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SPACE SECURITY INDEX 2013 www.spacesecurity.org 10th Edition SPACE SECURITY INDEX 2013 SPACESECURITY.ORG iii Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publications Data Space Security Index 2013 ISBN: 978-1-927802-05-2 FOR PDF version use this © 2013 SPACESECURITY.ORG ISBN: 978-1-927802-05-2 Edited by Cesar Jaramillo Design and layout by Creative Services, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Cover image: Soyuz TMA-07M Spacecraft ISS034-E-010181 (21 Dec. 2012) As the International Space Station and Soyuz TMA-07M spacecraft were making their relative approaches on Dec. 21, one of the Expedition 34 crew members on the orbital outpost captured this photo of the Soyuz. Credit: NASA. Printed in Canada Printer: Pandora Print Shop, Kitchener, Ontario First published October 2013 Please direct enquiries to: Cesar Jaramillo Project Ploughshares 57 Erb Street West Waterloo, Ontario N2L 6C2 Canada Telephone: 519-888-6541, ext. 7708 Fax: 519-888-0018 Email: [email protected] Governance Group Julie Crôteau Foreign Aairs and International Trade Canada Peter Hays Eisenhower Center for Space and Defense Studies Ram Jakhu Institute of Air and Space Law, McGill University Ajey Lele Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses Paul Meyer The Simons Foundation John Siebert Project Ploughshares Ray Williamson Secure World Foundation Advisory Board Richard DalBello Intelsat General Corporation Theresa Hitchens United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research John Logsdon The George Washington University Lucy Stojak HEC Montréal Project Manager Cesar Jaramillo Project Ploughshares Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE PAGE 1 Acronyms and Abbreviations PAGE 5 Introduction PAGE 9 Acknowledgements PAGE 10 Executive Summary PAGE 23 Theme 1: Condition of the space environment: This theme examines the security and sustainability of the space environment, with an emphasis on space debris; the potential threats posed by near-Earth objects; the allocation of scarce space resources; and the ability to detect, track, identify, and catalog objects in outer space. Indicator 1.1: Orbital debris Indicator 1.2: Radio frequency (RF) spectrum and orbital positions Indicator 1.3: Near-Earth Objects Indicator 1.4: Space weather Indicator 1.5: Space Situational Awareness PAGE 41 Theme 2: Access to and use of space by various actors: This theme examines the way in which space activity is conducted by a range of actors—governmental and nongovernmental—from the civil, commercial, and military sectors. It includes civil organizations engaged in the exploration of space or scientific research related to space, as well as builders and users of space hardware and space systems that aim to advance terrestrial-based military operations. Indicator 2.1: Space-based global utilities Indicator 2.2: Priorities and funding levels in civil space programs Indicator 2.3: International cooperation in space activities Indicator 2.4: Growth in commercial space industry Indicator 2.5: Public-private collaboration on space activities Indicator 2.6: Space-based military systems Space Security Index 2013 PAGE 76 Theme 3: Security of space systems: This theme examines the research, development, testing, and deployment of capabilities that could be used to interfere with space systems and to protect them from potential negation efforts. Indicator 3.1: Vulnerability of satellite communications, broadcast links, and ground stations Indicator 3.2: Protection of satellites against direct attacks Indicator 3.3: Capacity to rebuild space systems and integrate smaller satellites into space operations Indicator 3.4: Earth-based capabilities to attack satellites Indicator 3.5: Space-based negation-enabling capabilities PAGE 89 Theme 4: Outer space policies and governance: This theme examines national and international laws and regulations relevant to space security, in addition to the multilateral processes and institutions under which space security discussions take place. Indicator 4.1: National space policies and laws Indicator 4.2: Multilateral forums for space governance Indicator 4.3: Other initiatives PAGE 103 A Global Assessment of Space Security C. Jolly PAGE 111 Annex 1: Space Security Working Group Expert Participation PAGE 113 Annex 2: Types of Earth Orbits PAGE 114 Annex 3: Revised Draft International Code of Conduct for Outer Space Activities PAGE 120 Annex 4: Spacecraft Launched in 2012 PAGE 124 Endnotes Acronyms and Abbreviations ADR Active Debris Removal ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIAT AEHF Advanced Extremely High Frequency system (U.S.) AEOS Advanced Electro-Optical System ALASA Airborne Launch Assist Space Access (U.S.) ALTB Airborne Laser Test Bed ASAT Anti-Satellite Weapon ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASI Agenzia Spaziale Italiana ATV Automated Transfer Vehicle CALT China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology CAST China Academy