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Mobilitas Sosial Masyarakat Terdampak Pembangunan Bandara Di Desa Tarokan Kabupaten Kediri

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Mobilitas Sosial Masyarakat Terdampak Pembangunan Bandara Di Desa Tarokan Kabupaten Kediri Discovery Vol. 6 No. 1 Maret 2021 | Halaman 1 MOBILITAS SOSIAL MASYARAKAT TERDAMPAK PEMBANGUNAN BANDARA DI DESA TAROKAN KABUPATEN KEDIRI Mohammad Muhyidin1, Iwan Marwan2 IAIN Kediri [email protected] [email protected] Abstract: The airport construction project in Kediri is one of the biggest factors of social change in the community in Tarokan District, Kediri Regency. The land price bid made by this private company is very high. This study aims to determine the social changes in lifestyle and mindset of the people in Tarokan District and its surroundings in their daily life. This research uses social change theory of Gilin and Gillin, theory of lifestyle of Minor and Mowen, Dweck's mindset theory and Berger's social class theory. The method used in this research is a mixed method. Qualitative data collection was carried out by conducting in-depth interviews, observations, and FGDs. Meanwhile, quantitative data collection was done by filling out questionnaires. The results of this study are the existence of changes in social, suach as social class, lifestyle, and the mindset of the people affected by land acquisition at Kediri airport. The lifestyle adopted by the affected community is a modern lifestyle, a thrifty lifestyle, a healthy lifestyle, and a hedonistic lifestyle. The mindset possessed by most of the affected communities is a static mindset and only few affected people have a dynamic mindset. The static mindset of the community can be seen from the principle of land swaps and the spending of money from airport land acquisition to buy material things such as houses, cars and motorbikes for personal interest. Keywords: Social Change, Lifestyle, Mindset Abstrak: Proyek pembangunan bandara di Kediri menjadi salah satu faktor terbesar perubahan sosial pada masyarakat di Kecamatan Tarokan, Kabupaten Kediri. Penawaran harga lahan yang dilakukan oleh perusahaan swasta tersebut sangat tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perubahan sosial gaya hidup dan pola pikir masyarakat di Kecamatan Tarokan dan sekitarnya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori perubahan sosial Gilin dan Gillin, teori gaya hidup Minor dan Mowen, teori pola pikir Dweck, serta teori kelas sosial oleh Berger. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kombinasi. Pengumpulan data kualitatif dilakukan dengan cara melakukan wawancara mendalam, pengamatan, dan FGD. Sedangkan pengumpulan data kuantitatif dilakukan dengan cara pengisian kuesioner. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah adanya perubahan sosial, kelas sosial, gaya hidup, dan pola pikir masyarakat terdampak pembebasan lahan bandara Kediri. Gaya hidup yang diterapkan oleh masyarakat terdampak adalah gaya hidup modern, gaya hidup hemat, gaya hidup sehat, serta gaya hidup hedonis. Pola pikir yang dimiliki oleh sebagian besar masyarakat terdampak adalah pola pikir statis dan sebagian kecil masyarakat terdampak berpola pikir dinamis. Pola pikir statis masyarakat terlihat dari prinsip tukar guling lahan serta pembelanjaan uang hasil pemebasan lahan bandara untuk membeli hal-hal kebendaan seperti rumah, mobil, dan motor untuk kepentingan pribadi. Kata kunci: Perubahan Sosial, Gaya Hidup, Pola Pikir Discovery Vol. 6 No. 1 Maret 2021 | Halaman 2 Pendahuluan waktu. Hal ini berdampak pada gaya Seiring berjalannya waktu, hidup dan pola pikir mereka. kebutuhan sarana dan prasarana di Pada tahun 2017, dilakukan Indonesia semakin meningkat. Realita sebuah penelitian oleh Waluyo Zulfikar. ini mendorong swasta untuk Penelitian Waluyo ini mengkaji dampak melaksanakan pembangunan guna sosial ekonomi dan politis serta proses kesejahteraan rakyat. Demi implementasi kebijakan pembebasan pembangunan yang maksimal, swasta lahan untuk pembangunan Bandar memilih lahan yang lebih luas dan Udara Internasional Jawa Barat (BJIB) memadai. Maka dari itu, swasta pada masyarakat akibat pembangunan melakukan pembebasan lahan bandara di Kabupaten Majalengka masyarakat di pedesaan yang memiliki (Zulfikar, 2017). tanah lapang seperti sawah, perkebunan, Penelitian ini, peneliti ingin dan ladang untuk melancarkan proyek menggali perubahan sosial dalam gaya pembangunan. Pembebasan lahan hidup dan pola pikir masyarakat tersebut berdampak pada munculnya Kecamatan Tarokan yang lahannya fenomena orang kaya mendadak terjual untuk pembebasan lahan (OKM). Hal ini dapat mengakibatkan pembangunan bandara di Kabupaten perubahan sosial pada masyarakat di Kediri sehingga terjadi fenomena orang pedesaan dalam bermasyarakat dan kaya mendadak (OKM). pengaruh pada masing-masing individu. