Christian Democracy and the Origins of European Union Wolfram Kaiser Index More Information

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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88310-8 - Christian Democracy and the Origins of European Union Wolfram Kaiser Index More information

Index

Abendland 42 Aguirre, Jose´ Antonio de 149 Abendroth, Friedrich 312 Ahlener Programm (Germany) 176 Action Franc¸aise 26 All-PartyCommittee for Spanish Relief Adenauer, Konrad (Britain) 133 assessment of Bidault 238 Andreotti, Giulio 212 attitudes to Britain 232, 233 Anti-RevolutionaryParty(Netherlands) 262 and border issues 178 anti-trust policy 246 and collective guilt 214 Antonelli, Giacomo 21 control over foreign policy 242 Arnold, Karl 187, 226 and division of Germany 219, 256 Association of Austrian Christian Socialists in and economic integration 117 Britain 124 entrepreneurial leadership 9 Atholl, Katharine 132, 133, 136, 141 Europeanisation of Saar region 268 Auriol, Vincent 272 and failure of EDC 254 Austrian People’s Party 165, 171, 176, 306 fear of the Germans 237, 238 first meeting with Bidault 210 Barroso, Manuel 320 first meeting with Schuman 212 Barzel, Rainer 200 formation of centre-right government Bastianelli, Auguste 108 (1949) 165 Bauernverband (Germany) 289 and Franco-German reconciliation 225, 251 Baur, Hugo 70 on French policyon Germany 238 Bavarian People’s Party 40 German accession to Council of Europe Bech, Joseph 152 (1950) 227 Belloc, Hilaire 131, 132, 133 and German defence contribution 272 Benedict XV 39, 43 and integration in coal and steel 224 Benelux customs union 230, 232 invitation to Geneva Circle 209 Berghuis, W. P. 263 and Mende`s-France government 281 Bertrand, Alfred 323 and Monnet 249 Bevin, Ernest 235 on Mussolini 54 Beyen Plan 295 and NEI membership of Centre Party 200 Beyen, Willem 294 and NEI reform 258 Bichet, Robert and PPI in SIPDIC 100 attitudes to Britain 236 preference for Western integration 218 contacts with Belgian PSC-CVP politicians reaction to first French vote on WEU 279 (1946) 193 and religious beliefs in politics 174 election as NEI secretary-general (1949) 202 and ‘the Rhenisch people’ 215 French section of the European sacked as mayor of Cologne (1933) 119 Movement 184 SIPDIC congress (1932) 107 integration as ‘cultural choice’ 235 Ad hoc Assembly, European Coal and Steel and NEI reform 263 Community 180, 270 participation in Geneva Circle 211 Aenderl, Franz Xaver 157 tour of Belgium, Austria and Italy( 1946) 193

