Europe–Japan Strategic Partnership: the Space Dimension Report 40 April 2012 Jana Robinson Short title: ESPI Report 40 ISSN: 2076-6688 Published in April 2012 Price: €11 Editor and publisher: European Space Policy Institute, ESPI Schwarzenbergplatz 6 • 1030 Vienna • Austria http://www.espi.or.at Tel. +43 1 7181118-0; Fax -99 Rights reserved – No part of this report may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or for any purpose with- out permission from ESPI. Citations and extracts to be published by other means are subject to mentioning “Source: ESPI Report 40; April 2012. All rights reserved” and sample transmission to ESPI before publishing. ESPI is not responsible for any losses, injury or damage caused to any person or property (including under contract, by negligence, product liability or otherwise) whether they may be direct or indirect, special, inciden- tal or consequential, resulting from the information contained in this publication. Design: Panthera.cc ESPI Report 40 2 April 2012 Europe–Japan Strategic Partnership: the Space Dimension Table of Contents Executive Summary 4 1. Introduction 10 2. Space in Europe and Japan: Key Institutions, Policies, and Budgets 12 2.1 General Structure of Institutions Involved in Space 12 Europe 12 Japan 12 2.2 Space Policies: Latest Developments 13 Europe’s Space Policy 13 Japan’s Space Policy 15 2.3 Space Budgets 17 Global Overview 17 Europe’s Space Budgets 18 Japan’s Space Budget 20 3. Europe–Japan Space Cooperation in Select Areas 22 3.1 Access to Space and Space Exploration 22 3.1.1 Launchers 22 Status of Europe’s Launchers 24 Status of Japan’s Launchers 26 Europe–Japan Space Transportation Cooperation 30 3.1.2 Space Exploration 31 Europe’s Space Exploration Activities 33 Japan’s Space Exploration Activities 36 Cooperation in Space Exploration 37 3.2 Earth Observation and Related Applications 39 3.2.1 Europe’s Key Earth Observation-Related Activities 40 3.2.2 Japan’s Earth Observation-Related Activities 46 3.2.3 Europe–Japan Cooperation in the Field of Earth Observation 49 3.3 Industry-To-Industry Cooperation 51 3.3.1 Europe’s Space Industry 52 3.3.2 Japan’s Space Industry 54 3.3.3 Europe–Japan Space Industry Cooperation 58 3.4 Space Security 61 3.4.1 Europe’s Objectives for Space Security 62 3.4.2 Japan’s Objectives for Space Security 66 3.4.3 Europe–Japan Space Security Cooperation 69 4. Conclusion 71 List of Acronyms 72 Annex 76 A.1 Project Methodology 76 A.2 Agenda of the Europe–Japan Space Workshop Organised by ESPI 78 Acknowledgements 79 About the Author 79 ESPI Report 40 3 April 2012 Executive Summary This report entitled “Europe-Japan Strategic sive manner. This Summit occurred a decade Partnership: the Space Dimension” seeks to after adopting a ten-year “Joint Action Plan introduce how cooperation could be strength- for EU-Japan Cooperation” in 2001. ened in four prospective areas of space- In June 2011, the EU and Japan held their related activities which could, in turn, con- first Joint Committee on EU–Japan Scientific tribute to the Europe-Japan strategic partner- and Technological (S&T) Cooperation stem- ship more broadly. The four areas examined ming from the new bilateral S&T Cooperation include: exploration and access to space; Agreement of March 2011. With the goal of Earth observation and related applications; intensifying gradually S&T cooperation, the industry-to-industry cooperation; and space Committee addressed two issues at the first security. The report argues that inserting key meeting: low carbon societies/technologies space issue areas into existing EU - Japan and critical raw materials. Space technologies venues for bilateral consultations and deci- can contribute significantly to both of these sion-making has the potential to bolster the areas. overarching objective of deepening further political, economic, commercial, societal and With regard to European space policy, ESA cultural relations. Space can also serve as a and its predecessors have engaged for over powerful enabler of certain priority foreign four decades in space programmes for sci- policy objectives of both the EU and Japan. ence, Earth observation, telecommunications, navigation, human spaceflight and explora- The report first provides an overview of the tion, and launchers. ESA–EU cooperation is key space-related institutions and players of based on a 2004 Framework Agreement both sides, recent developments in their re- which coordinates the activities of ESA and spective space policies, and budgetary con- the European Commission through a Joint siderations as a lead-in to exploring ex- Secretariat. With the entry into force of the panded cooperation in space. Lisbon Treaty in December 2009, the EU was The EU and Japan represent the world’s larg- granted, for the first time, an explicit compe- est and fourth largest economies and account tence in the space domain. Its Article 189 for 33% and 11% of world GDP, and 17% formalised the status of space activities and and 6% of world trade, respectively (as at stated that