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Francesco Borrini (University of Minho Portugal) Centro Militare di Studi Strategici - Roma La componente spaziale nella difesa Francesco Borrini (University of Minho Portugal) Rubbettino Copyright © by CeMiSS Centro Militare di Studi Strategici Piazza della Rovere, 83 - 00165 Roma (RM) e-mail: [email protected] © 2006 - Rubbettino Editore 88049 Soveria Mannelli - Viale Rosario Rubbettino, 10 -Tel. (0968) 662034 www.rubbettino.it Sommario Lista degli acronimi 9 1. Sommario 13 2. Executive Summary 17 3. Cenni di diritto internazionale 21 4. Satelliti e sistemi di lancio 25 4.1.Telecomunicazioni 25 4.1.1. Problematiche generali 25 4.1.2. Le origini del SICRAL 27 4.1.3. Le scelte gestionali ed operative 32 4.1.4. Il Sistema SICRAL oggi 34 4.1.5. Il futuro delle comunicazioni militari 37 Allegato 1: Il Sistema SICRAL 43 Il satellite 43 Informazioni generali 43 La carrozza 44 Il Payload 46 Le reti instaurabili dal sistema SICRAL 48 Rete SHF/EHF FDMA PAMA 48 Rete SHF/EHF CDMA PAMA 49 Rete SHF/EHF SCPC DAMA 49 Rete a stella SHF/EHF - UHF TDMA DAMA 50 Rete a maglia UHF - UHF TDMA DAMA 50 Rete UHF - UHF non TDMA 50 Broadcasting aeronavale EHF - UHF 51 Capacità di traffico 51 5 4.2.Osservazione 52 4.2.1. Cenni storici 52 4.2.2. Le attività in Europa 56 4.2.3. Il Programma COSMO-SkyMed 59 4.2.4. Prospettive future 63 Allegato 1: Caratteristiche generali dei sensori SAR 66 Allegato 2: Il Sistema COSMO-SkyMed 68 Configurazione della costellazione 68 Orbita 68 Carrozza 70 Payload 71 Modi operativi 71 Allegato 3: Il Sistema Pleiades 73 Dati sui satelliti Pleiades 73 Dati orbitali 73 Carrozza 73 Payload 73 Modalità operative 74 4.3.Altri tipi di satelliti militari 74 4.3.1. Early Warning e SDI 74 4.3.2. ASAT 78 4.3.3. ELINT e SIGINT 80 4.3.4. Navigazione, localizzazione e soccorso 81 4.4.Sistemi di lancio 89 4.4.1. Problematiche del lancio dei satelliti 89 4.4.2. Lanciatori commerciali 94 4.4.3. Il problema dei costi di lancio 98 Propellenti solidi 98 Cannoni 99 Il sistema STS 101 Altre soluzioni 104 4.4.4. La scelta del poligono 107 4.4.5. Le capacità di lancio italiane 110 4.4.6. Possibili sistemi di lancio militari italiani 113 Allegato 1: Le orbite e le manovre orbitali 116 Considerazioni generali 116 Le leggi di Keplero 117 Prima legge di Keplero 117 Seconda legge di Keplero 118 6 Terza legge di Keplero 119 Gli elementi orbitali 119 Perturbazioni orbitali 121 Non sfericità della terra 121 Effetti degli altri corpi celesti 123 Effetto dell’atmosfera 124 Manovre orbitali 125 Manovre nel piano 126 Manovre fuori dal piano 127 Allegato 2: Sistemi di lancio disponibili sul mercato 128 Allegato 3: Il lanciatore italiano Vega 145 L’organizzazione 145 Il lanciatore 146 Prestazioni 149 5. L’uomo nello spazio 151 5.1.Astronavi militari 151 5.1.1. Gli studi effettuati 151 5.1.2. Possibili compiti di un’astronave militare 156 5.1.3. Possibili scelte per la Difesa 159 Allegato 1: Il programma italiano USV 164 5.2.Stazioni spaziali militari 165 5.2.1. I precedenti 165 5.2.2. Interesse delle stazioni spaziali militari 171 5.3.Il volo non orbitale 174 5.3.1. Premessa 174 5.3.2. Il volo suborbitale 176 5.3.3. Il volo ipospaziale 183 Bibliografia 189 7 Lista degli acronimi AAM AVUM Avionics Module APM AVUM Propulsion Module ASI Agenzia Spaziale Italiana AVUM Attitude and Vernier Upper Module BFN Beam Forming Network CCF Central Control Facility CCR Centro Controllo Reti (di