Yet, development. positive a therefore is MDGs of the towards initiatives practical and debate ongoing The achievement. their in level local the of role the and security human MDGs, the to paid been has attention growing a years last the in crucial, are efforts level national While egies. Strat- Reduction Poverty as such frameworks national into goals the incorporating achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) have mostly focused on the towards efforts UN security. human on and development on impact clear a has The devolution of power and assets from the central government to the local entities localization 10 DOCUMENTS 02/2010 The Barcelona Forum on Decentralized Governance and Conflict Prevention it willbehelpfulinmaking useful/helpfulconclusions. Catalonia is Catalonia. an excellent example in of successful decentralization place and he stressed that took Forum the considering choice natural a was prevention” conflict and governance “decentralised topic Forum’s the that expressed Lopes Dr. UN AssistantSecretaryGeneral;DirectoroftheUnitedNations System taffCollege, T 2. Dr.CarlosLopes vention ofviolentconflictwasapproved. pre- the for Plan Action 2002 In development. this on working been also has Spain management thattheEUistryingtoimplement. crisis civil the is area this in development relevant a that mentioned She time. over She also considered relevant to stress that the content of peace missions, has changed conflict anddevelopmentactivities. post- - conflict ending of actions the on continuity better brings also society Civil ing realneeds. identify in helpful is it as missions peacekeeping for relevant also is it but conflicts a greater role for civil society. Certainly civil society becomes the main victim of new typology. This new kind of conflict is characterised by intra-state rivalry allowing for Ms. Huidobro stated that post-cold war conflicts have shown an emergence of a new for F Deputy irectorofP 1. Ms.MªLuisaHuidobro A. OfficialpeningCeremony: 1.Monday,6Jul the panellists,andfilmedrecordingsofproceedings. of papers and/or presentations Powerpoint the session, each during rapporteurs The following report is compilation of the notes which were taken by the individual PROCEEDINGS 2.FORUM 6-8 Jul oreign AffairsandCooperation,Madrid y 2009 eacekeeping OperationsintheSpanishMinistry y 2009 urin - 11 DOCUMENTS 02/2010 The Barcelona Forum on Decentralized Governance and Conflict Prevention been wellmanagedallowing forimportanteconomicgrowth. also has It institutions. its of development important the and system political its in reflected been has This society. Catalan of aspiration an been has Self-government countries withinSpain. especially taking into account Franco’s 40 years of denial of the particularities of the needed, much very was which state, federal quasi a to led has This character. ential differ its of recognition the for pushing state the within region) (autonomous tries Since the arrival of democracy in Spain, Catalonia has been one of the leading coun - Catalonia isamodelofsuccessfuldecentralization in efforts order todevelopapublicpolicydedicatedpeace. recent been have there Catalonia of governments locals the from Also, promotion areevidenceofthiscommitment. Rights Human and Peace for Office the of creation the and Peace for Institute alan The Peace Promotion Law, approved on 2004, the creation of the International Cat- developing andinstitutionalizingcommitment. in effort strong a made has Catalonia of government peace. the years few of last the values During to committed socially country a been has Catalonia Historically Hon. SaurastatedthatCataloniaisapeacefulcountry. for theGeneralitatofCatalonia(atalonianovernment),Barcelona Minister ofInterior,nstitutionalRelationsandP 3. Hon.JoanSauriLaport activities. training future for used be may that materials of development the be might them of one objectives; different fulfils forum this that hoped he that mentioned also He past mistakes. from learn and practices good replicate to them enabling of goal the with holders provide a venue for effective and practical knowledge-sharing among critical stake- to order in learnt lessons based country on build will Prevention Conflict and ance Govern- Decentralized on Forum Barcelona the that hope the expressed Lopes Dr. It istrue,though,thatlocaldevelopmentverysuitableforaccountability. as auniversalsolution. taken automatically be not can decentralization so outcomes, different shown have Cases debate. academic ongoing the in reflected is issue this and conflicts, acerbate ex- or prevent either can decentralization as careful be to have We way. open very a in decentralisation handle to is peacefully conflicts these transform to way One plies animportantchallenge. im- that and demands, territorial find we them of most in nowadays But dispute. of fields diverse cover and causes different very have conflicts that stated Lopes Dr. articipation a - 12 DOCUMENTS 02/2010 The Barcelona Forum on Decentralized Governance and Conflict Prevention Regarding thetwodifferent stages, is aconflictwhichatleast isalatentconflict. there Therefore, sectors. political the all integrate to able been not has system The

B A law ofthecountryand: constitutional the accept not does population the of sector significant a when tion The analysis builds from the idea that a state will have problems of conflict preven- conclusion ismoreambivalent. the one, second the in conflicts; territorial are there if even positive, is conclusion the one, first the In stages. different two identified Viver Mr. question, this answer to order In Spain. within communities national or conflicts political different of the prevention between the to contributed has 1975) and 1939 between tatorship dic- centralist a was (Spain Constitution 1978 the after Spain in decentralization political which to extent the researched He perspective. Spanish/Catalan the was presented he topic the and Sunyer i Pi Viver Carles professor was speaker first The Director, Institutd’EstudisAutonòmics,Barcelona 1. Mr.CarlesViverPiSuny conflict prevention:Natureofthelinkages. b. Morningsession:Decentralizedgovernanceand 2.Tuesday,7Jul opinions ondecentralization. share and think exchange, to place a be also and advise help, can Catalonia days, As conclusion Hon. Saura noted that as the forum intends to do in the following two cation andlessprobabilityofdisaffection. identifi- more permitting citizens, the to closer decisions brings and accountability greater for allows decentralization that note to though important is It linked. cally automati- be not should decentralization and prevention conflict in Success flicts. no clear evidence that decentralization is a universal tool for solving territorial con- is there that notice probably will one forum the during that mentioned Saura Hon. Conflict preventionanddecentralization:

the distributionofpower. in theConstitution)ordertomodifyterritorial model,thatis, Either itfollowsthelegalchannelsorinstruments available(andwritten may notbeviolent. change the model. That means that there is a radical conflict, which may or Constitutioninorderto Either donotfollowtheprocedurewrittenin y 2009

13 DOCUMENTS 02/2010 The Barcelona Forum on Decentralized Governance and Conflict Prevention

Why isthemodelnotchallengedinfirstphase?Severalreasonsarepossible: ginning. be- the from taken actually were decisions several that noted speaker the However, b 2. 1. C B 2. 1. A 2. 1.

Other reasonsincludethefollowing: Constitutional framework. challenged. Andifitischallenged,thischallengetakesalwaysplaceinthe themodelisnot In thefirstone,1978-1998,thereareconflicts,but very present. to toleratepactsandpreventconflicts.Memories ofcivilwararestill are responsiblefor30%oftheentirepublicspending inSpain. those keyfeaturesofthewelfarestate,suchashealthandeducation.They Spanish CCAAhavemanypowersandcapacities,including the CCAA(therestforSpanishStateofmunicipalities). For example,52%ofthetotalnumbercivilservantsinSpainworkfor does notappreciateanypositiveaspectintheSpanishConstitution. this idea,asopposedtoacommonviewnowadayswhich a centralistandinefficientstate.Mr.Viverstronglystressed improvement takingintoconsiderationtheSpanishtraditionof this Constitutionwasindeedanimportantstepforward,ahistorical Constitution wasnotchallengedinthefirstphaseisfactthat The secondpossiblereasonwhichcouldexplainwhytheSpanish good solution,butnowitisconsideredasanirreversiblemeasure. A divisionofthestatein17differentunitsorCCAA.Maybethatwasnota and Galicia). CCAA thathadexplicitlyrequestedit(Catalonia,BasqueCountry Decentralization wouldtakeplaceinthewholeterritory,notonly A There arethreedifferentinstrumentswhichhelp tochanneltheconflicts: Spain isdevelopingfromadictatorship.Therefore thereisthewillingness Basque Country. and themodelisincreasinglychallenged,especiallyinCatalonia In thesecondone(beginning1990suntilnow),problemsaremoreintense be thereasonwhyitisnotchallenged. constitution doesnotregulateindetailmanythingsandthiswould constitutional lawsofamemberstateinfederation.Thus,the (hereafter CCAA).SuchStatutesofAutonomyaresortthe the StatutesofAutonomyregionsorComunidadesAutónomas 1978 Constitutionisanopentext,whichleavesitsconcretionto decentralization.Infact, Because Spaindidnothaveamodelofpolitical dealwithmanymorecases thanotherConstitutionalCourts. usefulbecause itdoesnotrepresent eachCCAA. example,manyauthors agreethatthedesignofSpanishsenateisnot Politicalnegotiation,even ifthispointisnottotallysatisfactory.For The Constitutional Court. Even if it has not been very ‘activist’ithadto beenvery The ConstitutionalCourt. Evenifithasnot 14 DOCUMENTS 02/2010 The Barcelona Forum on Decentralized Governance and Conflict Prevention and Basque/Catalan regional state governments not Spanish share the the solutions, they do do not only even not because moment, delicate very a is this up, sum To

B A Catalans: above hanging Damocles” of “Swords different 2 have we nowadays conclude, To Autonomy inCataloniaiscompatiblewiththeSpanishConstitution. of Statute new the whether decide to asked was which Tribunal, Constitutional the parliament, but Catalonia is still waiting for its application and the final sentence of In Catalonia, the reform of the Statute of the autonomy was approved in the Catalan tackled thepossibilityofafuturerightBasquepeopletoself-determination also and Statute the beyond went Tribunal Constitutional the of sentence the that fact the by aggravated was conflict the legal), not was referendum (the true is this have the legal power to do such a thing (ask the citizens to vote in a referendum). If was not accepted by the Spanish legal system, because regional governments do not which referendum, a also then, constitution; the beyond was which statute, new a first was government regional the by proposed solution the Country, Basque the In self-government inthetworegionsformorethanacentury. Autonomias’ was the attempt to end with these problems, based on claims for more les de ‘Estado the behind lies that reason main the because problem a is this And EU). the in also (and state the of institutions the in CCAA the of participation of Lack - with theSpanishstate;forexample,Basquescancollectmostoftheirtaxes. agreement special a is there CCAA this in because Country, Basque the in happen not does (this Catalonia in especially resources, financial of finances, of Problem - was actuallynotso,duetosome“tricky”proceduresfromthestate. competences exclusive the of exclusiveness the because power, political of Lack - What peopleandpoliticiansintheseregionsobserveisthefollowing: for theBasqueCountry. true is same The Constitution. Spanish the of application the to relating opments the in devel example, the with satisfied feel not did For parties political 5 of out 4 perception. Parliament, Catalan the in change a by marked is phase second The the system.However,modelisnotgenerallyquestionedasawhole. It is true that also in this phase there are violent episodes with the aim of modifying