366

Index 367

transnational contacts through Church cartels 231 organisations 182 Carter, Barbara Barclay 139, 140, 157, 191, 197 Bidault, Georges Catholic Association for International Peace and Adenauer 210, 237, 238 (United States) 143 attitudes to Britain 230, 232, 236, 286 Catholicism 13, 33 and communism as ‘new Islam’ 228 Catholic People’s Party(Netherlands) 164, and defence of western Europe 273 296, 306 and economic integration 222 Catholic Social Guild (Britain) 137, 139, 140 as foreign minister 165 Catholic voters formation of Geneva Circle 205 and authoritarian corporatist regimes 55 and German rearmament 272 and nationalist extremist Right 58 and Germany 237 and New Deal policy 130 initial contacts with German Christian and Spanish Civil War 59, 131 democrats 186 support for British Union of Fascists 129 and integration in coal and steel 225 Catholic Workers’ International 65 and Kaiser 242 Cauwelaert, Frans van 126, 152 as leader of French Resistance 120 Cavazzoni, Stefano 72, 75, 76 and MRP strategy 175 Central Intelligence Agency 185 and Munich Agreement 52 Centre De´mocrate 306, 325 and national sovereignty 229 Centre International De´mocrate-Chre´tien opposition to Appeasement policy 112 d’E´tudes et de Documentation 312 reaction to Schuman Plan 226 Centre Party 35, 109, 176, 200 and Vatican support for European CEPESS 312 integration 181 Chadecja (Poland) 58 Bitner, Wacław 86, 103 Champetier de Ribes, Auguste 97, 101, 103, 107, Blankenhorn, Herbert 219, 258, 273, 276 108, 112 Blum, Le´on 272 Charpentier, Rene´ 287 Bo¨ckler, Hans 245 Christian Democratic Appeal (Netherlands) 263, Bo¨lling, Klaus 259 306, 321 Bonacina, Conrad 159 Christian Democratic Group, European Bonn Conventions (1952) 253 Parliament 270, 304 Borne, E´tienne 189 Christian democratic parties after 1944–5 Brands, Gerd 280 anti-communism 249 Brauer, Max 245 attitudes to socialist parties 243 Brauns, Heinrich 26, 92 attitudes to United States 249 Brentano, Heinrich von Catholic vote 306 defence of European Abendland 228 centralised informal decision-making 172 and EPC 179, 284 conservative forms of political representation 172 and integration in coal and steel 225 continental European orientation 189 meeting with Pezet 226 cooperation with Gaullists 261 as member of CD Group 270 and economic integration 290 participation in Geneva Circle 211 effects of social change 307 president of Ad hoc Assembly 284 and EPC 283 report on European economic policy( 1950) 291 and European federalism 228, 230, 282, 284, 323 talks in Paris (1950) 239 European integration as political project 302 British Committee for Civil and Religious Peace and Europeanisation of nation-state 302 in Spain 121 and familypolicy 308 Bru¨ning, Heinrich 93, 96, 106, 110, 122, 162, 218 membership 172 Bu¨nde (Austria) 171 mistrust of centralised nation-state 189 Bundesverband der deutschen Industrie as natural parties of government 179 (Germany) 247, 301 political hegemonyin EEC 304, 311 Buron, Robert 325 and private ownership 308 regional identity 189 Cameron, David 322 and self-exclusion of Britain 230, 231 Carolingian Empire 228 and supranational governance 171

368 Index

Christian democratic parties after 1944–5 (cont.) Costa versus E.N.E.L., ECJ judgement transnational contacts at MRP congress (1946) (1964) 324 193, 241 Coste-Floret, Alfred 120, 222, 261, 318 and WEU ratification 279 Coste-Floret, Paul 120 Christian Democratic Union (Germany) Coty, Rene´ 300 Catholic influence 218 Coudenhove-Kalergi, Richard 65, 66, 182 Catholic vote 173 Coughlin, Charles 130, 135 centralised informal decision-making 172 Crawford, Virginia 139, 151 links with Bauernverband 305 Customs Union StudyGroup ( 1947) 271 opposition 305 Czacki, Wladimir 20 Protestant representation 173 Czech People’s Party 111 regional elections (1946) 164 social market programme 177 Davignon Report (1970) 314 Christian Democratic World Union 312 Dawes Plan (1924) 83 Christian Front (United States) 134, 135 Day, Dorothy 134 Christian-Historical Union (Netherlands) 262 Delfosse, Antoine 124, 126 Christian People’s Party/ Christian Social Party Delors Committee 325 (Belgium) 196, 202, 243, 260, 306 Delors, Jacques 324 Christian personalism 56 De Maasbode 78 Christian Social People’s Party Democrazia Cristiana (Italy) 164 (Czechoslovakia) 53 Deutsch-Franzo¨sische Gesellschaft 69 Christian Social People’s Party(Luxembourg) Deutsch-Franzo¨sisches Institut 182 164, 176 Devant la Crise Mondiale (1942) 149 Christian Socials (Austria) 37, 46, 58, 112 Dien Bien Phu (1954) 257 Christian Social Union (Bavaria) 164 Do¨llinger, Ignaz 16 Christliche Nothilfe 208 Do¨rpinghaus, Bruno 209, 232, 233 Christmas message (1944) 169 Drees, Willem 297 Churchill, Winston 271 Duclos, Jacques 213 Clappier, Bernhard 248 Du¨sseldorfer Leitsa¨tze (Germany) 177 Clay, Lucius 256, 272 Colin, Andre´ 211, 274 Eckhardt, Felix von 253 Combat 155 Ećole Libre des Hautes E´tudes, New York Comite´ d’ećhanges avec l’Allemagne nouvelle 182 127, 144 Commission of Inquiryfor European Union 106 Eden, Anthony 279 Committee for European Cooperation 66, 67 EEC Treaty 304 Committee of Professional Agricultural Ehlers, Hermann 220 Organisations 305 Eliot, T. S. 129 Commonweal 134, 135 EmptyChair Crisis ( 1965–66) 309 Confederation of Socialist Parties of the Entente Internationale des Partis Radicaux et des European Community 317 Partis De´mocratiques Similaire 61 Confederazione Italiana Lavoratori 44 entrepreneurial leadership 9, 250, 320 Congress for Cultural Freedom 185 Erhard, Ludwig 174, 175, 223, 297, 323 Conseil National du Patronat Français 247, 301 Erzberger, Matthias 40 Conservative Party(Britain) 236 Escher, Joseph 191, 198 Conservatori Nazionali (Italy) 54 Esprit group 56 consociational politics 170 Etter, Philipp 209 Constitutional Committee, ECSC Ad hoc European Commission 304, 309 Assembly 270 European Communities Constitutional Treaty( 2004) 322 see European Union Consultative Assembly, Council of Europe European Defence Community 181, 182, 253, 278 179, 271 European Democratic Union 316 Cornilleau, Robert 51 European Federalist Union 183 corrente (Italy) 170, 171 European Free Trade Association 310, 318 Correspondance de Gene`ve 20 European Movement 226 Corriere d’Italia 73 European ParliamentaryUnion 182