telecomunicazione) CCS Centro Controllo Satellite CDMA Code Division Multiple Access CGC SICRAL Centro Gestione e Controllo SICRAL CIRA Centro Italiano Ricerche Aerospaziali COSMO-SkyMed COnstellation of Small Satellites for the Mediterranean ba- sin Observation DAMA on Demand Assigned Multiple Access DRS Data Relay Satellite DTFT Dropped Transonic Flight Test EELV Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle EGNOS European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service EHF Extra High Frequency ESA European Space Agency ET External Tank EVA Extra Vehicular Activity FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access FFAA Forze Armate FTB Flying Test Bed GAS Gateway Special GBS Global Broadcasting System GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System GPS Global Positioning System 9 GSO Geo Synchronous Orbit GTO Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit HEO High Earth Orbit HF High Frequency (onde corte) IR Infra Red IRES Infra Red Earth Sensor ISS International Space Station IUS Inertial Upper Stage KH Keyhole LEO Low Earth Orbit LH2 Idrogeno liquido LNA Low Noise Amplifier LOX Ossigeno liquido MEO Medium Earth Orbit MMH Monometilidrazina NLS Navigation Land Earth Station NTO Tetrossido d’azoto N2 O4 ORFEO Optical and Radar Federation for Earth Observation ORT Orbital Re-entry Test PAM Payload Assist Module PAMA Permanently Assigned Multiple Access PISQ Poligono Interforze di Salto di Quirra R&S Ricerca e Sviluppo RCS Reaction Control System RIMS Ranging Integrity Monitory Stations RNI Rete Numerica Interforze della Difesa RX Ricezione, ricevente SAR Synthetic Aperture Radar SBS Satellite Broadcasting System SCPC Single Channel Per Carrier SHF Super High Frequency SICRAL Sistema Italiano Comunicazioni Riservate e ALlarmi; per le unità di volo, Satellite Italiano Comunicazioni Riserva- te e ALlarmi SICS Satellite Integrated Control System SRB Solid Rocket Booster SRT Sub-orbital Re-entry Test SSME Space Shuttle Main Engine SSO Sun Synchronous Orbit 10 SSPA Solid State Power Amplifier SSTO Single Stage To Orbit STS Space Transport System STS Space Transportation System TDMA Time Division Multiple Access TT&C Tracking, Telemetry and Control TWTA Travelling Wave Tube Amplifier TX Trasmissione, Trasmittente UAV Unmanned Aerial Vehicle UCAV Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle UDMH Dimetilidrazina asimmetrica UHF Ultra High Frequency USV Unmanned Space Vehicle VHF Very High Frequency 11 1. Sommario A meno di 50 anni dal lancio del primo Sputnik, evento che segnò l’inizio dell’Era Spaziale, la situazione è profondamente diversa da quella che a quei tempi si era immaginata. L’uomo ha messo piede sulla Luna, ma poi l’ha ab- bandonata, e i viaggi per Marte sono ancora un sogno; per contro, l’umanità si è saldamente installata nell’orbita terrestre, e i satelliti artificiali, da quelli meteorologici a quelli per trasmissioni televisive, si sono prepotentemente im- posti nella nostra vita quotidiana. Lo spazio è entrato di forza nella vita quo- tidiana; a volte ciò ci appare palese, come quando vediamo l’indicazione di un antifurto satellitare su di un furgone, talvolta è più occulto, come quando prendiamo una nuova medicina senza sapere che è il frutto anche di ricerche condotte su una stazione spaziale; ma, salvo qualche raro individuo, miliarda- rio e in ottima salute, l’uomo della strada rimane a terra. Sono i costi di lancio la causa di