competences. legislation is left thuslittlespacefortheregionalregulations. By doingso,theregional many detailsinSpanishlawswhichweremeant to beverygeneraland because theSpanishstateistryingtoslowitdown, forexampleregulating Problems ofinterpretationandapplication the CatalanStatute, C positive ornegative?Wedon’tknow,wearewaiting forit. Tribunal?Willitbe The outcomeofthesentenceConstitutional keyofthemodel. model,becausesuchstatutesarebasedontheconstitution,whichis Reform of the Statutes of Autonomy. These reforms modifiedinpartthe ReformoftheStatutesAutonomy.These de facto notempoweredtoregulate intheirexclusive - 15 DOCUMENTS 02/2010 The Barcelona Forum on Decentralized Governance and Conflict Prevention medium andlongterm. short, the at observed been have impacts positive and negative both ambivalent: is hypothesis working the because needed, is prevention conflict and decentralization between links causal different the in emphasis an Moreover, devolution. genuine a as understood if especially transformation, conflict for tool a is decentralization ap- several proaches (peace research, development studies, are human security) which believe that was there that it fact the as them, work, Among progress. future in work the a as even presented and presentation whole the guide would which objectives, and assumptions initial some explicit making by started speakers The the stateofartbothintheoryandpractice. ‘Conflict prevention and decentralized governance’ and gave us some remarks about In the second presentation, professor Rafael Grasa and Arnau Gutiérrez talked about Researcher onlocalgovernmentsandinternationalrelations,Barcelona Mr. ArnauGutiérrez President, InternationalCatalannstitutefor 2. Mr.Raf • • • were asfollows: were presented by different speakers to illustrate this idea. The rest of the examples comments of number A needed. also was governance good but conflicts, prevent to enough not was decentralization that argued participants some debate, the During DISCUSSION: zation. TheCC.AA.believethattherehasnotbeenenough. decentrali political much two been has there State, the For problems: the on agree when itdoes,doesnotbelievewillbeimpartial. the ConstitutionalTribunal,becauseitdoesnotacceptitsauthorityand until now,theregionalgovernmentofBasqueCountryhasneverused Another signoftheconflictinsecondphaseisfactthansince1991 Constitution, evenintheBasqueCountry. And thatcouldbeinterpretedasa to theBasqueStatuteofAutonomy,whichisbasedonConstitution. afterwards theysaid‘yes’tothe referendum theBasquecitizenssaid‘no’toConstitutions,although ‘yes’ totheConstitution.Moreover,inBasqueCountry, parliamentarians inCataloniaandtheBasqueCountrywhodidnotvote From thebeginningthereweresignificantgroups,including going backwardstoacentraliststate. in suchan“EstadodelasAutonomias”,comparedwiththepossibilityof satisfaction ishigh,morethan70%oftheSpanishcitizensprefertolive citizens, withoutasubstantialincreaseofcorruption.Helevel decentralization inSpainhasbroughttheadministrationcloserto inequalities existinginothercountries,suchasItaly.Political In Spainpoliticaldecentralizationhastakenplacewithoutcreatingthe ael Grs eace, Barcelona constitutional law de facto acceptanceoftheSpanish oftheCC.AA.,thatis, - 16 DOCUMENTS 02/2010 The Barcelona Forum on Decentralized Governance and Conflict Prevention sophistication in this field, including different types of decentralization (political, decentralization of types of different including arange field, this in and sophistication definitions several different offer and they power reason, this political For involves levels. it government because topic complex a is this decentrali zation, of definitions operational and framework conceptual the Concerning causal factorsareawardedpriority. immediate words, other In violent. of outbreak the preventing on focuses erately delib it However, prevention. structural versus operation or prevention deep sus ver- light as such literature, the in debates academic the of some tackles paper The tion (accommodation)willbefrequentlyobserved insociety. coopera- and conflict of models mixed which in change social to paths four with up Mr. Grasa and Mr. Gutiérrez go beyond the ideal type of Miall’s model and they end avoid inequalities. to necessary are dimensions three the success, achieve to order in that understand to important is It decentralization). includes (which power-sharing and incentives inclusion governance, good development; human design; institutional and tization lar, three are the main dimensions for “preventors” andchange: peaceful democra- particu- In change. violent and peaceful of combination a through occurred always has change social cycles, historical long very the in showed, Tilly Charles As cases. nation of different types of “violence preventors” applied can be different in different achieving peaceful change will always possible, in any society. However, the combi - of task the that argue Gutierrez Mr. and Grasa Mr. framework, this from Building of violencetakesplace,generallyafteraphaseescalation. causes or triggers, which help to explain the specific moment in which the outbreak immediate (c) and hostilities; the of exacerbation the for allow and external or nal clusion: (b) intermediate, permissive causes or accelerators, they can be both inter- necessary (although not sufficient) causes, such as relative deprivation or social ex- or structural (a) have we perspective, this From causes. of types several distinguish the concept of ‘violence preventors’. The first task is identified as to understand and The proposed analytical framework of such observatory (ICIP). builds from peace research and Peace for Institute Catalan International the in out carried be would for a future observatory on decentralization practices and conflict prevention which An added relevance of the authors’ work is the fact that it could constitute the basis understood. deeply more and analyzed further be to needs but accidental, not is of centralization way new a and conflicts violent domestic in increase between relationship the Moreover, violence. of occurrence the eliminate or reduce to order in conflict prevention b) and change peaceful for mechanisms for internalization terminology) (EU stability structural or terminology) (UN peacebuilding conflict: violent of es caus- root the transform will They way. interconnected an in processes prevention this framework, various factors of global relations affect peace building and conflict In globalization. and War context,some Cold the of end the since world the such shaped have changes one.Regarding human security a towards changed has flicts con- international of perspective the how understand to and context the of tance An important part of Mr. Grasa and Mr. Gutiérrez’s approach dealt with the impor- research institutionalchoiceanddevelopmentstrategies. peace work: speakers’ the in complementary as taken are schools theoretical Three - - 17 DOCUMENTS 02/2010 The Barcelona Forum on Decentralized Governance and Conflict Prevention 3. Mr.LenniMontiel had beendistributedtothe participants. which CD, comprehensive and official an in found be could activities UNDP about information more and presentation his that explained also He room. same the in Coordinators Resident UN five of presence the recognizing by began Montiel Mr. oping andtransitionalcountries. the UNDP. He presented the UNDP’s support to decentralized governance in devel from Montiel Lenni Mr. by given was day the for presentation final and third The ance Group,BureauforDevelopmentPolicyinUNDP, NewYork Govern - Democratic Development, & Governance Local on Advisor Senior UNDP cause oftheexistenceunpredictablecontextualfactors. be- success its guarantee cannot and risks of exempt not is mechanism prevention war a as governance decentralized of use the Finally, forgotten. be not should ally) internation- and internally (both policies long-term of coherence and coordination spite that decentralized governance focuses on intermediate and immediate causes, reducing the three types of causes that generate violent conducts. Secondly, and de by and “preventors” war/violence create to ability its given prevention, conflict of The final thesis is that decentralized governance might have positive effects in terms and Mr.Gutierrezarecarryingout. Grasa Mr. that task the of difficulty, the also but importance, the appreciated pants pletely opposed to the ones it is trying to obtain. In this sense, in the debate, partici- cea; its implementation could foster undesired effects or even produce results com- pana- a not is governance decentralized that state speakers the conclusions, the In ized. for framework decentralization and conflictanalytical prevention by Sasaoka,the which needs towith be operational- ends art the of state the far, So causes. of kind a different the on depending impacts of present kinds different of examples identifying table speakers the visual, more issue the make To triggers. and accelerators “preventor” by generating incentives): structural (peacebuilding and development), (war conflict of causes the alter directly to capacity its decentralized of function a of is governance impact negative) (and positive the perspective, meso this From (pros andconsofdecentralizedgovernanceinconflictprevention). and power-haring arrangements; human development and the economy) and meso perspectives: macro (institutional choice and democratization; peace as governance main the are two perspective, practical a and theoretical a From “preventors”. and causes of terms in impacts negative and positive possible the observe to therefore is goal The governance. decentralized or decentralization and prevention conflict between link the on literature the of analysis the tackles art the of state the Finally, which Mr.GrasaandGutierrezalsoprovideausefuloperationdefinition. cepts is ‘decentralized governance’ sometimes understood as ‘local governance’, for con- important most the of one end, the In devolution). and delegation centration, administrative and fiscal), as well as different levels of power-sharing depth (decon - - - 18 DOCUMENTS 02/2010 The Barcelona Forum on Decentralized Governance and Conflict Prevention

3. 2. 1. flict environmentsandpresentcurrenttrendsin thefield.Inparticular, post-con and prevention conflict government, local relates he conclusions, the In - Sustainabledecentralizedgovernancedependsonlocalfiscalcapacity - Decentralizationimplementationshouldbepacedandlinkedtootherreforms - Dependsonanenablingenvironment - Decentralizedgovernancerequiressubstantialmulti-dimensionalcapacities - Alearningprocess;itrequiresrisk-takingandinnovation. - Participationsrequiresflexibleapproachesadaptedtothelocalsituation - Expectationsmustbecarefullymanaged - Requirestopexecutivecommitmentandcoordination - Understandtheproblembeforedesigningandimplementingsolutions - Longtermandhighrisk,demandingstrategicmanagement speaker mentionedthefollowing: the decentralization, for factors success the Among panacea. a be to believed not is lessons that have been learnt (such as key partnerships). However, decentralization some therefore, are, There identified. factors successful the and experience tional zation and local governance, the speaker goes on by focusing on the UNDP interna- decentrali and governance, and UNDP between relationships the presenting After ineffective aidprocessoverall. one in which there are many donors and a crowded area, irrelevant competition and the highlight to important also is It for ‘technicalfixes’,‘one-onlyapproaches’or‘one-size-fix-allsolutions’ room no therefore, is, There efforts. decentralization and governance local to port sup of characteristic key the is responses and solutions of diversity a that fact the is debate, the in with dealt be will which presentation, the of ideas main the of One name afew. to Congo Ukraine, Mexico, Bosnia-Herzegovina, as such countries in decentralized governance) 18% percentage, this (from governance to 36%: tran- countries; in development sitional to devoted is 50%: dollars, billion US 4.1 of budget a With environment andenergy,basedontheobservationofParisDeclaration. recovery, and prevention crisis governance, democratic reduction, poverty cluding is it countries, in- things, 166 other among Goals, Development Millennium in the to devoted nowadays works It program. development global UN’s the is UNDP