Index 369

European People’s Party 9, 306, 315, 320, 321, 322, as PPI leader 54 324, 325 and preparation of transnational partylinks 72 European Political Community 180, 270, 285 in Vatican library 119 European Union Gaulle, Charles de 165, 308 Constitutional Treaty( 2004) 322 Gay, Francisque 85 Maastricht Treaty( 1992) 318 Geißler, Heiner 316 Northern enlargement (1973) 311 Geneva Circle role of individuals in integration 319 and Britain’s role in Europe 232 ‘solemn declaration’, European Council and constitution for EDC 283 (1983) 317 decline 266 system of multilevel governance 2 discussion of French WEU vote 280 European Union of Christian Democrats 314 and economic integration 223 Eyskens, Gaston 107 and Europeanisation of Saar region 268 and German rearmament 272 Fabry, Jean 80 and integration in coal and steel 225 Fanfani, Amintore 293 and Pflimlin Plan 289 Farine, Philippe 182, 261 rationale 205 federalist personalism 56 and Saar Conventions (1950) 239 Federal Union 152 and Schuman Plan 241 Fe´de´ration des Unions Intellectuels 68 Geneva Committee 20, 31 Ferragni, Arnaldo 264, 313 Genoa Conference (1922) 79 Ferrari, Francisco Luigi German-Austrian customs union project and Briand Plan 105 (1931) 110 as editor of Res Publica 122 Germania 74 exile in Belgium 102 German Trade Union Congress 245, 246 proposal for SIPDIC resolution on fascism Gewerkschaftsstreit (Germany) 26 (1929) 101 Goes van Naters, Marinus van der 268 report on Italy( 1931) 101 Gortais, Albert 183, 223 and revision of Versailles Treaty 110 Goseling, C. M. J. F. 91, 97, 103, 111 and SIPDIC peace resolution (1931) 103 Grandi, Achille 72 SIPDIC reform 90 Grautoff, Otto 69 Fianna Faíl 316 Green Pool 287 Fontanet, Joseph 266, 277, 289 Gre´goire, Pierre 265 Ford Foundation 185 Groeben, Hans von der 305 Forza Italia 317 Grosser, Alfred 182 Fouchet Plan (1961) 308 Grumbach, Salomon 244 France Forever 127 Gurian, Waldemar 151 Franco-German Catholic Congresses 68 Franco-German Committee for Documentation Habsburg, Otto von 124, 126 and Information 66, 67 Habsburg, Robert von 124, 126 Franco-Italian customs union 230 Hahn, Karl-Josef 260 François-Poncet, Andre´ 221, 268 Hala, Frantisˇek 145, 146 Frieden, Pierre 216 Haller, Jo´zef 145, 160 Friedensbund Deutscher Katholiken 62 Hallstein, Walter 304, 314, 321 Friends of Italian Freedom (Britain) 140 Hamon, Leó 181, 242 Furler, Hans 323 Hassel, Kai-Uwe von 185, 242 Heath, Edward 316 Gasparri, Pietro 44, 76 Heck, Bruno 264, 312 Gasperi, Alcide de Heinemann, Gustav 227, 275 and article 38 of EDC Treaty 283 Held, Heinrich 40 conversion to core Europe Heyman, Hendrik 65, 86, 102, 103, 107, 108 supranationalism 241 Hinsley, Arthur 132 as DC leader 164 historical institutionalism 318 meeting with Bichet (1946) 193 Hochland 42 opposition to ‘black international’ 193 Hofmann, Johannes 95