of Space Technology CCL Commerce Control List (U.S.) CCP Commercial Crew Program CD Conference on Disarmament CFE Commercial and Foreign Entities CNES Centre national d’études spatiales (France) CNSA China National Space Administration COMSAT Communications Satellite Corporation COPUOS Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UN) COTS Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (U.S.) CRS Commercial Resupply Service CSA Canadian Space Agency CSpO Combined Space Operations DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (U.S.) DLR German Aerospace Center DoD Department of Defense (U.S.) EDDE ElectroDynamic Debris Eliminator EELV Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (U.S.) EKV Exoatmospheric Kill Vehicle EMP Electromagnetic pulse (or HEMP for High Altitude EMP) EO Earth Observation ESA European Space Agency I ESOC European Space Operations Centre ONS ESTEC European Space Research and Technology Centre EU European Union EUMETSAT European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites FAA Federal Aviation Administration (U.S.) FCC Federal Communications Commission (U.S.) FMCT Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty FSS Fixed Service Satellite GEO Geostationary Earth Orbit GEOSS Global Earth Observation System of Systems GGE Group of Governmental Experts (UN) 1 Space Security Index 2013 GLONASS Global Navigation Satellite System (Russia) GMES Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (Europe) GPS Global Positioning System (U.S.) GRAIL Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory GTO Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit HAND High Altitude Nuclear Detonation HELLADS High Energy Liquid Laser Area Defense System HEO Highly Elliptical Orbit HF High frequency HIGPS High-integrity GPS HTV Hypersonic Test Vehicle IADC Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee ICBM Intercontinental Ballistic Missile Inmarsat International Maritime Satellite Organisation Intelsat International Telecommunications Satellite Organization IRNSS Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System ISON International Scientific Optical Network ISRO Indian Space Research Organisation ISS International Space Station ITAR International Traffic in Arms Regulations (U.S.) ITU International Telecommunication Union JAXA Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency JEM Japanese Experimental Module JHPSSL Joint High-Power Solid-State Laser (U.S.) JSpOC Joint Space Operations Center (U.S.) J-SSOD JEM Small Satellite Orbital Deployer LEO Low Earth Orbit LTSSA Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities MARS Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport MEO Medium Earth Orbit MiDSTEP Microsatellite Demonstration Science and Technology Experiment Program (U.S.) MIRACL Mid-Infrared Advanced Chemical Laser (U.S.) MiTEx Micro-satellite Technology Experiment (U.S.) NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration (U.S.) NDAA National Defense Authorization Act (U.S.) NEA Near Earth Asteroid NEC Near Earth Comet NEO Near-Earth Object NEOWISE NEO Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer NFIRE Near-Field Infrared Experiment (U.S.) NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (U.S.) NPO Science and Production Association (Russia) NRL Naval Research Laboratory (U.S.) NROL National Reconnaissance Office Launch (U.S.) NSAU National Space Agency of Ukraine 2 Acronyms and Abbreviations NTIA National Telecommunications and Information Administration (U.S.) ODWG Orbital Debris Working Group (U.S.) OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OOS On-orbit satellite servicing ORF Observer Research Foundation (India) ORS Operationally Responsive Space (U.S.) OST Outer Space Treaty PAROS Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space PHA Potentially Hazardous Asteroid PHO Potentially Hazardous Object PMD Post-mission disposal PPWT Treaty on the Prevention of the Placement of Weapons in Outer Space, and of the Threat or Use of Force against Outer Space Objects QZSS Quazi-Zenith Satellite System (Japan) RAM Robotic Refueling Mission RBSP Radiation belt storm probe RF Radio Frequency RFI Radio Frequency Interference Roscosmos Russian Federal Space Agency RPO Rendezvous and proximity SANSA South African National Space Agency SDA Space Data Association SIA Satellite Industry Association SLV Small Launch Vehicle SSA Space Situational Awareness SSN Space Surveillance Network (U.S.) SST Space surveillance and tracking (ESA) SWORDS Soldier-Warfighter Operationally Responsive Deployer for Space (U.S.) SWPC Space Weather Prediction Center UARS Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite UNGA United Nations General Assembly UNIDIR United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research UNODA United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs UNOOSA United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs UN-SPIDER United Nations Platform
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