avoid conflict.Working towards preventingconflictmeansworkingto thatcontributeto Strong democraticinstruments arethebestelements supports manycountrieswerethereisnotdecentralization policy local policies.UNDP Decentralization isnotnecessarytostrengthen very harmful. need tobediscussed,negotiatedandbalanced.If promotedbadly,itcanbe be promoted,butitisnotadogma.Thecontent of decentralization Whenever possible,decentralizationcouldbepromoted andshould approach. Often the situation is situation the Often approach. harm not Do - - - 19 DOCUMENTS 02/2010 The Barcelona Forum on Decentralized Governance and Conflict Prevention as somethingtobeimprovedinthefuture. participants some by assessed is this and forth and back goes devolution of process idea is that sustainable decentralization is another challenge, because sometime the final A dictators. by ruled countries in live they if even need, in children or women exclude not can it because position, complicate a in therefore being conflict, litical po- a in sides take not does it impartial, and neutral is UNDP However, different. programs would be a useful framework for the UNDP although as said, each case is recovery and prevention conflict sense, this In governments. national with engages always UNDP the if even approaches, different includes countries, 166 in works it because which, UNDP, of nature global the considered debate this to speaker third between conflict prevention and conflict transformation. The contribution from the erly and so, to differentiate between peacebuilding and conflict prevention, and also Interestingly enough, some participants stressed the need to use the concepts prop- order tohavepositiveresults. in governance good and accountability local decentralization, between relationship the stressed participants Other necessary. be always will decentralization of kind some self-government, claim and country the of inhabitants of rest the from ferent dif- as themselves see that communities are there where countries in that argued Viver, Mr. spaker, first the debate, this to contribution a As Gutiérrez. and Grasa Professor by presented originally idea an effects, negative have also can tralization tions were also discussed, including the controversies regarding the fact that decen presenta other the of aspects some presentation, third this following debate the In DISCUSSION: why theparticipationinthisforumisveryimportant. reasons the of one is this and issues these discuss to time find to difficult very fore more and more, because people affected by violent conflict is increasing. It is there countries, conflict in working is UNDP that said speaker the conclusion, final a As with therestofUNagencies. UNDP is part of the UN. UNDP can not work in isolation, but it needs to coordinate national level. democratic, thechallengeistocreateaninfrastructureforpeaceat promote democracy.UNDPdoesit.Ifprocessesorinstitutionsarenot - - - 20 DOCUMENTS 02/2010 The Barcelona Forum on Decentralized Governance and Conflict Prevention the medianeedstobeimproved inordertopromoteopennessanddemocracy. of role the Lastly, decentralization. of phase 2nd the achieve municipalities these help to order in areas certain in increased be to needs capacity administrative and addressed, be to needs disparity inter-regional Thirdly, affairs. societal and erning ondly, civil society needs to take on a more active and involved Sec- role in politics, gov- government. central the from effort great a for need a is there that says she Firstly, Macedonia. FYR in decentralization of effects the better and strengthen to order in upon improved be can which areas four discussed Kapitanova Ms. Lastly, conflicting groupsduetopowersharinganddecentralized governance. former the between improved have relations that say can we that such groups, nic eth the between tensions less now are there that feel communities whether ondly, sec and government municipal local the by made decisions over influence more three graphs to display if firstly, citizens feelpresents thatKapitanova throughMs. decentralization they have Macedonia? of citizens the of life of quality the in ment improve- broad and dramatic a notice we do extent what To case? this in conflict tion be called a success? To what extent can we say that decentralization prevented decentraliza its Can today? Macedonia FYR is where question: the raising as such Macedonia, FYR in decentralization regarding issues and questions certain ward for- puts she where discussion, analytical more a into enters then Kapitanova Ms. implementing decentralizedgovernanceinFYRMacedonia. and advancing in had Union European the and community international the that role the on remarks some with presentation her of section first this concludes She business. for financing to access and education, languages, police, on laws palities, munici- new as: such government, local regarding laws new and insurgents the of munities. The Ohrid Agreement also included the demobilization and disarmament citizens in democratic life and encourage respect of for the unique identity participation of the com- the encourage to order in government localized promoting ciety, so- Macedonian of character multi-ethnic the preserving of principles the on based was Agreement Ohrid the how explained She rule. decentralized a of form up peaceful set to order in parties conflicting the between signed was which Agreement Ohrid the introducing by off started Kapitanova Ms. communities. ethnic ferent dif- the of wants and needs the satisfy to order in citizens the to closer units ment govern- the bringing as describes she which Macedonia, of Republic Yugoslavian Ms. Kapitanova discussed the experience of decentralized governance in the Former UNDP ProgrammeManager(formermayor),Skopje 1. Ms.GuinkaKapit FYR Macedonia ating thecountry-basedanalysissectionofForum. Catalonia and Basque country, and Indonesia) were presented and discussed, initi- During the afternoon session four case studies (FYR Macedonia, Guatemala, Spain: preventive toolanddeterrentagainstviolence? Decentralized governanceaspowersharingmechanism, C. Afternoonsession:aseStudiespresentations: anova - - - 21 DOCUMENTS 02/2010 The Barcelona Forum on Decentralized Governance and Conflict Prevention mechanism, the CICIG. He declares the CICIG as the last chance to transform the transform to chance last the as CICIG the declares He CICIG. the mechanism, bold and innovative new, a through impunity fight to order in reached was which government, central the and UN the between agreement an upon touches then He control throughdemocratic participation. greater citizen under that function security ands justice affirms making regarding needed is He consensus level. central the at change or evolution positive a upon contingent is decentralization effective that and essential is governance good that are crime and corruption thwarted because they fight are embedded in an environment to of conflict. He initiatives accentuates local that explains He success. ited lim- been far so has there that notes but exist do potential demonstrating projects pilot that announces He participation. greater and change promoting in interest growing a and level local the at opportunities are there that comments Valdés Mr. confusing. remain mechanisms participation Citizen revenues. own their manage and erate gen- to capacity limited have municipalities that and fragmented, and centralized remains system the that says He level. municipal the strengthen to intended ties as having no common strategic vision or a clear definition of roles and responsibili system intended to promote citizen participation. However, he describes the project decentralized a construct to passed was which law 2002 the presented Valdés Mr. is cripplingtheconfidencecitizenshaveinjusticeandpoliticalsystem. structures governmental local infiltrates which crime organized The Spain. of that the police force. He explains that it has an inflated police force, whose model copies issues in Guatemala is that of political corruption and a severe lack of confidence in debilitating key, the of One relays. disappointedly Valdés Mr. state, pre-modern a from extreme poverty, inequality and discrimination. Guatemala can be defined as He further presents the weakness of social areas in Guatemala, saying that it suffers justice andsecurityhasdeteriorated. provide the state the of capacity the that saying exemplifies, He Guatemala. in ists ex- actually system decentralized a whether to as doubts are there that concluding political system and the public sector as weak both at the central and the local level, the describes He superficial. remained initiatives peace end, an to came terrorism very partially implemented; that although the guerrillas were demobilized and state only were Guatemala in Accords Peace the that explain to on goes then Valdés Mr. mala isoneofthemostviolent“countriesatpeace”inworld. Guate that saying by statement opening his concludes Valdés Mr. elections. tial flict. Political killings also reached unprecedented levels during the 2007 presiden con- internal its since increased has number this that explaining America, Latin in rates homicide highest the of one has Guatemala instability.” and conflict political heightened and violence criminal widespread facing is Guatemala Accords, Peace corruption in Guatemala, sating that “12 years after the signing of the UN-Mediated and crime of levels the of overview an giving by presentation his starts Valdés Mr. UN ResidentCoordinatorandepresentativeofUNDP,Guatem 2. Mr.RenéMauricioV Gua temala (Localiza tion ofMDGs) aldés - - - 22 DOCUMENTS 02/2010 The Barcelona Forum on Decentralized Governance and Conflict Prevention side decentralization. Decentralization allowed Spain to best utilize the diversity the utilize best to Spain allowed Decentralization decentralization. side Decentralization was also a success in economic term post-Franco, which ran along- the centreofstatebut atalllevels.Thesetwoelementsarepresentin Spain. at just not legitimacy, and accountability democratic and possible, government of devolution of power: firstly, territorial subsidiarity, which is rule of the lowest form decentralization in Spain. He listed to particular principles which helped shape the Professor Moreno also addressed the influence of Europeanization on the process of post-Franco era. the in coin same the of sides two were decentralization and democracy explained, autonomy for desire honest from within the region, and not an imposed from above. In Spain and in Catalonia, he from come must It group. whole the of decision the be must decentralization that argued he example an as case Spanish the Using been abandonedinbothCataloniaandGalicia. Professor borders. Spanish within Moreno pointed-out that although the Basque maintain their exist armed struggle, it has which nations are example for Galicia and Country Basque the Catalonia, nations: of nation a is Spain that explained He in thiscasedidactasadisincentiveforviolentconflict. decentralization and violent, necessarily are conflicts all not violent, been have not tion was able to prevent future conflict. He asserted that although this conflict may decentraliza- Catalonia of case the in that stated He decentralization. successful of example an is Spain that stating by presentation his started Moreno Luis Professor Spanish NationalResearchCouncil,Madrid Research ProfessorandExpertinT 3. Prof.LuisMorenoFernández tralization inSpain. decen of image full a present to discussed are regions different two section this In Sp cal change. politi grand requiring all policy, social and fiscal in as well as police, and justice of areas the in necessary are reforms key than potential and promise its fulfil to going is decentralization if that stating by concludes He inequity. and justice promoting policies, anti-poverty for need drastic a also is There center.” inept and “perverse the by limited is it although crime, reduce encour- and conflict to prevent development, potential age the has it that feels Valdés Mr. decentralization, Regarding issues, separate CICIG maydestabilizethepoliticalsystemand two out points then He sector. political the by matched be to needs this but security, and justice to commitment social emerging an is there and results showing is concludes He reform. legal promoting and police local for ing monitor- and support offering and structures criminal clandestine dismantling es, cas- profile high investigating externally by crime and corruption fight and country ain: Ca t alonia andBasqueCountry erritorial P olitics, InstituteofP 2) WhathappensafterCICIG? ublic GoodandP olicies, 1) - - 23 DOCUMENTS 02/2010 The Barcelona Forum on Decentralized Governance and Conflict Prevention He points to the example of Catalonia also wanting control over its taxation as the as taxation its over control wanting also Catalonia of example the to points He centralization also initiates competition between regions for more decentralization. de asymmetric that explained also he However, apparent. become difference cal fis- as development, economic greater for regions between competition promotes decentralization of plan this that argued He Spain). in exists which that as (such decentralization, asymmetric on note important an made he thirdly, Espiau, Mr. must betakenintoaccount. symbolism of importance the decentralization of processes during when Secondly, decentralization. about thinking with reference main the as nation-state the past move must we that remark the makes he Firstly, conflict. assuage to capacity its Mr. Espiau discussed some essential points in his evaluation of decentralization and historical nation. ded in a dramatic ethno-political dynamic; essentially the Basque is a very different embed is independence Basque role. symbolic important very a retains also tion decentraliza - that stressed he However, growth. economic for good been also has development and delivery of services, both administrative, political and financial. It pendence. Mr. Espiau explains that decentralization has been, and is very good, for inde- and self-rule greater autonomy, more for demanding are people Basque The want?” Basque the do else what “So comment: the with section opening this concludes He violence. of levels low experiences generally it and region prosperous very a is gion Re- Basque the that explains He region. this to unique very is which collection, tax over control financial maintains it Europe; in decentralization financial and zation decentrali political of level high the enjoys region Basque the that notes portantly portance and difference of decentralization when violence is involved. He then im- im- the on comment a with case Basque the of discussion his initiated Espiau Mr. Senior Associate,CenterforInternationalonflictResolution,olumbia University,NewYork 4.Mr.GorkaEspiu decentralization, for model which preventedconflictandsparkedeconomicgrowth. successful very a as regarded be generally can it but Spain, in challenge a remains sharing power that concluded He autonomy. more seeking is Catalonia that noted He Spain. in decentralization further of tionality constitu the regarding place taking is which debate current the raised briefly He tral weaknessbutofSpanishcompetence. cen- of sign a not was this that stated He spending. public of half that less state controls central The levels. regional the at spending public of control much is there and Spain, in developed very is devolution fiscal that explained Moreno Professor a de-factofederalstate.ThepeopleoftheregionsSpainhavedualidentity. Professor Moreno acknowledged that Spain is not a federal country on paper, but is by competitionbetweentheregions. amongst it regions. Economic development and growth in Spain was also promoted - - - - 24 DOCUMENTS 02/2010 The Barcelona Forum on Decentralized Governance and Conflict Prevention ment dialogueforum. develop through harmony social and integration support to wanted stakeholders all of involvement the Fourthly, accountable. and transparent is that forum logue dia- development one in heterogeneity as well as together, interests community’s put to was purpose the Thirdly, policies. development for in aspirations community’s channel a provide to intended it Secondly, resources. development to access mulating development policies. Firstly, he relayed its aim to give communities open for- in stakeholders all involving behind ideas basic four the outlined Pohan Hon. civil society,whichistopromotedialogueinaneutral andfairenvironment. and government local government, national the including points, entry several has DCSP The mechanism. planning regular government’s into planning sensitive flict He asserted that the main point of DCSP model implementation is to integrate con- (DCSP). Planning Sensitive Conflict Decentralized called is what through method management conflict a devised subsequently has government The conflict. ternal in- vertical and horizontal both from suffers Indonesia that explained Pohan Hon. the settlementofsocialproblems and peace; and (iii) increased community participation in public policy-making and security of maintenance (ii) conflict; to prone areas in conflict of risk and tensions social of reduction (i) targets: policy three defines plan The peaceful.” and nious harmo united, safe, is that state and nation society, “a of vision the conveys which 2004-2009, Plan Development National Mid-Term GOI the in highlighted is that priority a is This conflict. for potential the reduce to done is which regions, these Hon. Pohan described, however, a governmental response to development needs of reactively andpartially. done be to tend levels, operational and system) (policy conception at both donesia, In in management conflict explain to on goes then He interests. and motivations backgrounds, varying with conflict and protest both triggered has which ideology, political- and religion ethnicity, of level heterogeneity the to regards with state, ist plural- a as Indonesia described He country. the in affairs of state current the and Indonesia of history political contemporary the of overview an offered Pohan Hon. Head ofBAPPENSonRegionalDevelopmentandLocalAutonomyAffairs, Jakarta Deputy MinisterofNationalevelopmentPlanning, 5. Hon.Ir.MaxHasudungnPoh the decentralizationprocessandsuccessesinIndonesia,Aceh. Three participants presented in this section, each offering a different perspective on Indonesia (Aceh) tity, bothCatalanandSpanishorBasqueSpanish. the Catalan and the Basque cases he said often the people feel they have a dual iden - both Addressing identity.” “dual of point important the raised Espiau Mr. Finally, ized systemas“catching-up.” decentral a in regions between competition such labels Espiau Mr. have. Basque - - - - 25 DOCUMENTS 02/2010 The Barcelona Forum on Decentralized Governance and Conflict Prevention tralization in Indonesiahelpedpush towardsmoredecentralization inAceh. decen asymmetric that said He Aceh. in process decentralization the fostering in autonomyofEastTimor, uponthe Next, hetouched describing theroleof itplayed provincial levelwithregards tothedevolutionofpower. the and central the at both voices dissenting of rise the to due Aceh, to rule tralized levels of government. Moreover, he explained how democracy did not bring decen between trust of lack major a was challenge principle the that stated He way. ficial super very a in done was 1970s the in decentralization that eludes Benlamlih Mr. self-rule wasnotareality. tem. Thirdly, he that expressed the military continued to impose control, thus true sys- political decentralized functioning a of development the impeded which inces the fact that power had been given to the municipalities/ districts, but not the prov- addressed he Secondly, self-rule. and power autonomous its and Aceh to regards with government central the by trust of lack was there Firstly, factors. impeding Decentralization, Mr. Benlamlih describes, did not work as a result of three primary ferent. dif- are they that feel Achaeans nation; historical a is Aceh that fact important the that twice Aceh was give autonomy and then twice it was taken back. He points out said He work. were not did which there Aceh, regarding 1951-2005 decentralization at attempts years several the During years. 40-50 lasted explained he which process, decentralization Aceh of history brief a offering by began Benlamlih Mr. UN ResidentCoordinator,Humanitarianoordinatorandepresentativeof UNDP,Indonesia 6. Mr.El-Most conflict phenomena/situation. trict levels—there should be a contingency plan that is suitable for handling extreme dis- and provincial national, apparatus—in government the for Lastly, society. the in wisdoms local the embrace to needs also planning development of formulation the Secondly, community. the in disorder of possibility the reduce and anticipate to order in planning conflict-sensitive of principles and materials with equipped be should design, mechanism planning bottom-up and building-concepts peace of ing the development process of post-conflict areas-which emphasizes in the strengthen and functional decentralized, conflict sensitive planning.healthy Firstly, hefor explains that in suggestions three offering by presentation his concluded Pohan Hon. conflict managementinnationalanddistrictlevel. ernment of Indonesia in order to provide clear and transparent legal framework on - Gov the by implemented is approach framework legal The Approach: Framework society. Indonesian in culture of role dominant and strong the considering as an early warning system on conflict occurrence. This approach is highly strategic this program, the Government of Indonesia also strengthens local culture potentials a is first The stakeholders. all between dialogue facilitate to capacity building of that beyond approaches, further two has The Conflict Sensitive Planning Approach in Indonesia, Hon Pohan expanded upon af a Benlamlih : Through Approach: Process Peacebuilding Legal - - - - 26 DOCUMENTS 02/2010 The Barcelona Forum on Decentralized Governance and Conflict Prevention tary efforttocontrolthe movement. achieving independence in Aceh. This uprising was matched at by an increase aimed in mili- 1976 in GAM Movement, Aceh Free of rising the discussed then Gil Mr. against, one separatism. as third the and terrorism, against second war the a being communism, first, against the movement, the against wars three of terms in setbacks the discusseed He era. Suharto the during independence towards movement Aceh’s in drawbacks the highlighted then Gil Mr. state. Indonesian the of control the der tinuously struggled with its independence. This battle for autonomy continued un- con- which powers, imperial by controlled and conquered region a was it how seed discus He Aceh. in conflict the of account historical brief, a offered then Gil Mr. election showedsupportforthepeaceprocess. the and participation, political Acehnese in change a demonstrated elections the that remarked He parties. political local of participation the with Indonesia, Aceh, solidation.” He explained how the 2009 elections consolidated the peace process in Con- Peace and Governance “Decentralized presentation: his of title the troducing Mr. Javier Gil presented third in this series of case study analyses. He began by in- Researcher, InstitutoUniversitarioGutiérrezMellado, Madrid 7. Mr.Javier GilPérez occur. to decentralization for order in region a within groups and parties political tioning func- of presence a be there that essential is it that explained he Lastly, work. not Moreover, there needs to be the taken. realization that military control simply over the region will or upon forced be cannot it a decentralization, to of needs acceptance there mutual that stated He government. of levels between trust of issue the re-addresses he Secondly, resources. of availability the by constrained are options tion is expensive and the expectations of all those involved need to understand that decentraliza- that stresses He available. resources to expectations manage to need serving and implanting decentralized governance. Firstly, he importantly notes the Mr. Benlamlih concluded his presentation by raising some primary issues when ob- naturally aidedtheregionsdevelopandgaincontrol. which districts, the to directly given being was money more Essentially, funds. of misuse the and corruption limiting significantly thus monitored, be to resources of distribution the allowed presence international how explaining points, prior two the between link the draws importantly he Lastly, stability. and prosperity its ing increas- region, the of development fostered which post-Tsunami, region the into monitoring of human rights. Thirdly, he pointed out the increased flow of resources greater promoted which Tsunami, the after Aceh and Indonesia in presence tional interna- of issue the raised he Secondly, leaders. political of behalf on tralization decen towards commitment greater a was there Tsunami the after how explained he Firstly, was. this why to responded further he and decentralization for allowed which context external an provided also commented, Benlamlih Mr. Tsunami, The - - 27 DOCUMENTS 02/2010 The Barcelona Forum on Decentralized Governance and Conflict Prevention • • • and discussion.Thesubsequentpointsareasummaryofthat period answer question/ extensive an was there presentations three the Following DISCUSSION political areas,buteconomic,religious,andculturalaswell. the parties involved. Lastly, it is essential to have mutual power sharing in not only all by commitment a be to needs there Secondly, process. political the in par- ticipate to opportunity the have to need parties in all Firstly, elements Aceh. necessary in on peace achieving note a with presentation his concluded Gil Javier Mr. political of levels power. retain to sides both for agreement general a was there Finally, autonomy. achieving at route peaceful and violence of abandonment GAM’s for ple peo Acehnese the from support great also was There process. peace the in pation The 2005 Peace Accords in Helsinki were a success due the GAM’s political partici- Aceh. with peace achieving in sufficient not was control military that realization a was there when achieved was peace towards movement the that explicates Gil Mr. process. peace the in position a strong too maintained military the Thirdly, process. litical po- the in role participatory a GAM offer not did government central the Secondly, state. central the by unacceptable deemed was which independence, wanted GAM Firstly, elements. three of result a as accords peace the of failure the outlined He was made to achieve peace in the region between the central government and GAM. Suharto the regime and the transition towards of democracy. He outlineed fall the first attempt which the with Aceh in changed situation the how explained Gil Mr. discussing thegoalswithprovinces. Previously, decentralizationmanagedcentrally-divulgingpowerwithout lack oftrust. very littlesatisfactionwiththeoutcomes,becausetherewasasignificant There wasamajorissueoftrustduringthe1999agreements. empowerment. involved moredeconcentration,ratherthatgenuinedevolutionor Power inIndonesiathe1970swasgivenaverysuperficialway,which - 28 DOCUMENTS 02/2010 The Barcelona Forum on Decentralized Governance and Conflict Prevention have notbeenabletogo beyond. they 2002 since Indeed, else. everything also but conflict, the stopped system new The communes. of level the at participation the to relevance particular a gave ism Mr Huskic believed that the feeling of belonging generated by the Serbian national- of theUniversitySarajevo,arajevo President, AlumniAssociationoftheCentreforInterdisciplinary P 2. Mr.SanelHuskic Africa, becausethetopicofreconciliationisnotin theagenda. South another be not will Herzegovina and Bosnia fact this to due and yet enough However, one of the things still missing is a vision of the country. This is not mature has workedpositivelyinsomesectors,includingtheenvironment. capabilities the of development the Also EU. the in state member a become to dacy lated to the fight against corruption, the development of the country and the candi- was recently carried out. This survey showed that the interests of the people are re- survey inspiring an example, For hope. of elements have also are there However, nomic andpoliticaldevelopment. eco- social, from excluded sectors many and children the women, the are weakest the usual, As world. the in trust social of level lowest the with country the is This dom toact,becausetheyworkrepresentingtheirownethniccommunities. free complete feel powers the and Republic and Federation around revolves state In this sense, one of the problems is the fact that the process of consolidation of the til theemergenceofaresponsibleState. un- place take not will recuperation justice), transitional and justice centralization, de (in stories successful some despite and decreased has financing International promises thatcannotbeachieved. The speaker noted there is also a federation of Bosnians and Croatians, which makes the defenseofpropertyisonethem. work of another level. In fact, there are examples where this happens; the reform of the block can levels the of one where system asymmetric an is emerged has What there isaHighRepresentativeand13governments. afterwards years 14 managed: be to needs still a which by peace, followed of situation was complex war where case, complex very a is this considered McNab Ms UN ResidentCoordinatorandepresentativeofUNDP 1. Ms.ChristineMcNab BOSNIA ANDHERZEGOVINA tool anddeterrentagainstviolence Decentralized governanceaspowersharingpreventive D. Morningsession:Casestudiespresentations: 3. Wednesday8Jul y 2009 ostgraduate Studies - - 29 DOCUMENTS 02/2010 The Barcelona Forum on Decentralized Governance and Conflict Prevention million arewomen. one Panchayat, the in chosen million third the From women. the of participation important an with India, the in development human highest the model development, the of is thing important The works. inhabitants), of million (1.2 states dian In big the of one Kerala, in government local the way the explained Mathew Mr. Head, InstituteofSocialciences,NewDelhi 4. Mr.GeorgeMa India (Kerala) facilitate theirincorporationintothesecretpolice to was solution a view Thapa’s Mr. in combatants, former of status the Concerning licly aboutexclusiontotheParliament. The Maoists, when demanding a change of the system, made it possible to talk pub- access totheresources. need feel they and c) not structures; power the do in presence have they to need they a) b) Nepalese; Tarai: the of exclusion of feeling the is them separated What the problemisdifferentconceptofStatebyactors. federalization, and decentralization towards moving seems situation the that Now are 84outof600memberstheParliament. Tarai the of representatives political The place. took nation-building of creation of attempts first the when 1963, in emerged citizenship regarding problems first The (ethnic vs.caste,Dalitstopcastes,originTaraifromthemountains). cleavages different three least, at are, there where territory a in characteristic main In opinion of Mr. Thapa the belonging to the caste and the ethnic community is the The caseofTaraiintheNepal: Director, SocialcienceBaha,Kathmandu 3. Mr.Deep Nep system andthepeople,aschizophreniabetweenchaosorEuropeanorder. needed is state-building. There is a total “political dislocation” between the political In this country, even the education is an obstacle for the empowerment and what is DISCUSSION the HighRepresentative. of absence or presence the regardless State, functional a achieve to how broader: is problem the but leave, to needs Representative High the if other each ask they when is talk they time communication only the no fact, In is government. of there levels different drafted, the among was Constitution the way the of result a As and thisresultsinatotaldisaffection. only represents the different ethnic communities, but not also and it the political because interests inefficiency, and corruption total brings system decentralized This al ak Thp thew a - 30 DOCUMENTS 02/2010 The Barcelona Forum on Decentralized Governance and Conflict Prevention the managementofresourcesandthosewhoadministratethem. also but crucial, are Islamists radical the of and US the of roles the context, this In flict andtheneedofdifferentiatingpeacepacification. Constitutional changes are needed; moreover, there is no understanding of the con- lack offiscalautonomy.Inconclusions,regionalpeaceremainstobeachieved. Currently there are some episodes of violence, related to the need of devolution and gotiations throughtheOrganizationofIslamicConference. ne- the in Turkey) and Libya, (Syria, countries moderate of implication an is There is weak. system fiscal the but government, the of aims future the of part is Decentralization Efforts ofpacificationarenotalwayssupportedbysometheparts. UNDP T 5. Ms.AlmaEvangelist Phillippines tional: inthesecondcase,itsparalysisblocksdevelopment. institu- is China and India between difference the that noted he Lastly education. is pillar important most the that stated also Mathew Mr. necessary. are actors ent that a governmental coalition cannot rule more than a term. The roles of the differ is element important An process. long a was it day, one just in happened Nothing gram inKerala. pro- the of sectors transversal three the are castes and religions parties, Political and theStateismeanttoservelocalgovernments. The methodology used is the “Big Bang”: All the money is given in a single payment the implementationofpolicies. plan In 1996a accountability andtransparencytopreventcorruption people, the of participation laws, the of application the in uniformity mentarities, comple roles, of clarity subsidies, autonomy, are: devolution the of principles The the preferencesofpeople. reflecting while life, of quality the of improvement reform, cconsolidation, on work Thanks to the constitutional modification in 1993, the local government institutions eam LeaderCrisesPrevention&Recovery,Manila from the bottom from was developed, ranging from community groups to groups ranging fromcommunity developed, was a - - 31 DOCUMENTS 02/2010 The Barcelona Forum on Decentralized Governance and Conflict Prevention