370 Index

Holzapfel, Friedrich 241 Keep the Spanish Embargo Committee (United Houben, Robert 272, 292 States) 135 Hunter College, New York 137, 144 Kennedyadministration 310 Hurdes, Felix 120, 193, 196, 202, 204 Ketteler, Wilhelm von 21, 24 Kiesinger, Kurt-Georg 169, 270, 279, 323 International Catholic Union 40 Kindt-Kiefer, Johann Jakob 186, 207, 209 International Christian Democratic Union King Question (Belgium) 164 activities 147 Klaus, Josef 315 Committee of Honour 146 Klompe´, Margaretha 292 and corporatism 149 Ko¨hler, Erich 209 Dutch group 126 Ko¨lnische Volkszeitung 104 and federalism 151 Kohl, Helmut and Federal Union 152 cooperation with Tindemans 321 formation 142, 145 and creation of EPP 316 and individualism 151 and Delors as Commission President 325 information service 147 impression of Schuman 321 and NEI 161, 192 ‘output legitimacy’ of European integration 171 and parliamentarydemocracy 150 Konrad Adenauer Foundation 312 and postwar Germany 156 Koolen, A. E. Th. 290 and postwar world order 153 Korean War 254 International Committee for a European Korfanty, Wojciech 58 Customs Union 68, 107 Koutzine, Victor Internationale Christliche Nothilfe 208 on Adenauer’s foreign policy( 1951) 219 Internationale de´mocratique 61 confidence building 267 International Federation of Christian Trade curriculum vitae 206 Unions 63 on Kaiser 267 International ParliamentaryUnion 31 links with French secret service 207 International Ruhr Authority 224 meeting with Adenauer (1953) 257 International Secretariat of Christian Trade and Saar referendum 267 Unions 25 views of Swiss foreigner police 207 Irujo, Manuel 145, 152 Kraske, Konrad 263 Isacker, Philip van 103, 107, 115 Krone, Heinrich 95 Italian Popular Party 34, 73, 77, 92 Kuenzer, Richard 86 Italian Refugee Relief Committee 102 Kulturkampf 12, 24 Italy Today 139 Kwiatkowski, Michał 101, 103, 146, 157

Jean Monnet Action Committee 296 Labour Party(Britain) 245, 246 Jesuits 14 La Cite´ chre´tienne 42 Jeune Re´publique (France) 37 Lake Constance conferences 70 Joos, Joseph Lamalle, De´sire´e 193, 196 and Centre Partyleadership election Landaburu, Javier 142 (1928) 48 Las Cases, Philippe de 87 and ‘Enabling Law’ (1933) 96 Lateran Treaties 23, 54 and fascism 99 L’Aube 42 and ‘federalist principle’ 93 Lebrun Ke´ris, Georges 195 and nationalism 93 Lecanuet, Jean 306 participation in first SIPDIC congress 86 Lecourt, Robert 236, 280, 324 participation in Internationale De´mocratique 63 Leenhardt, Francis 245 SIPDIC congress 1932 107 Lefe`vre, The´o 260, 275, 276, 280, 313 and SIPDIC publicity 90 Lemke, William 131 Lenz, Otto 184, 270, 277 Kaas, Ludwig 109, 174, 175 Leo XIII 19 Kaisen, Wilhelm 245 Lerolle, Jean 107, 109 Kaiser, Jakob 94, 178, 209, 218, 227, 241 Les Amis de L’Aube 141 Katholikentage (Germany) 19 Lewandowski, Rudolf 193, 214