questa situazione: quando mettere in orbita un oggetto costa circa 20.000 $ per ogni kg lanciato, è chiaro che troppo lontano non si può andare. Agli inizi del XXI secolo, però, la situazione sta cambiando. L’Ansari X- prize, una gara per la realizzazione della prima astronave passeggeri comple- tamente privata, è stata vinta nel 2004 dal sistema Tier One e anche altri con- correnti, pur non essendosi aggiudicato il premio di 10 milioni di dollari, so- no intenzionati di contendere al vincitore un mercato che sta per aprirsi: quel- lo del turismo spaziale. Nessuna di queste “astronavi da turismo” ha la capa- cità di iniettare in orbita un satellite; ma sono un primo passo per consentire l’accesso allo spazio a basso costo, presentano un ricco ventaglio di nuove so- luzioni tecnologiche espressamente mirate all’economia, e potrebbero tra qualche anno evolversi in quella che fino ad oggi è apparsa una chimera: un trasporto orbitale capace di abbassare di ordini di grandezza i prezzi attuali. Il raggiungimento di questo obiettivo è la chiave per aprire, una volta per tut- te, la porta dello spazio. I militari sono, fin dagli inizi dell’era spaziale, tra i principali utenti dei si- stemi spaziali. Mentre astronavi e stazioni spaziali militari si sono fino ad ora 13 limitati, al massimo, a qualche esperimento, i satelliti militari hanno avuto grandissima diffusione; a partire dalla Guerra del Golfo, che ha visto l’impie- go di tutti i sistemi satellitari militari posseduti dagli Stati Uniti, non è oggi pensabile un’operazione militare che non veda anche l’impiego di sistemi spa- ziali. Anche in Italia la Difesa ha oggi a disposizione alcuni sistemi satellitari: per le telecomunicazioni (sistema SICRAL), per l’osservazione (Helios oggi, Cosmo-Skymed tra breve) e per la navigazione (GPS oggi, GPS e Galileo do- mani). L’approccio seguito dalla Difesa italiana per questi sistemi è fortemen- te differenziato: proprietà e controllo totale per le comunicazioni (SICRAL è un sistema tutto italiano, utilizzato solo dalla Difesa e gestito e controllato esclusivamente da militari); collaborazione con altri per l’osservazione (Helios è un sistema multinazionale, Cosmo-Skymed è un sistema nazionale ma aper- to all’impiego da altri paesi e a utilizzo sia civile che militare) e mantenendo in ambito militare solo gli elementi per la ricezione e l’elaborazione dell’infor- mazione; per la navigazione ci si è invece limitati all’impiego di un sistema già disponibile ed aperto a tutti gli utenti in tutto il mondo. Questi diversi approcci sono dovuti alla specificità e alle caratteristiche tecniche dei vari sistemi, nonché all’esigenza di contenere i costi di realizza- zione e operativi in termini accettabili. Realizzare e gestire un satellite geosta- zionario per telecomunicazioni non è eccessivamente difficile ed oneroso, e comporta il vantaggio operativo di consentire una stretta interazione tra con- trollori di satellite, controllori di rete e del carico utile ed utenza; gestire sa- telliti in orbita bassa è più complesso, richiede più stazioni (e quindi più per- sonale) e mantenere tutto in ambito militare non sarebbe probabilmente van- taggioso da un punto di vista costo/efficacia, almeno per il momento; la rea- lizzazione e la gestione di una costellazione di satelliti di navigazione sarebbe certamente al di là delle possibilità economiche delle nostre forze armate.
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