2. 1. tors whichimpacttheshapeandsuccessofdecentralizedgovernance. fac- separate nine identify to continued then He work? decentralization Does tion- Mr. Haysom introduced the main part of his presentation by posing the grand ques- and onemustbeawareofthedifferingfactorsbetweentypessituations. used, be cannot decentralization cases other in Whereas prevention. conflict and peace for condition a is decentralization cases many in that explained Haysom Mr. ment. develop for Incentive an as exists, rewards economic and political of distribution fairer create to need the cases such In polity. the to belongs all where sector, vate pri- no is there where areas of example the offered He accountability. democratic or development conflict, of resolutions either for policy a as implemented be to ing try- is decentralization where countries the in situations particular to the understand teed the on comment reflective a with analysis his began Haysom Nicolas Mr. a thorough evaluationofdecentralizedgovernance’simpactonpeaceandconflict. provided Haysom Mr. knowledge this in Grounded peacekeeping. and olution res- conflict of areas the in experience international extensive had has Haysom Mr. Executive OfficeoftheUNSecretary-General,NewYork Director, P 1. Mr.NicolasHaysom tices andproposalsforthefutureimplementationofdecentralizedgovernance. prac- best of notions provided and evaluation an offered They studies. case eight the and analyses theoretical the both sessions, preceding in the discussed been had what on reflected participants These speakers. four from heard session final This E. Afternoonsession.P

of thepoliticalsystem. government. Thissystemincreasedaccountability througharestructuring offered theexampleoffederalisminSouthAfrica, whichhasthreetiersof possible forachievingaccountabilityinthatparticularsituation.He He eluded that in each separate case one needs to derivethebestsystem He eludedthatineachseparatecaseoneneeds national interests andneedsarenot necessarily dividedupterritorially. that astatecanalsofederalize inanon-territorialway,suggestingthatsub- political actionasconstitutionalizing identities.Hethenmadetheremark labeled thisunderstanding andtailoringtolocalizedneedsthrough order tobeaconsidered acontenderasregionalpoliticalparty.He that regionalpartiesaregoingtohaveaddress regionalneedsin system toaccommodatethis.Heexpandedonthis pointbystating need tounderstandtheimportanceoflocalaspirations andorganizethe which meetsthedemandsofsub-nationalidentities. Heexpressedthe Mr. Haysomthenreflectedonhowaparticular system canbeprovided olitical, P eacekeeping &HumanitarianAffairs, utting LessonsintoPractice - 32 DOCUMENTS 02/2010 The Barcelona Forum on Decentralized Governance and Conflict Prevention

9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3.