Index 371

Ligue Europeénne de Coope´ration network governance 2 Ećonomique 183 Non expedit (encyclical) 23, 25 linea Einaudi (Italy) 176 Nouvelles E´quipes Françaises 52 Locarno Treaty( 1925) 84 Nouvelles E´quipes Internationales Lo¨wenstein, Hubertus Friedrich Prinz zu 123 Bonn office 264 Long, Huey 131 British e´quipe 236 L’Ordre Nouveau group 56 and CDU/CSU 218 L’Osservatore Romano 78 congress in Bad Ems (1951) 228 Lu¨cker, Hans-August 212, 305, 321 congress in Bruges (1954) 286, 292 Luxembourg compromise (1966) 323 congress in Lie`ge (1947) 176, 198 congress in Lucerne (1961) Maastricht Treaty( 1992) 318 congress in Luxembourg (1948) 214 Macmillan, Harold 310 congress in Luxembourg (1956) 294 magnet theory 219 congress in Paris (1960) Maier, Reinhold 220 congress in Salzburg (1955) 293 Maison Française 149 congress in The Hague (1948) 229 Mallet, Jacques 264 congress in Tours (1953) 229, 292 Mansholt, Sicco 297, 304 congress in Vienna (1962) 312 Maritain, Jacques 34, 127, 149, 153 cooperation of secretary-generals 264 Martens, Wilfried 282 cross-subsidised byCD Group 270 Masoin, Albert 150 and division of Europe 218 Massigli, Rene´ 248 and economic integration 221, 293 Mataja, Heinrich 85, 114 exiles e´quipes 260 Maurras, Charles 26 founding meeting in Lucerne (1947) 195 Mayrisch, E´mile 67 and German question 215 Meier, Josef 170 and integration in coal and steel 224 Mendiza´bal, Alfredo 121, 142 internal organisation 201 Menthon, Françoisde 105, 120, 183, 227, 270 Manifesto of Bruges (1954) 293 Mermillod, Gaspard 20 membership of Centre Party 200 Meyer, Karl 157 normative-emotional bonds 237 Miltner, Charles 137 and Protestant confessional parties 262 Mindszenty, Jo´zsef 181 reform 258, 263 Moch, Jules 244, 272 subtitle Union of European Christian Modernization Plan (France) 251 Democrats (1948) 201 Moers, Rudolf von 209 and supranationalism 283, 286 Mollet, Guy 244, 300 transformation into EUCD 314 Monnet, Jean 3, 224, 226 Nutting, Willis D. 143 Mont-Pe`lerin Union 182 Moore, Anthony 137 Ollenhauer, Erich 220 Morin, Jean 210, 225 Onaind´ıa, Alberto de 144, 161 Morino, Lina 223 Ott, Barthe´le´my 206, 274 Mosley, Oswald 129 Mounier, Emmanuel 56 Page`s, Louis-Alfred 70 Muckermann, Friedrich 66, 123 Paneuropa Union 66 Mu¨ller, Josef 119, 193, 214, 218, 242 Papal states 16, 23 Mun, Albert de 50 Papen, Franz von 57, 97 Murray, Gilbert 99 Partido Popular (Spain) 322 partycooperation National Conference of Catholic Charities creation of social trust 237 (United States) 130 facilitating entrepreneurial leadership 250 National League of Christian Workers influence on governmental policy-making 247 (Belgium) 48, 75 informalityof networking 9 National Union for Social Justice socialisation of elites 241 (United States) 130 structural conditions for, after 1918 117 natural communities, concept of 165 Patten, Chris 322