appropriate relations should be February 2011). Both Europe and Japan established with ESA. In short, Europe is now share the basic principles of democracy, free positioned to pursue and invigorate current market economies, multilateralism and sev- space efforts for the benefit of mankind and eral other characteristics that serve as the Europe’s overall global standing. With regard back-bone of this long-standing partnership. to Europe’s position as a space-faring power, the European Space Policy of 2007 empha- The formal bilateral relationship between the sises the direct connection between space- EU and Japan dates back to 1991 when both related capabilities and the EU’s ability to partners signed the “Joint Declaration be- exercise influence regionally and globally. tween Japan and the European Community and its Member States”. The Declaration in- For its part, Japan enacted a “Basic Law on stituted a consultation framework for annual Space” in May 2008. The law seeks to regu- meetings between the EU and Japan. At the late all space activities, public and private, 2010 EU-Japan Summit, a High-Level Group and establishes the strategic direction for was established to examine jointly ways to Japan’s space programme. After the enact- strengthen and integrate the EU-Japan eco- ment of the Basic Space Law, the Strategic nomic relationship. In May 2011, the 20th EU- Headquarters for Space Policy was estab- Japan Summit took place in Brussels with the lished at the Cabinet level, with the Prime goal of deepening further mutual political and Minister as Chairman, with a view toward economic relations. During the meeting, the consolidating Japan’s space activities. In June summit leaders agreed to launch negotiations 2009, the Strategic Headquarters released on a Free Trade Agreement (FTA)/Economic the Basic Plan for Space Policy with an over- Partnership Agreement (EPA) as well as a arching goal of implementing a comprehen- binding agreement that would address politi- sive strategy for space. The Basic Plan repre- cal and sectoral cooperation in a comprehen- sents a shift from research to civilian and ESPI Report 40 4 April 2012 Europe–Japan Strategic Partnership: the Space Dimension military applications and serves as Japan’s ture of space exploration. Many experts as- fundamental space policy document for im- sert that international cooperation in space plementation of the recent law. It also pro- exploration is essential and that Europe and vides a comprehensive roadmap for pursuing Japan have a number of opportunities to en- space activities. gage in closer dialogue concerning future joint endeavours. BepiColombo or Astro H are Concerning space budgets, the EU’s 2010 concrete expressions of this kind of coopera- budget for space-related programmes was tion. Space exploration will also always have €1.33 billion ($1.63 billion). The EU budgeted a strong human dimension. In the near term, for space research some €212.85 million ESA and JAXA might explore new angles of ($261.63) in 2010 to support the develop- bilateral cooperation with respect to ISS op- ment of European space applications, includ- eration and utilisation within the overall ing the Global Monitoring for Environment framework of the multilateral project. and Security (GMES). Security-related re- search was allocated €215.05 million Europe and Japan also share many key policy ($264.33 million) for the development of priorities that involve use of Earth observa- space-related technology and knowledge to tion satellites and derived information. These advance security-oriented activities (e.g. include space for societal and economic bene- disaster management, anti-terrorist opera- fits, environmental protection and climate tions, etc.). For satellite navigation, the EU’s change monitoring, and security (including budget earmarked €896.04 million ($1.1 disaster management). Accordingly, enhanc- billion) for deployment of the Galileo pro- ing Earth observation capabilities are a prior- gramme. ESA’s 2010 budget was €3.74 bil- ity for both Europe and Japan. Societal and lion ($4.6 billion), it being noted that France, economic benefits, as well as security, includ- Germany, Italy and other European space ing through international cooperation, will be agencies also conduct very significant space derived from Europe’s GMES and Japan’s activities with separate funding. By way of Sentinel Asia Project. Active engagement of comparison, Japan’s national budget alloca- both Europe and Japan in Earth observation- tion for space was $3.83 billion (¥339 billion, related undertakings is based on solid na- €3 billion) in FY 2010. Of this amount, JAXA tional foundations and accomplishments. received $2.03 billion (¥180 billion, €1.6 bil- Europe and Japan have also embarked on a lion).1 joint EO project. EarthCARE, which is the largest and most complex of ESA’s Earth With regard to access to space, there have Explorer missions, is being developed as a been a number of comparable launcher pro- joint venture between ESA and JAXA.