This bringshimtothefollowingpoint. to autonomy,freedomofaction,political,financial, administrativecontrol? decentralized systemshouldbetreatedthesame,givensamerights He thenraisesadebatedissueastowhethereachunitwithin Haysom explainsthatthisincludesachangeinthequalityofcitizenship. ofgovernance.Mr. Decentralization reorganizesthepoliticalstructure there needstobethecapacityandstaffimplementthisapproach. and itwhichfunctionedwell.Althoughhealsoimportantlymentionedthat Regarding SouthAfricaheexplainedthattheBigBangapproachwasused, different caseaprocessmaybenecessary,ormosteffective. Explainingthatineach Mr, Haysomthencommentedbrieflyonprocess. needs tobeanarrangementofhighlevelstrustbetweenallparties. being made,andhavetheconsentofallaffectedparties.Lastlyit integrity. Itneedstohaveahighlevelofparticipationinthearrangement process ofdecentralizationneedstobebottom-up.Ithave decentralization processinordertoensuregreatersuccess.Hesaidthe necessaryformofthe Mr. Haysommadeseveralremarksrelatedtothe arrive atthesamelevelautonomy andcontrol. work. Heassertedthatthereneedstobethepotential foreachgroupto importantly notesthatgenerallyasymmetricdecentralization doesnot such asystemofasymmetricdecentralizationcan work.Althoughhe the samelevelofautonomyandcontrol?Hestated thatSpainshows should theentirecountrybedividedsame?Should alltheunitshave Asymmetric decentralization.Heputforwardtwo crucialquestions: institutions. forgotten whenattemptingtosetupandimplementdecentralized elaborated thatdecentralizationisanexpensiveprocessandthiscannotbe capacity tomakereformsworkneedsbetakenintoaccount.He distributed, sothatnoonepartyshouldfeelleftout.Thefinancial explained thatfinancialresourcesneedtobefairlyandequitably Financial capacitymustaccompanypoliticaldecentralization.He the naturalresources? the moreimportantquestioniswhohascapacitytoproperlymanage resources; whoshouldgetwhat.Althoughheobserves,thatperhapsmore explains thattheargumentistypicallyoverwhoshouldown conflict, aswellinthedivisionwhoreceiveswhichresources.He resources inastatecanbeverysignificantissuethedynamicof has onthedecentralizationprocess.Hesaidpresenceofnatural Here Mr. Haysom commented on the impact that thepresenceresources Here Mr.Haysomcommentedontheimpactthat implementation ofdecentralized governance.Hestatedthatthereneeds Here he raised the issue of the creation of new minorities withthe Here heraisedtheissue of thecreationnewminorities

33 DOCUMENTS 02/2010 The Barcelona Forum on Decentralized Governance and Conflict Prevention 2 through the better matching of services with citizen demands, through greater mo- greater through demands, citizen with services of matching better the through achieved be can advantages These gains. efficiency or and/ gains economic for be could decentralize to want would state a why reasons the of one that explained He 1) Whydecentralize? beginning withanintroductionquestion. each sections main four into dividing by presentation his outlined Alm Professor tices basedoninternationalexperiences. prac- good practical and theoretical of list a provided also He system. ernmental gov- decentralized a of elements economic and fiscal the on focused Alm Professor issue gainsimportancewhenthere’savaluegiventodifference. ence is often awarded socially, this difference alone does not necessarily matter. The differ of meaning the Although, hatred. to turned love Balkans Ex- the At change. can meaning this and meaning a needs identity in Difference process. tralization decen the of understanding one’s in ignored be cannot it decentralization, require not does difference identity Although, representation. symbolic of level important an includes decentralization that said He importance. sentimental much hold they but ignored, often are they politically that are clarified Haysom which Mr. process, issues. symbolic decentralization in elements important very other are There provincial governments?“ and local of participation the foster institutions centralized can “How question: the asks He system. justice the on comment novel a made Haysom Mr. point this At ernment needtobeenforced,Mr.Haysomexplained. of government. Contracts detailing the distribution of power amongst levels of gov- a be to focus on needs inter-governmental relations and co-management there between different levels that argued Haysom Mr. areas. decentralized the within ple There is often an obsession with autonomy (separation) to the detriment of the peo power oftendoesnotreachmunicipallevels. of devolution the that point the made He them. with ends often which tralization, Professor ofEconomics,GeorgiaStateUniversityandInternationaltudies Program,Atlanta 2. ProfessorJamesAlm 2 about talking is tions for best practices regarding decentralization. He said it needs to be clear if one sugges and proposals general some with presentation his concluded Haysom Mr. nd tier governments (regional or provincial) only want a certain amount of decen of amount certain a want only provincial) or (regional governments tier account. needs tobeareformoflocalgovernance,whichtakestheseelementsinto reform totheideaofcitizenshipandwhatitentails.Lastly,therealso of asingleidentity(basedonreligionforexample).Thereneedstobe beyond asinglenationalidentity.Itisrequiredtomoveawayfromanidea to beanallowanceformultipleidentitiesanddecentralizationexist nd tier government or local government. He explained that often that explained He government. local or government tier - - - - - 34 DOCUMENTS 02/2010 The Barcelona Forum on Decentralized Governance and Conflict Prevention Implementation Rules: entation. pres- PowerPoint his in available are they that explained he although mentioned, points the all of detail not did He types rules. sequencing two and rules implementation involve rules, should process decentralization the that asserted He tices. prac- international from learnt ‘lessons on reflected Alm Professor section this In 4) Howshoulddecentralizationoccur? • • • • • • • maximized andlocalparticipationisensured.Thereneedstobe: being are decentralization of benefits the that ensure to order in present be to need which elements factors/ various listed Alm Professor question this to respond To centralization workbest? de does where decentralization: of benefits the capture governments local Can 3) tion, urbanizationandgeographyalsoimpactlevelstypesofdecentralization. civil unrest present than decentralization is less likely. Other factors such as popula there will be greater levels of decentralization. Whereas, if there is more conflict or that likely more is it then development greater and area land greater democracy, ble material he generated the following hypotheses. If there is more diversity, more availa the on Based exceptions. and correlations patterns, on information as such decentralization, on data empirical exists now there that explained Alm Professor 2) WhoDecentralizes? circumstances. objectives, macro economic stabilitywiththeefficiencyoftailoring servicestolocal in order to promote stability. This includes the balance of economies scale, national decentralization fiscal of cons and pros the balance to essential is it that stipulated He measures. national through distribution income equalize to ability the the of is loss disadvantage Another objectives. national achieving to impediment an as ad- of loss ministrative capacity of the the central government for direct social investment, as well as this defined He instability. macroeconomic as such problems, Professor Alm also importantly noted however, that decentralization can also cause can dosoefficiently.” as: “Government services should be provided by the lowest level of government that tioned the Subsidiarity Principle as an incentive for decentralization. This is defined men- he Third, rule. localized with difference accommodate to capacity the crease in- and participation grassroots greater foster can decentralization that explained Alm Professor well. as reasons, political explained for decentralize to he choose can states Second, that innovation. competitive and local through and bilization, Local governmentcontrolofrevenuesandcapacity toborrow Clear expenditureassignment Working groupsincorporatingdifferent Absence ofmandatesfromcentralgovernment Local approvalofbudget Local appointmentofchieflocalofficers Local electedcouncil - - - 35 DOCUMENTS 02/2010 The Barcelona Forum on Decentralized Governance and Conflict Prevention general theory is as of yet available. He asserted that it depends on the origin and origin the on depends it that asserted He available. yet of as is theory general no said he conflict, reduce to used be decentralization of capacity the Concerning demand thenecessityfor centralrule. to government for easier is it conflict is there If that observation the with point this Basically, more conflict/ civil unrest lead to less decentralization. He expands upon plained that countries which are at war or close to war are less likely to decentralize. Regarding the relationship between conflict and decentralization Professor Alm ex- shot deal.Decentralizationtakestimeandisinconstant evolution. sights on best practices. He described decentralization as a in- process and give not as a can one rules” sequencing and “implementation but decentralize to way right sons learnt from international experiences. Firstly, he stated that there is no single Professor Alm concluded his presentation by offering general conclusions from les explained thatduetotimehewillnotgointothedetailsofsequencingrules. which needs to be kept to ensure the best results from decentralization process. He practices” best “international from steps practical specific, of sequence certain a is there that explained Alm Professor government? of levels different across bilities responsi- of assignment the assess makers policy should How Rules: Sequencing 13. 12. 11. 10. 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1.