372 Index

Paul XI 180 and German rearmament 274 Pax Romana 65, 182 and revision of Versailles Treaty 116 People and Freedom 138 Popular Liberal Action (France) 50 People and Freedom Group (Britain) 133 Popular Republican Party(France) and aerial saturation bombing 158 Catholic vote 173 and anti-Semitism in Germany 142 dissolution (1967) 306 expansion to United States 138 and economic integration 291, 299 formation (1936) 137 EDC vote (1954) 255 and postwar Germany 159 elections (1946) 165 and resignation of AnthonyEden 143 and European integration (1950) 252 role of middle-class women 138 links with Christian trade unions 177 and Spanish Civil War 142 monolithic organisation 242 and territorial disputes 158 and NEI membership 195, 202, 261 People and Liberty(United States) 144 policyon Germany 197 Permanent Conference of EC Parties, and ratification of WEU (1954) 277, 280 EUCD 315 voter preference for European Pernter, Hans 195 integration 300 Petit De´mocrate 61 Pre´lot, Marcel 85, 105 Pezet, Ernest 51, 230, 231 on British European policy 234 Quadragesimo anno (encyclical) 55, 229 initial contacts with German Christian Quanta cura (encyclical) 14 Democrats 186 policyon Germany 206 Rassemblement pour la Re´publique 317 and revision of Versailles Treaty 109, 113 Raymond-Laurent, Jean 51, 85, 90, 103, 107 and SIPDIC as ‘spiritual Commonwealth’ 111 Ready, Michael J. 143 SIPDIC congress 1932 107 Rechtspartei (Luxembourg) 91 and SIPDIC peace resolution (1931) 103 Reichenberger, Emanuel 142 and SIPDIC publicity 90 Rerum novarum (encyclical) 19, 25 and special powers for Pe´tain 97 Reuter, Ernst 245 and supranationalism 229 Reynaud, Paul 253 Pflimlin, Pierre 182, 210, 226, 267, 280, 287, 289, Roman-Catholic State Party(Netherlands) 91 304, 320 Romme, Karl 55 Philip, Andre´ 244 Rosenberg, Martin 170, 194, 202, 204, 211, 264 Piccioni, Attilio 193, 196 Rossi, Giulio de 75 Pierlot, Hubert 160 Rott, Hans 124 pillarisation 170, 171 Ruffo della Scaletta, Rufo 72 Pineau, Christian 243, 251, 300 Rumor, Mariano 314 Pius IX 12, 17, 22 Russo, Domenico 85, 86, 103, 114 Pius X 26 Rutten, Georges 65, 85, 86, 99, 101, 102, 107 Pius XI 45, 54 Ryan, John 137 Pius XII 119, 180, 181 Pleven Plan 254 Saar Conventions (1950) 227 Poher, Alain 181, 182, 270, 313, 320 Saar region, Europeanisation of 269 political capital 237 Salvemini, Gaetano 122 political networks 2 Sangier, Marc 26, 36, 62, 63, 215 Politique 42, 94, 105 Santer, Jacques 315 popolarismo 50 Sassen, Emmanuel 199, 202, 268, 270 Popular Democratic Party(France) Scha¨ffer, Fritz 185, 211, 242 and Action Franc¸aise 51 Scha¨ffer, Hans 249, 251 and Appeasement policy 112 Sche´rer, Marc 206, 274 and Briand Plan 105 Schlichting, L. G. A. 282 and Fe´de´ration Nationale Catholique 51 Schmidt, Godfrey 143 and Fe´de´ration Re´publicaine 51 Schmitz, Richard 110 formation 1924 50 Schro¨der, Gerhard 175 and Franco-Soviet Pact (1935) 112 Schro¨ter, Carl 274, 276