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk Fenomena orang kaya mendadak mengetahui perubahan sosial dalam ini terjadi di Kecamatan Tarokan, gaya hidup dan pola pikir masyarakat di Kabupaten Kediri, Provinsi Jawa Timur, Kecamatan Tarokan akibat pembebasan khususnya di Desa Tarokan dan Desa lahan untuk pembangunan bandara Bulusari. Kecamatan Tarokan Kediri. merupakan salah satu kecamatan yang berada di bagian barat Kabupaten Metode Kediri. Kecamatan ini memiliki luas Penelitian ini menggunakan metode 47,20 km persegi dengan jumlah penelitian kombinasi (mix method). penduduk 51.003 jiwa dan kepadatan Definisi yang kedua, Creswell (dalam penduduknya adalah 1081 jiwa/km Sugiyono, 2015:404) menyatakan persegi (http://kedirikab.go.id). metode kombinasi adalah “is an Masyarakat di Kecamatan approach to inquiry that combines or Tarokan (Desa Bulusari dan Desa associated both qualitative quantitative Tarokan) antusias dengan adanya forms of research. It involves rencana proyek pembangunan bandara philosophical assumption, the use of yang dimulai pada tahun 2016 ini quantitive and qualitative approach, karena tawaran harga tanah yang sangat and the mixing of both approached in a tinggi oleh PT Gudang Garam. Hal ini study”. Penelitian ini dilakukan selama mengakibatkan terjadinya fenomena 11 bulan dimulai pada bulan Januari orang kaya mendadak pada masyarakat 2020 sampai dengan Nopember 2020. di Kecamatan Tarokan. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Desa Fenomena kaya mendadak, pola Bulusari dan Desa Tarokan, Kecamatan pikir dan gaya hidup masyarakat Tarokan, Kabupaten Kediri. Desa ternyata membawa dilema bagi individu Bulusari dan Desa Tarokan dijadikan berkaitan dengan pemanfaatan uang dan sebagai lokasi penelitian dikarenakan kedua desa tersebut paling banyak Discovery Vol. 6 No. 1 Maret 2021 | Halaman 3 mengalami pembebasan lahan di untuk membeli alat-alat transportasi dan Kecamatan Tarokan. Selain itu komunikasi. penelitian ini didukung dengan data Hal ini didukung oleh hasil yang diperoleh dari dua desa lainnya kuesioner terhadap 14 responden yaitu Desa Grogol dan Desa Jatirejo. terdampak pembebasan lahan bandara Pengumpulan data kualitatif untuk Kediri. Berikut adalah diagram penelitian ini dilakukan dengan teknik penggunaan uang hasil pembebasan wawancara mendalam (in depth lahan bandara Kediri oleh masyarakat interview), pengamatan (observation), terdampak untuk membeli alat-alat dan FGD (Focus Group Discussion). transportasi dan komunikasi modern. Hasil dan Pembahasan Perubahan Sosial dalam Gaya Hidup 100% 90% Masyarakat 80% Perubahan sosial dalam gaya 70% 57% 60% hidup terlihat pada mayoritas 50% 50% 43% masyarakat terdampak. Hal ini 40% disimpulkan dari hasil wawancara, FGD 30% (Focus Group Discussion), observasi, 20% 10% dan kuesioner. Gaya hidup pada 0% penelitian ini dilihat dari pengeloaan Ponsel Genggam Motor Mobil keuangan masyarakat terdampak. Persentase Menurut Safir Senduk, Diagram 1: Pembelanjaan uang hasil pengelolaan uang adalah teknik pembebasan lahan bandara Kediri untuk alat transportasi dan komunikasi oleh responden mengimbangi gaya hidup konsumtif terdampak (%). dengan gaya hidup produktif seperti investasi, menabung, ataupun bisnis Berdasarkan diagram tersebut, (https://www.pengertianmenurutparaahl 50% responden menggunakan uang i.net). Gaya hidup pada setiap hasil pembebasan lahan bandara Kediri masyarakat terdampak berbeda-beda. untuk membeli ponsel baru. Banyak Berikut penjelasannya: masyarakat membelanjakan uang hasil pembebasan lahan bandara Kediri untuk Gaya Hidup Modern membeli ponsel genggam baru karena Gaya hidup modern adalah suatu mereka tidak lagi bimbang untuk cara hidup seorang individu dalam memutuskannya. Mereka tidak lagi menggunakan uangnya dan bimbang karena mereka sudah memiliki menghabiskan waktunya untuk anggaran keuangan yang lebih banyak. memanfaatkan teknologi dalam Selain ponsel genggam, banyak kesehariannya (Kresdianto, 2014). masyarakat terdampak yang Teknologi dapat mempermudah menggunakan uang hasil pembebasan keperluan atau aktivitas manusia dalam lahan bandara Kediri untuk membeli melakukan suatu kegiatan. alat transportasi bermotor yang Gaya hidup modern sudah merupakan salah satu alat teknologi banyak diterapkan oleh masyarakat modern. terdampak pembebasan lahan bandara Kediri. Sudah banyak masyarakat terdampak yang menggunakan uang hasil pembebasan lahan bandara Kediri Discovery Vol. 6 No. 1 Maret 2021 | Halaman 4 lingkungan yang bersih, hijau, tidak 100% tercemar, dan bebas asap polusi 80% 57% berlebih. 60% 50% 43% Terjadinya pembebasan lahan 40% bandara kediri membuat masyarakat 20% terdampak dapat menerapkan gaya 0% hidup sehat. Hal ini karena masyarakat Ponsel Genggam Motor Mobil memiliki anggaran keuangan yang Persentase relatif lebih lebih banyak sehingga mereka dapat lebih sering mengonsumsi lauk pauk ikan. Diagram 2: Pembelanjaan uang hasil pembebasan lahan bandara Kediri untuk alat Unsur lingkungan sehat, wilayah transportasi dan komunikasi oleh responden terdampak
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