One systemdoesnotfitalllocalgovernments. previously mentioned. Can localgovernmentscapturethebenefits?See“scorecard” There mustbelocalgovernmentaccountabilityviaelections. There mustbea“champion”. plan forthis. Recognize thatintergovernmentalsystemsarealwaysintransitionand Impose a“hard”budgetconstraint. Decentralization shouldconsideralllevelsofgovernment. objectives ofthedecentralization. The designoftheintergovernmentaltransfersystemshouldmatch Keep itsimple. The centralgovernmentmustkeeptherulesthatitmakes. autonomy andpowers). revenue autonomyandpowers(inadditiontosignificantlocalexpenditure Accountability oflocalgovernmentofficialsrequiressignificant evaluate decentralization. There mustbeastrongcentralgovernmentabilitytomonitorand needs. then assignrevenuesinanamountthatwillcorrespondtotheexpenditure Finance followsfunction:Firstfixtheassignmentofexpenditures,and among governments(transfers). revenue raisingpowers(includingborrowing),fiscalrelationsbetweenand fit together.Helistedtheseasexpenditureassignmentandautonomy, Decentralization shouldbeviewedasasystem,andallofthepieces - 36 DOCUMENTS 02/2010 The Barcelona Forum on Decentralized Governance and Conflict Prevention impacts the conflict, the decentralization process, the distribution of revenues etc. revenues of distribution the process, decentralization the conflict, the impacts context or and/ conditions in change a how observe must one that stated He tion. decentraliza- and conflict between link a develop to attempt commendable a been conflict has and there that remark the made decentralization He Forum. the between throughout discussed were which links the discussed Ionescu Mr. Thirdly, responsibility andthemanagementofresources. fiscal over especially relations, inter-governmental for mechanisms stitutionalized in- have to necessity the mentioning with presentation his of part this He concluded funds. external borrow to allowed be governments local should question the posed He borrowing. of issue the address to need the raised then He budget. the of and distribution revenue of outline clear a be to needs There implemented. and out, carried be will expenditures of distribution the how on decision a by followed decentralization whom gets which expenditures must be determined. This must be financialSecondly, headdressedissuesin hisevaluation. Hecommentedthatwith needs tobemadeunderstood. ing. He explained that accountability, as a concept does not exist in many places. It that decentralization must also avoid a capture cautions of the state importantly or other levels he of govern- Although, conflict. prevent can accountability and zens, citi- its to accountable governments making means decentralization that explained as examples of what is encompassed in movements towards decentralized rule. He tralization entails. He listed local preferences, accountability and reinforced equity decen what of understanding an be to needs there that mentioning by begans He which wereraisedoverthepasttwodays. issues of number a introduced He implemented. be always should centralization de whether questioning with presentation his commenced He Forum. the during covered been have issues dynamic with cases diverse that expressed Ionescu Mr. systems relatingtoconflict. decentralized of functioning financial and political potential the into insight ized the various cases which were presented throughout the forum and he offered a special examine to governance local of expertise professional is applied Ionescu Mr. Local GovernanceInitiativesT 3. Mr.AdrianIonescu duce crime. re- not will decentralization then practiced not are principles such If reduced. be this case decentralization should improve the delivery of services, and crime should tion of the Subsidiarity Principle, with the “scorecard” conditions being fulfilled. In and the usual “principles” for decentralization should apply. These include applica good, public local a like is it that explained Alm Professor crime, regarding Lastly, is decentralization applicable. perhaps than war civil a of shape the has case. conflict this if in However, Spain of example the offered He situation. the defuses often zation the type of conflict. If conflict arises because of “grievance/greed”, then decentrali eam, OpenSocietyInstitute,Budapest - - - - - 37 DOCUMENTS 02/2010 The Barcelona Forum on Decentralized Governance and Conflict Prevention Researcher, LondonSchoolofEconomics, 4. Ms.CamilleA.Monteux She mentioned that in her paper she discusses typology: models of different types of a tooltosolveconflicts but itneedstobereworkedavoidperverseoutcomes. as used be can decentralization that clear makes Monteux Ms. before. prevalent so ex- She groups. two the pliained that groups are between trying to show their forged differences; differences which were be not to needs trust that commented She tool topreventsecession. single a as used being also is decentralization that remarked She minorities. new of creation the with issue an generate lines ethnic decentralization that explained also She separated. homogenously not are groups the if problematic increasingly stated that decentralization based on ethnicity leads to further divide, which can be she However, locally. solved be should needs local that fact the with agreeed She ates thatonlyonegroupcanprovideforthem. insinu- institutionally which established are organization political decentralization with that explained She differences. entrenching in results argues she which tool, single a as used being decentralization of criticism a presented then Monteux Ms. have aproperchecksandbalancesproceduretoengenderpositiveresults. to need the noted she However, granted. are which resources using participation to potentially prevent conflicts. Decentralization can empower people and increase building institution about bring can decentralization yes, that affirmed She lution. orreso- prevention in conflict role its regarding decentralization with relationship” Hate “Love/ a of observation personal a with presentation her begins Monteux Ms. tralization intheBalkans,whichwasfocusofherdoctoralthesis. decen and outcomes and processes the of knowledge her applying by tralization decen and conflict between link general the into insight an offered Monteux Ms. cu finallystatedthatfiscalissuesremainessentialinallofthecases. There is a complexity which arises with specific decentralized processes. Mr. Iones- issues. ethnic around revolved have to seemed decentralization case Nepal the In issues. trust and budgeting on focus to needs Indonesia present. dynamic citizens Ionescu said inequalities are also largely present, and there is an elite versus regular strengthen the central to government first,need in order tothe avoid complete separatism.exists Mr. There occurred. has decentralization much too that argued Herzegovina, he Bosnia to respect With representation. government local and tion decentraliza of levels the in down and up shifts which case Interesting an also is it that noted He poverty. of issues and issues fiscal address to process tralization decen the of adaptation successful the demonstrated Macedonia, representation. good of example an showed it that said he study, case Spanish the Regarding ies. Mr. Ionescu concluded his presentation with a few comments on some of case stud even ifethnicorculturalfactorsarealsopresent. the importance of always exploring economic issues and/or motivations for conflict, He offered the example of the impact of the current economic crisis. He then noted - - - - - 38 DOCUMENTS 02/2010 The Barcelona Forum on Decentralized Governance and Conflict Prevention tained. Decentralization shouldnotbeabandonedjustbecauseitisless clear cut. main still is works which system a as but system better a as just not democracy, in belief the that expressing rule, autocratic to compared democracy of messiness the to observation this related however speaker The situation. conflict messy a in governance centralized of efficiency the and rule decentralized of messiness haps per- the on comment a by followed was which resolution, conflict and tralization decen between relationship” hate “love/ the regarding was made remark first The tions ofthefourpanellistsinthisfinalsection. presenta the following place took which discussion the summarizes following The DISCUSSION of availableoptionsneedstobecarriedout. to Albanians? Elite take over of institutions needs to be avoided, and lastly, a review justice and equality, peace, bring will decentralization whether question the asked made three comments about the future of decentralization in Kosovo. Ms. Monteux She prevalent. still is hatred ethnic but violence, the managing of capable was tion decentraliza- Secondly, externally. imposed was decentralization Firstly, issues. main two identified She plan. same the following years 10 for underway been has Lastly, Ms. Monteux evaluated the Kosovo case study. She said the decentralization favouritism, anddecentralizationmayhaveanegativeimpactintheend. and separation elite of levels high also are there However, amendments. tutional consti- through place took decentralization case this In issues. certain discuss to referendum recent a was there and parliament the in ratified was It violence. stop and repair to manage did agreement Ohrid that remark the made She favoured. were elites However, process. Al- political the that in involved out continuously were banians pointed She Study. Case Macedonia the reviews then Monteux Ms. constitution itmanagedtoblocktheethnicelementofdecentralization. agreed with the notion that Dayton had certain positive aspects, such as through the She case. not was this that the stipulated she Herzegovina, from and Bosnia In developed up. bottom were They take. to it wanted they format the about think to systems, decentralized their develop to time had explained she which example, for Spain, in and India in processes decentralization with comparison the made She re-evaluated. be to needs Dayton that and manner urgent an in out carried was it that said She agreement. peace a of development the on largely depended ization pact on conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In this case she asserted thatim- decentral decentralization’s of review a with began She Balkans. the of studies case the regarding details into went Monteux Ms. presentation her of portion second the In well asadvantagesanddisadvantagesofasymmetricdecentralization. that there are advantages and disadvantages in all typologies of decentralization, as to develop non-territorial conclusions to decentralization and conflict. She claimed attempting on literature the review to crucial is it that stated She divided. enously homog- not are groups if especially accomplish, to hard very often is it but zation, decentrali within division and distribution territorial a be to needs there yes, that noted She decentralization. territorial on discussion a opened then Monteux Ms. decentralized systems,whichdoesnotcoveredhere. - - - - - 39 DOCUMENTS 02/2010 The Barcelona Forum on Decentralized Governance and Conflict Prevention can bringaboutprogress. and genuine is decentralization case this in that made was comment The region. was achieved through decentralization, and autonomy it gave to the Muslims in the which growth economic the regarding here raised was Mindanao of example The was alsoputforward. conflict prevent can government of levels lower and central the between operation co- that hope The decentralization. with progress social and development human greater achieve to hope the and regions between competition about bring to zation decentrali of capacity the noted speaker The Goals. Development Millennium the achieving on decentralization of impact the concerning made then was remark A The positionofsymbolsshouldnotbeunderestimated. identity. and relations ethnic manipulating or controlling in symbols of role the on lack of professionalism of those working in the field. Lastly, the speakergeneral commented the and state, the by information of control the workers, media of fear the items, three to due is representation media proper of lack the that stating govina, Herze- and Bosnia of case the cited speaker The states. democratic newly in tation the role of the media in a democratic system, and the often corrupt media represen mentioned speaker the Secondly, people. the represents actually the extend what macy of the state as a result of low voter turnout. It is therefore difficult to know to legiti the regarding was first The speaker. same the by followed comments Three local accountability,butdoesdemocracyalsorequiredecentralization. and democracy requires decentralization effective that said speaker The regions. and groups ethnic different institutions, across representation proper and with distribution all” ensure takes which “winner of situation a avoid to need the and conflict, ethnic of areas in decentralization on comment a made then participant A between areasandcancreateanenvironmentmoreconducivetocapitalgrowth. competitiveness economic brings often Decentralization secure. more areas are to which capital of flow the and introduced also was globalization on comment A means ofachievingothersocialobjectives. ism and solidarity. Decentralization is not the final goal the speaker remarks, but a individual- between balance a be to needs there and present, still is centralization that notes speakers the Although, decentralization. more towards moving of one is which forum, the of feeling general the on commented then participant third A tain asystemofchecksandbalancesduringthedecentralizationprocess. main to need the discussed speaker The corruption. decentralizing of possibility Bang” approach can work, and the concern there was in Kerala, India, related to the “Big and whether and decentralization of process the on noted speaker the Lastly, where the power is placed in India, the hand in of the situation people the and not regarding the governing made assembly. was remark The function. to systems ized decentral for order in will political for need the on commented speaker second A tion andcreatingaprotectiveumbrellaforthesociallydisadvantaged. the speaker remarked on the need to focus on social development, income distribu- Europe, in decentralization of example the Using systems. decentralized of future the and integration regional on made was speaker same the by comment second A - - - - - 40 DOCUMENTS 02/2010 The Barcelona Forum on Decentralized Governance and Conflict Prevention which maynotbeinlinewiththeobjectivesofdecentralized governance. involved, parties the of expectations grand and interests conflicting to due as well is because of the great instability and damage which exists in post-conflict areas, as This decentralization. of objectives the achieve to order in required are leadership and commitment great cases such In difficult. increasingly is process the govina, Latin America or Indonesia or in post-conflict areas such as Nepal and Bosnia Herze- ed enough to implement in stable states; in post-authoritarian states such as Spain, take?” He remarked that a decentralized governance structure is already complicat process the does long How structures? decentralized implement to time right the question:“Whenisit governance andconflictpreventionaskedthe centralized de between link the in timing of importance the on commented Javan Mr. Lastly, people empowermentshouldbetreatedastwoseparateconcepts. and structure governance decentralized A up. mixed be not should governance cal lo- and governance decentralized that expressed Javan Mr. Thirdly, government. central stable a is there if work only will governance decentralized that out pointed litical is essential to a functioning decentralized governance structure. Secondly, he po- and social economic, development of level the that noted He is specific. case context each Rather prosperity. and growth of development the to solution optic Firstly, Mr. Javan stressed that a decentralized governance structure is not the pan- however makealistoffour/fiveconcludingstatements. sons learnt, many of which were covered in the previous panel discussion. He does as result of the Forum, so there is not the need to over extend his remarks of the les Mr. Javan began his summary by acknowledging that a publication will be produced Deputy irectorandHeadofProgrammes,UNSSC,T 1. Mr.Jaf learned andconclusionsoftheF F. inalsession:Presentationofresults,lessons required inconflictsituations. is response emergency an often and decentralization of levels Thespeaker are there that noted or decentralization. democracy first, come should what of scenario egg and chicken a causes This culture. the of part not is democracy where in area an decentralization of implementation the regarding raised was point the Lastly, ar Javan urin orum - - - 41 DOCUMENTS 02/2010 The Barcelona Forum on Decentralized Governance and Conflict Prevention above butbeing producedandtaken bythepeople. from distributed being just not power and decentralization about thinking start we with comment on the idea of moving away from the state as concluded the prime entity from which She future. the in work to governance decentralized for order in communication and trust for need the and government, of levels different between co-management of importance repeated the mentioned She elsewhere. copied be can India Kerala, in as such approach Bang Big a whether and process of portance im- the out pointed also Charrett Bosnia Ms. interest. of be may which cases and Herzegovina Guatemalan the both in discussed was which capture elite vio- and corruption, lence and decentralization between link the out pointed She vention. pre- conflict and governance decentralized on studies and might thoughts future which occupy items several discussed she summary her of part concluding the In tioned thepointofdualidentities. touched upon issues covered in several other presentations. Lastly, she briefly men- which ethno-relations?” affected decentralization has “how on Monteux Camille of concern the out pointed she Also, participation. populace greater about brings ally throughout the two days. She mentiond the query of whether decentralization actu- raised were which factors communal or individual micro, the