Index 373

Schryver, August-Edmond de Sforza, Carlo 122 attitudes to Britain 234 Shuster, George N. 134, 143 election as NEI president (1949) 202 Sieniewicz, Konrad 194 exile 124, 126 Sillon 26 and federalism 227 Silverberg, Paul 227 and ICDU 160 Simon, Paul 88, 91, 97, 103, 107 meeting with Soyeur (1946) 196 Simondet, Henri 89, 102 and NEI reform 204 Single European Act (1987) 317 and politicising European issue 243 Slovene People’s Party 53, 59 Schuijt, W. J. 263 social Catholicism 30 Schumacher, Kurt 220, 244 socialisation 241, 306, 321 Schuman Plan 224 Socialist International 198 Schuman, Robert social market economy 177 and economic integration 117 social partnership (Austria) 171 entrepreneurial leadership 9 Sonnenschein, Carl 65, 77 first meeting with Adenauer 212 Soyeur, Jules 193, 196, 201 as foreign minister 165 Spaak, Paul-Henri 246, 268, 283 Lorraine as ‘petite patrie’ 190 Spaak Report (1956) 294 official visit to Germany( 1950) 239 Spears, Edward Louis 141 PDP member 97 Spiecker, Carl 124, 162, 176, 200 possible beatification 321 Sˇra´mek, Jan 145, 160 proposal for political authorityfor EDC 283 Steed, HenryWickham 121, 140, 151 and Saar referendum 267 Stegerwald, Adam 25, 47, 64, 94 Schuman Plan 224 Stegerwald, Aloys 208 SIPDIC congress (1932) 107 Stocky, Julius 102, 107, 108, 110 and Vatican support for European Strauß, Franz-Josef 286, 316 integration 181 Sturzo, Luigi 34, 162 on WEU 278 assessment of Franz von Papen 57 Schumann, Maurice 126, 160, 206, 211, 213, 239 and Badoglio government 154 Schwarz-Liebermann, Hans Albrecht 263 and British democracy 150 Second International 29 and British representation in SIPDIC 113 Se´cretariat International des Partis criticism of SIPDIC and anti-Semitic De´mocratiques d’Inspiration Chre´tienne persecutions in Germany 114 and Briand Plan (1929) 104 exile in Britain 121 collective learning process 117 formation of ICDU 144 and corporatism 98 manifesto Devant la Crise Mondiale creation 86 (1942) 149 and dissolution of PPI 100 meeting with Bidault (1946) 193 and economic integration 117 opposition to Austrian SIPDIC participation 113 and European economic cooperation 106 participation in first SIPDIC congress 86 and familypolicy 98 and postwar Germany 159 and fascism 99 preparation of transnational partylinks 72 German boycott of SIPDIC congress (1931) 110 proposal for resolution for liberty( 1928) 100 ideological cohesion 116 and Prussia 156 peace initiative (1938) 112 reform proposal for SIPDIC (1935) 114 peace resolution (1926) 100 SIPDIC and fascism 99 peace resolution (1931) 102 and SIPDIC peace resolution (1931) 103 resolution for European ‘common market’ and territorial disputes 156 (1932) 107 visit to Paris (1925) 85 secularisation 306 subsidiarityprinciple 170, 229, 308 Segers, Paul W. 65, 107 Swiss Conservative People’s Party 50, 165, 204 Seipel, Ignaz 41 Syllabus errorum 14 Seitlinger, Jean 262 Semaines sociales (France) 19 Tariff Truce Conference (1930) 105 Serrarens, P. J. S. 64, 90, 187, 194, 215, 234 Taviani, Paolo Emilio 202, 233, 248, 273, 274

374 Index

Teitgen, Henri 51 Union de Fribourg 21 Teitgen, Pierre-Henri Union De´mocratique Belge 176 attitudes to Britain 236, 286 United Europe Movement 183 background to French WEU vote 280 and constitution for EDC 283 Valle´e Poussin, E´tienne de la 193 and EDC ratification 277 Van Gend en Loos, ECJ judgement and EPC 180, 284 (1963) 324 and federalism 227 Vatican Council (1869–70) 14 in French resistance 120 Vatican Council (1962–5) 312 as member of CD Group 270 Vaussard, Maurice 85 and Saar referendum 267 Veraart, J. A. 97, 145, 146, 148, 156 on Schumacher 256 Villiers, Georges 299 and subsidiarityprinciple 229 Vlaams Nationaal Verbond (Belgium) 58 on WEU 278 Vockel, Heinrich 86, 87, 88, 95 Terrenoire, Louis 149 Volksunie (Belgium) 307 Tessier, Gaston 65 Volksverein (Germany) 19 Teulings, Frans 90, 103 Teusch, Christine 63, 95, 187 Waha-Baillonville, Euge`ne de 145 Thatcher, Margaret 316, 324 Waugh, Evelyn 132 The Tablet 132 Webb, Sidney 122 Theunis, Georges 126, 149 Weber, Helene 86, 95, 109, 187 Tindemans, Leo Werner Report (1970) 314 cooperation with Kohl 321 Wessel, Helene 95 election as EUCD secretary-general 313 Westdeutsche Arbeiter-Zeitung 92 federalist partyprogramme 260 Westenterp, Tjerk 315 participation in NEI congress (1948) 212 Western European Union 277 Tindemans Report (1976) 323 Wick, Karl 215 Tindemans Report (1976) 323 Wirth, Joseph 57, 96, 162, 200, 207 Toscanini, Arturo 122 Wirth, Robert 197 Tovini, Livio 72, 75 Wo´ycicki, Aleksander 86, 87, 88 Treaties of Rome (1957) 296 Tre´mintin, Pierre 97, 107 Young Plan (1929) 104 Truman administration 241 Tschoffen, Paul 156 Zeeland, Paul van 126, 149, 183, 193 Zijlstra, Jelle 286, 293 Ulitzka, Karl 69 Zentrumsstreit (Germany) 48 Ullo, AntonyP. 144 Zernatto, Guido 124 ultramontanism 14 Zirnheld, Jules 64