observed she Lastly, properly carriedout. be to decentralization for order in present be to government central functioning a are examples of this. She also noted the common conclusion that there is a need for Aceh and Timor East and Region, Basque the and Catalonia that stated She ment. develop competitive as well as regions, between decentralization compe more for causing tition of case the in both decentralization, asymmetric of topic peated re- the discussed She covered. where which elements intermediate or meso- the summarized she Secondly, Forum. the throughout consistent remained processes peace in participation and intervention international and environment context, of the first is a macro evaluation of the conference, whereby she mentions that themes sections, three into prevention conflict and decentralization on covered what been summary had her divided Charrett Ms. session. panel closing and studies case the throughout said been had what from comments generalizing offered then She of decentralization. and decentralization concluding with that each case showed diversity experience and both positive and negative positive elements general Catalonia’s and Spain ing repeat discussed, were which cases eight the mentioned briefly then Charrett Ms. had touniteanddiscusstheirexperiencesrelatedthetopic. they opportunity the and world the around from delegates UN many of presence the here noted also She prevention. conflict and decentralization on observatory to further develop the plan theory and practical responses ICIP’s with the creation of a the specialized and Gutiérrez Arnau and Grasa the Rafael discussed of endeavor briefly theoretical She morning. Tuesday the on place took which discussion professional and theoretical the and afternoon, Monday the on event the troduced then Charrett Ms. in- which speakers three the organizers. outlining Forum, the of the summary overall an of presents all of behalf on forum the to contributing and coming for participants the all thanking by summary her began Charrett Ms. Conference oordinatorandResearchAssistant,Internationalatalan InstituteforP 2. Ms.Ca therine Charrett eace, Barcelona - - - 42 DOCUMENTS 02/2010 The Barcelona Forum on Decentralized Governance and Conflict Prevention ment cooperationpolicy, humanrightsandpeacesupport. develop our for useful very is It College. Staff System UN the and Catalunya de tat To sum up, I would like to stress the interesting collaboration between the Generali- discussed andthisforum wasveryusefulforallpartiesinvolved. and procedures, our modify to us allow that spot to be properly coordinated, from academic reflection to the experiences lived on the As a conclusion, I would like to emphasize two aspects: situations indifferentcountriescannotbecompared. the because solutions global not are There situations. variable and different problem with is it that learnt have we speakers, the all of contributions the to Thanks lesson fromalltheprocessestobeablestudy and analyzepeaceprocesses. tive approach: even though we cannot speak of success or failure, we have to learn a posi- very a in up ending you, of all from contributions different with reformulated We first planned to present successful and unsuccessful processes. This method was subject. complex very a is prevention conflict for mechanism a as Decentralization account whenspeakingofanationalrealityfittedinmultinationalcountry. applied in other countries, it can be useful as an experience and it may be taken into be cannot that example an is it if Even Spain. within fits Catalonia how highlight to wanted have we and discussion, the in introduced been has situation Catalan The and bothpartshavelearntalotfromit. reflection encourage to opportunity good a been has forum the of edition first The framework wehaveworkedtogetherinsubjectsofcommoninterest. collaboration this With year. this updated been has that College Staff System UN the with agreement collaboration a signed Catalunya de Generalitat the 2008, In Decentraliza Director, OficinadePromocióla 2. Mr.Xav ier BadiaiCardús and theGeneralitatdeCatalunyaforhavingmadethisforumpossible. UNSSC from team organising the and speakers all thank to continued Javan Mr. governance andconflictprevention”warrantstimefordebate. “decentralized of theme the that showed experience and knowledge vast The parts. counter- Catalan our with collaboration in organised has UNSSC the which events such of first the is It Barcelona. in forum this to come to agenda’s busy their from Mr. Javan thanked all participants for their contributions and having taken out time Deputy irectorandHeadofProgrammes,UNSSC,T 1. Mr.Jaf G. F ormal closure ar Javan tion asmechanimf au idelsDretsHumans,GeneralitatdeCatalonia,Barcelona urin or conflictprevenion There are many aspects to be to aspects many are There 2) 1) We need all possible tools - 43 DOCUMENTS 02/2010 The Barcelona Forum on Decentralized Governance and Conflict Prevention nesia and the Philippines, and Carlos Lopes, director of the UN System Staff College. this forum and, especially, to thank the representatives of the governments of Indo- to contribution your for and here being for you of all thank to like would I Finally, 44 DOCUMENTS 02/2010 The Barcelona Forum on Decentralized Governance and Conflict Prevention vice presidentoftheCatalà deFomentlaPaz. secondary as serves also he and 2008 September, since Peace for Institute Catalan stitutional Relations. He is a member of the Board of Governors of the International In and Interior for Department governmental the from Rights, Human and Peace of Promotion the for Office the of Director 2007, January in and (ICIP), Peace for Institute Catalan International for Coordinator Program General appointed was he 2005 In International”. “Amnesty of as well as Unemployment” against Action ity cooperation and solidarity. He is currently a member of “Peace, Justice and culture, Solidar- education, of fields the in was work of His 2003. population and 1991 a between 35,000) with Barcelona of province the in municipality (a Igualada of or may- deputy and councilman the city a of as acted Xavier director d’Igualada. Vic the Vives Pere IES was and 1976 from teacher school secondary a as worked He Barcelona. of University the from 1975 in Sciences Social and Philosophy in Arts of Bachelor his gained He 1953. in Barcelona in born was Xavier Cardús, i Badia Badia iCardús,Xavier http://aysps.gsu.edu/people/AlmJ.htm information andlinkstopublicationscanbefoundat More economics-ejournal. and Household the of Economics of Review of Editor and South Africa. He is currently Editor of Public Finance Review and an Associate Pakistan, Ukraine, Nepal, Colombia, India, Nigeria, Uganda, Federation, Russian the Philippines, the China, Hungary, Egypt, Turkey, Grenada, Jamaica, Indonesia, Bangladesh, in projects including overseas, reforms extensively decentralization and worked fiscal also on has He books. nine of author the is he and journals, ics econom- leading in published been has work His limitations. expenditure and tax of the family, tax reform, the line item veto, social security, housing, indexation, and individuals and firms to taxation, in such areas as tax compliance, the tax treatment of responses the examined has research his of Much economics. public of area the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Professor Alm teaches and conducts research in the at doctorate his and Chicago of University the at economics in degree master’s his earned He Boulder. at Colorado of University the at and University Syracuse at viously served as Chair of the Department and Dean of the School. He has also School of taught Policy Studies at Georgia Young State University Andrew in Atlanta, the Georgia. in He Economics has pre- of Department the in Professor a is James Alm, Alm, James p Annex 1:Biosof articip ants . - 45 DOCUMENTS 02/2010 The Barcelona Forum on Decentralized Governance and Conflict Prevention dential Adviser on the Peace Process (1994-2000), of which Ms Evangelista was the Presi- the of Office the and (1993) Commission Unification National the (199-92), Commission Peace the including offices, peace government’s Philippine the in ties donor community. Prior to joining UNDP, Ms international Evangelista served in various capaci- the and peacebuilders community-based society, civil government, with engagements through practice peace cumulative of years sixteen with ippines, opment Advisor. Ms Evangelista has done some pioneering peace work in the Phil- Devel and Peace as 2001 in Office Country the joined first She UNDP-Philippines. Evangelista, Alma is the Team Leader of the Crisis Prevention and Recovery Unit of (CNN, CBS,BBC). audiovisual and Journal) Street Wall Times, Financial Post, (Washington lications numerous articles on the Basque conflict andwritten has workedhas and writtenHe forgovernment. many Basque pub the of Coexistence and Peace for Plan the for General Secretary the to advisor an as works now Gorka York. New in University Columbia at (CICR) Resolution Conflict International for Centre the at Associate Senior a is and Peace for Institute States United the of member a was He relations. Coordinator and Area Director of Publications, then as as spokesperson and coordinator of first international Coountry, Basque the in process peace a for conditions the creating to dedicated movement social a Elkarri, with affiliated was he 2005 to 1996 From in1994. Country Basque the of University the from journalism in ated gradu- He peace. to related issues on consultant and researcher is Gorka Espiau, US$250 millionin2007. exceeded portfolio total The agencies. non-resident 10 and agencies resident 15 of comprising Team Country UN large a leading is he Indonesia, assignment, current Inhis management. conflict and dialogue inter-ethnic including issues, governance social and development in expertise and experience firsthand acquired he career, long his Through 2006. and 2000 in occasions, two on York, New in Region Arab and Indonesia. Other important assignments included acting Morocco as Deputy Director for the as such countries income middle through and Kuwait), (Saudi and richest Arabia the to Ivoire) d’ Cote and Djibouti (Malawi, poorest the from tries coun- different 9 in serving York, New and Asia Africa, Sub-Saharan region, the Arab in served he then Since 1981. in Officer Program National a as UNDP joining ics and accounting at University Mohamed Ben Abdellah in Morocco in 1979, before development, peace and stability. Started his professional career teaching econom- human sustainable term long national in supporting to Tsunami, the of aftermath the developed which emphasis, reconstruction and recovery heavy the from focus ing the UN and UNDP team to work more effectively as a team and shift its program lead mainly is he position, this In 2008. March since Indonesia in Coordinator ian January 1953. Currently, the United Nations Resident Coordinator and Humanitar 27th the born Moroccan, Indonesia. in Representative Resident UNDP and dinator Coor- Humanitarian Coordinator, Resident Nations United El-Mostafa, Benlamlih, Benlamlih, El-Most Evangelist Espiau, Gork a, Alma af a - - - - 46 DOCUMENTS 02/2010 The Barcelona Forum on Decentralized Governance and Conflict Prevention Haysom served in Baghdad, Iraq, as the head of UNAMI’s ‘Office of Constitutional of ‘Office UNAMI’s of head the as Iraq, Baghdad, in served Haysom Mr. this, to Prior 2007. May in Ki-moon, BAN Secretary-General, UN of Office the in Affairs Political for Director as appointed was Africa South of Nicholas Haysom, Haysom, Nicholas national dimensionofsub-nationalgovernments. Office of the Province of Barcelona. His current research interests include the inter- Relations’ International the at works He UAB. at Relations International in Ph.D. his completing currently is He Internacionals. d’Estudis Barcelona Institut the at and University Georgetown at taught has He University. Georgetown from lations Re- International in Masters a and Barcelona de Autónoma Universidad the from Administration Public and Science Political in B.A. a has Arnau Camps, Gutiérrez Gutiérrez Camps,Arnau toral observation. consulting on issues of international negotiations, development processes and elec in worked has He Internacionals. d’Estudis Barcelona de Institu the at a Professor presently also is He Peace. for Institute Catalan International the of President Secretary General of the University January 2002 to January 2009. He is currently ment. He was Director of the Center for International and Intercultural Studies and develop human and security processes, peace resolution, theory, conflict research, relations peace international in researches and teaches he where Barcelona, of University Autonomous the at Relations International of professor is Rafael Grasa, Gras, Raf tegic StudiesinJakarta,Indonesia. University of Singapore and Technological a visiting fellow Nanyang in the Center in of International and Violence Stra- Political and Terrorism of Prevention the for ráneo”. Previously, he has also been a research associate in the International Center “Fundación Alternativas” and an election analyst in “Taller de estudios del mediter in panel Asia-Pacific the of member a also is Gil Javier Spain. Madrid in Mellado, Gutiérrez Universitario Instituto the at Fellow Research PhD a is Javier Pérez, Gil Gil Pérez,Jav ier programmes forconflict-affectedandnaturaldisaster-proneareas. recovery early as well as Programme), Peace for ACT as known phase fourth its on (now Mindanao, for Programme Multidonor GoP-UN the including programmes, development and peace UNDP-assisted over oversight technical for responsible is Front from 1997-2001. In her current work with UNDP-Philippines, Ms Evangelista Liberation Islamic Moro the with negotiations government Com- the supporting Technical mittee the of Chair as served also She (1996-2001). Director Executive ael - - - 47 DOCUMENTS 02/2010 The Barcelona Forum on Decentralized Governance and Conflict Prevention Postgraduate StudiesoftheUniversitySarajevo: IC2005). per l’Europa Centro-Orijentale e Balcanica Bologna and Center for Interdisciplinary (Instituto 2003/2004, A.Y. publihing for selected Thesis MA Croatia”, and govina Herze- and Bosnia of Studies Case Poverty: and “Democracy Sanel. Huskić, 2006); sages of Leading Political Subjects Mes in BiH, General Elections Election Year 2006”, (Sarajevo, the of “Analysis al. et Sanel Huskić, 2007); Sarajevo, (ACIPS Brief Policy Herzegovina”, and Bosnia in Process Recruitment Service Civil State-Level of “Improvement al. et Sanel Huskić, 2007); Sarajevo, (ACIPS Brief Policy govina”, Herze- and Bosnia in Institutions Governmental State-Level of System Spending Public of “Improvement al. et Sanel Huskić, 2007); Sarajevo, (ACIPS Brief, Policy 2008-2013”, for Strategy Development B&H the Drafting of Purpose the for ysis Anal- Comparative States: European the of Documents “Development al. et Sanel Democracy. and Rights Human in degree Masters a Bachelor degrees in International Development Studies and Human Geography and and sector development strategies such as rural development and tourism. He holds president of this organisation. He specialises in policies in field of poverty reduction a appointed was he 2008, September In Sarajevo. Studies), Postgraduate ciplinary Interdis- for Centre the of Alumni (Association ACIPS within mostly years, three over for development of field the in analyst policy a as worked has Sanel, Huskić HuskiC Sanel and Cooperation. Affairs Foreign of Ministry the of Operations Peacekeeping the the of Director Deputy is Actually York. New in Consulate Spanish the at 2007 until 2002 from and fairs Ministry since 1990, firstly appointed to Addis-Abbeba embassy, then to Israel Af- Foreign Spanish the for worked Has Luisa. María Martin-Laborda, Huidobro Huidobro Martin-Labord,ríLuis fice inMay1994. of- Mandela’s joined he until University Wits at Law of Professor Associate an and partner of the human rights law firm of Cheadle Thompson and Haysom Attorneys, founding a was Haysom Mr. 2005). – (2002 Process Peace Sudanese IGAD the to committee negotiating constitutional issues (1999–2002) and served as the adviser the of chairman the as Talks Peace Burundi the in involved been had Haysom Mr. tional reforminEastandCentralAfrica,SouthAsia.Interalia constitu and resolution conflict on advised has Haysom 1999, in retirement dela’s Man- President Upon 2002. to up initiatives peace his on Mandela Mr. with work served as chief legal advisor throughout Mr Mandela’s presidency and continued to He Africa. South in constitutions final and interim the to up leading negotiations constitutional the in involved closely was Haysom Mr. 2005. April from Support’ ´ Recent publications Recent : Huskić, : - - 48 DOCUMENTS 02/2010 The Barcelona Forum on Decentralized Governance and Conflict Prevention grams and institutions in her country. She holds a Master Degree in International in Degree Master a holds She country. her in institutions and grams pro- international several to as well as Ombudsman, National the and Parliament National the in Committee Government Local the to Adviser an been has She ess. national organization in support of the decentralization and good governance proc - tive Director of the Foundation for Local Government Reform in Bulgaria, a leading that, she was an elected Mayor (1991- 1995) and one of the Founders and the Execu to Prior 2008. March since Macedonia, of Republic Yugoslav former the UNDP, of Cooperation Inter-municipal in Advisor Program a been has Guinka Kapitanova, Kapit North Carolina,USA. Raleigh, in University State Carolina North the from Development Resources man Hu- in specialization a with Psychology in Doctorate a has Javan Dr. participation. social and development community and employment, and training education, mal infor- and basic as such areas on focused been mainly have responsibilities sional the Pacific, and Europeand and the CIS. In hisAsia tenure within the UNAfrica, system, his profes in notably most regions, various in system UN the with working experience of years 20 over has He region. the within management knowledge and offices, country the to support programming, regional UNDP’s the managing for responsible was he role, this In Slovakia. Bratislava, in based CIS, the and Europe for Bureau Regional UNDP’s of Development Programme and Policy of Office the manages also Javan the UN Leaders Programme. Prior to joining the College, Dr. Javan was Director of Dr. programme. Security and Peace the as well as Services, Training and Learning of System, charge Coordinator in Resident the College heads Staff He Programmes. System UN the of Director Deputy the is Jafar Javan, Javan, Jaf [email protected] Bucuresti and a M.Sc. in Engineering from the Polytechnic University of Bucharest. cate from Harvard University, an MBA from Universite du Quebec a Montreal/ASE the Ministry of Public Works and Regional Planning in Romania. He holds a certifi- for Officer Research a as previously and foundation Soros the for Manager Project on local democracy for the Stability Pact region. Before joining LGI, he worked as a group working the and (Cz) PASOS (UK), Ltd. LGID FDI, LOGIN, including tees, commit- and groups steering various in member a was He Program. Policy Public in Masters the in relations fiscal intergovernmental on course a teaching CEU, at governmental finance and fiscal decentralization. Adrian is also a visiting professor sub-national is LGI at interest of area His policy. public and administration public government, local of fields the in group think-tank cum development international established well a to program grant small a from grown has LGI/OSI management cal Government and Public Service Initiative of OSI (LGI/OSI) since 1997. Under his Ionescu, Adrian, LGI/OSI Director Adrian Ionescu has been the Director of the Lo- Ionescu, Adrian anova, Guinka ar - - 49 DOCUMENTS 02/2010 The Barcelona Forum on Decentralized Governance and Conflict Prevention al conferences on political process and democracy, and human rights. His studies His rights. human and democracy, and process political on conferences al Canada and India. He participates and presents papers in national and internation- University, Peterborough, Canada on Comparative study of the local government in Trent in worked he 2005 In Chicago. of University the at work to 1991 of summer University of Padova, Italy (1988). He was awarded the Fulbright Fellowship in the South Asian Studies Centre, University of Chicago (1981-82), and Visiting Professor, ogy from the Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. He was a visiting fellow at the Mathew, George born in Kerala (1943), George Mathew obtained his Ph. D in Sociol- Ma from theUniversity“CandidoMendes”,RiodeJaneiro. Sciences Social in PhD Honorary an and Panthéon-Sorbonne 1 Paris of University Graduate the from the from History in PhD a degrees Geneva, of University Studies, Development of Institute several has Lopes Dr. UNDP. for Policy of head and several Brazil and Zimbabwe in Coordinator Heoccupied Resident UN including positions, managerial Secretary-General. the of Office Executive the in Affairs cal Politi- for Director and Secretary-General Assistant as previously serving been has Lopes Dr. 2007. October in College Staff the of Director appointed was and 2007 March since (UNITAR) Research and Training for Institute Nations United the of Lopes, Carlos His career at the UN started in 1988. He has been Executive Director Lopes, Carlos of OrientalandAfricanStudies,UniversityLondon,UK. University, Washington, DC and a BA in Swahili and Anthropology American from The The School from Development) International on (focus Anthropology Applied o.83), (2003, Centro de Investigaciones para la Paz (Spain). Ms. Korth holds a Masters Degree in Internacionales Questiones de Papeles in Unidas” Naciones las de proyecto un de experiencia La co- Preventivas: Medidas y temprana including “Alerta of author articles several published and (2005) Pisa in Sant’Anna Superiore Scuola the at conducted Warning” Early Conflict Effective for Framework logical (evaluator) in the Masters “Co-relatore” thesis of Ms. Nicoletti as on “Towards a Common Methodo acted has She System. Nations United the within knowledge ing support in capacity building and strengthening conflict prevention and peace build- providing to dedicated Programme, Security and Peace UNSSC the manages Korth Nicaragua. In 1998 she joined the United Nations System Staff College in Turin. Ms. and Suriname Guinea, Equatorial Namibia, in worked has and UNDP with career her started She 1989. since Nations United the for working been has Svenja Korth, Korth, Svenja School ofGovernment,Greece. Kennedy John Harvard’s and USA John University, Virginia at USA, University; programs Hopkins leadership for scholarships won has and Relations Economic thew, George - 50 DOCUMENTS 02/2010 The Barcelona Forum on Decentralized Governance and Conflict Prevention the developmentofChineseinternalandexternal policies. on research her reoriented has and (PRC) Beijing in lives currently She Fribourg). Institute, (Federalism Illusion?” or Reality Kosovo: of Question the and Solutions ‘Federal and Studies) Multiethnic on Journal (International Regulation?’ Conflict Ethnic of Delusion New The ‘Decentralisation: include publications Her (ECMI). work in Western Balkans for the OSCE and the European Centre field- for Minority included Issues which organizations, governmental and international different for worked also She Geneva. in (IUHEI) Internationales Etudes Hautes de Institut the and (SOAS) Studies African and Oriental of School the at Diplomacy and Studies cies as a means to regulate conflict in Kosovo. Previously, she studied International of Economics and Political Science (LSE) on international institution building poli- Monteux, Camille A. recently completed a PhD in Government at the London School cooperation agencies,MsMcNabspecializedineducationdevelopingcountries. development in positions management into moving Until 1989. in Stockholm of University Education, International of and Institute International the from in Education Ph.D. Comparative a and 1972 in London of University College, Garnett from Education, in Certificate a by followed 1970, in Wales of University the from Anthropology), Social and (Sociology B.Sc. a obtained McNab Ms. nationality, by Swedish agencies. cooperation development multilateral and bilateral for working Zambia, and Tanzania Bahrain, Lesotho, to Sweden and Kingdom United from ing rang- countries in working and living previously experience, international broad a has McNab Ms Jordan. in Representative Resident UNDP & Coordinator Resident UN the as years four for served she Herzegovina and Bosnia in arrival to Prior na. Resident Coordinator and UNDP Resident Representative UN in the Bosnia and as Herzegovi- working been has McNab Christine Ms. 2006, Since Christine McNab, dent ofIndiaforitsstrongdepictionwomen’sempowermentinruralIndia. Republic” Little The “Swaraaj: which won the national award for the film: Best Film on Social Issues (2002) from the Presi- produced he story, true a on Based etc. Democracies, of Community of Council the Democracy, for Endowment National like organisations international and Governments State India, of Government the serving in various capacities, like Member of committees/task forces, constituted by been has Mathew Dr. dailies. national to contributor regular a is He equity. gender and decentralisation Raj), (Panchayati system government local the in specialising Mathew is Founder Director, Institute of Social Sciences, New Dr. Delhi. Presently he India. is Rural from Studies Field Governance: Local in Exclusion and clusion 2000 India of Territories Union and States the in Raj Panchayati McNab, Christine Politics (i) works: edited following the and Movement to Legislation From (i) include: works major His books. and journals dailies, national in appear society and state on articles and and Kashmir and Raj in Karnataka Today: Its National Dimensions ; (ii) ; Dignity for All: Essays in Socialism and Democracy and Socialism in Essays All: for Dignity ; (v) ; Status of Panchayati Raj in States of India 1994 India of States in Raj Panchayati of Status ; (ii) Kerala; Secular a to Road Communal ; (iv) Panchayati Raj in Jammu ; (iii) ; Panchayati Raj Panchayati ; (vi) ; Shift in Indian in Shift ; and (vii) and ; Panchayati Status of Status In - 51 DOCUMENTS 02/2010 The Barcelona Forum on Decentralized Governance and Conflict Prevention and welfarestate.Bothhave beencarriedoutfromacomparativeperspective. policy Social (b) and Europeanization); and nationalism federalism, centralization, Institute in Florence. University His two main European areas of research the are: (a) Territorial at politics (de Fellow Research Senior Monnet Jean a as worked he Colorado (CU), Denver (DU), Edinburgh and Rome (La Sapienza of universities the at scholar visiting a been has He 1986. in Edinburgh of versity Uni- the from Sociology and Science Political in Ph.D. his awarded was He drid. Luis Moreno did his Professor undergraduate studies at the Sciences. Social and Human of Centre the at Policies and Good Public of Institute the at activities academic his conducts Re- He National Madrid. in Spanish Council search the with Professor Research a is Luis Fernandez, Moreno Moreno Fernandez,Luis tiel speaksSpanish,EnglishandRussianlanguages. Mon- Mr. States. Arab in and CIS and Europe Eastern Asia-Pacific, America, Latin in years 24 for initiatives management urban and governance alleviation, poverty in involved been has He (URSS). Economics National of Institute Belorussian the from (Eco) MSc a and (UK); Hull of University the at Studies Legislative in MA an countries; developing in government local of development institutional of subject Mr. Montiel has got a PhD in Public Policy - University of Birmingham (UK) on the HABITAT. - UNCHS of Award International Practices Best 1st the from Practice” time among the few available of their kind- received in 1998 recognition as a “Good the -at initiatives Both website. Practices” Best Governance “Good the created and ham (UK)- a global network of specialists in local government and decentralization Birming of University the at 1996 in “LOGOV” created He 1989. since practice of communities online of development the in involved been has Lenni Affairs. Family tial Office of Planning and Coordination, and, Director of Planning at the Ministry of the Venezuelan Social Investment Fund, Director of Social Policies at the Presiden- at Manager General was he 1990s, the of beginning the till Venezuela In Chapters. Asia-Pacific and Latin-American its with and Hague, the in HQ at (IULA) thorities Au- Local of Union International the of work the with 1990s the during involved courses for specialists from Asia, Latin America, Africa and Eastern professional Europe. He was and programmes master in Management Urban and Governance on courses taught and designed he where (Netherlands), University Erasmus - (IHS) was Senior Public Management Specialist-Institute for Urban and Housing Studies He USA. DC, Washington Bank, Development the Directors-Inter-American of at Board Advisor was Montiel initiatives. integrity Administration and Presidential rights human the on and Ukraine of Parliament the at and Vietnam in levels al sub-nation- and national at development parliamentary on working Advisor nical Tech- Senior Governance as years several for Ukraine UNDP and Vietnam UNDP with worked Montiel Mr. Headquarters in position current his Before York. New the Democratic Governance Group at the Bureau for Development Policy in UNDP, in Decentralization and Governance Local on Adviser Policy Senior Lenni Montiel, Montiel, Lenni Universidad Complutense ). During 1998-99 in Ma- - - 52 DOCUMENTS 02/2010 The Barcelona Forum on Decentralized Governance and Conflict Prevention spokesman for the Parliamentary Committees for Environment and Defense. Joan Defense. and Environment for Committees Parliamentary the for spokesman a been has He 2000. in reelected was and Congress of member a as elected was he Catalunya and per was president of Iniciativa the group since group, 1993. In the parliamentary general election of the 1996 for spokesman a as acted and Barcelona, for Parliament Catalan the of Member a as sat he 1995 to 1988 From 1991. to 1979 from party PSUC the for Llobregat de Hospitalet constituency the for alderman as the Generalitat of Catalonia. He was born in Barcelona on April 24, 1950. He served Saura, Joan is the Minister of Interior, Institutional Relations and Participation for Saura, Jon two children. Hecanbereachedat and wife a has Pohan Mr. nationwide. implemented program reduction risk broader scale, he is actively involved in the cooperation with the UNDP in disaster’s a In Nias. and Aceh BRR dissolved already the by coordinated and managed ously previ- provinces both in efforts reconstruction and rehabilitation (2004), the continue quake to earth and tsunami of disaster great the by affected provinces two vincial as well as districts governments in the province of Aceh and North Sumatera, pro- and agencies, ministries, related coordinating for responsible also is he 2009 year the In reached. objectives and targets national have to order in nationwide in ment govern- strengthening policies. He coordinates regional regional development planning as boards well as preparedness, regional develop and area mitigation disaster policies, ment, rural and urban management, land and planning policies, spatial regional macro from ranging policies development national-regional of formulation the in crucial is Minister Deputy as position current His Regulations). (Government bylaws several and Planning, Development National of System the on Nr.25/2004 Law and (2005-2025), Indonesia of Plan Development Term Long The on 17/2007 Nr. Law the others among parliament), (Indonesian DPR the with United States of America. He played a pivotal role in drafting several Laws together the in as well as Europe, Asia, in particularly countries, different many in posiums, sim- workshops, seminars, many in spoke and attended He papers. policy papers, discussion of number large a produced he technocrat, and servant civil as dication ab- his Along Indonesia. Yogyakarta, Mada, Gadjah Universitas from ministration Ad- Public in degree Doctoral his finishes he (2009) year This Affairs. Autonomy Local and Development Regional for Minister Deputy as position present the until ladder the climbed gradually then since and 1986 in Planning Development tional Na- of Ministry the joined He 1990. in Netherlands, The Hague, The (ISS) Studies Social of Institute the from Planning and Policy Economic in (MA) Arts of Master graduate post another and Transports, des Economie in (CES) Superieures Etudes des Certificat a obtain and (ENTPE) France Lyon, in l’État) de Publics Travaux des In 1984-1985 he pursued his post graduate education at L’ ENTPE (Ecole Nationale degree as city and regional planner from Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB) in 1981. 1982 in the Ministry of Public Works, Republic of Indonesia, after obtained his first public of Indonesia, for more than 23 years. He started as young planner in January National of Ministry for Development Planning, National Development Planning Agency (BAPPENAS), Re- working been has 1953, 8, December born Max Pohan, Pohan, Mx [email protected]. - 53 DOCUMENTS 02/2010 The Barcelona Forum on Decentralized Governance and Conflict Prevention of Catalanculture,andis alsotherecipientofJusticeCataloniaPrize protection the for Catalonia in service outstanding rendered having for Jordi Saint izes in issues of regional law and constitutional law. In 2003 he received the Cross of special He Barcelona. in Studies Autonomous of Institute the of director pointed ap- was he 2004 In 2001. to 1998 from president vice as acted and Spain, of Court Constitutional the in judge a as sat he 2001 and 1992 Between Law. Constitutional of Professor a as taught he where (1977) Barcelona of University the at Law in ate Doctor- his completed He jurist. a and lawyer Catalan a is Carles Pi-Sunyer, Viver international affairsandpublicmanagement. on articles journalistic and academic 11 published Has Rica. Costa José, San in administration, public in programme degree master´s American Central a of director as work his include credentials academic His 1981. and 1980 between programme reform state Salvador`s El Directed environments. post-conflict and tions promoting democratic and socio-economic development, especially in conflict institu- knowledge-based in levels, senior increasingly at experience, managerial of years twenty over Possesses York. New in headquarters organization`s Panama, the in Salvador, and El Colombia, in also UNDP with served Has 2008. and 2003 between Ecuador in Representative Resident UNDP and Coordinator Resident UN as Served accords). peace the of implementation initial and negotiation the in role critical a played UN the which during period (a 1998 and 1994 between resentative Representative in Guatemala, where he also served as UNDP Deputy Resident Rep- Resident UNDP and Coordinator Resident UN as serves Currently 1981. Salvador. El of University Relations. International Licenciado, a and 1983 Rica. Costa of sity versity of Toronto, Canada. 1988, Magister Scientae. Public Administration. Univer- Valdés, René Mauricio, Salvadorean nationality, holds a Ph.D. Political Science. Uni- Centre forInternationalConflictResolution,ColumbiaUniversity,NewYork. the at fellow visiting a was he 2006, In Nepal. in transformation political and flict - con the on articles other numerous and 2003), (Kathmandu, Nepal of Movement Viver Pi-Sunyer,Carles V 1996-2004 Insurgency, of author the is He Kathmandu. in based centre resource and research a Baha, Science Social of Director is Deepak Thapa, Thap ister ofInstitutionalRelationsandParticipationfortheGeneralitatCatalonia. 2000 he has acted as its Chairman. During the previous legislation he acted as Min- founding ofIniciativa in theperCatalunya,andsinceNovember Saura participated aldés, RenéMuricio a, Deep ak (London, 2005) and editor of editor and 2005) (London, A Kingdom under Siege: Nepal’s Maoist Nepal’s Siege: under Kingdom A Understanding the Maoist the Understanding - 54 DOCUMENTS 02/2010 The Barcelona Forum on Decentralized Governance and Conflict Prevention