In Nati\"e American cultures. fire was a tool used to create conditions benefit farming and hunting. In the distant past, people of the Mississip­ pian culture settled the rich fertile bottom lands in Missouri/ l'beae per­ man.... populations maybilww1ioed ~_ to dearlood'lil ...h _ .. ~ vill _and to P'e~on of cultivated ~ero ~ '8.Dd many other natural foods flourish on sites where fires have bwned Wildfires of direct human causes also may have resulted from wars, accidents. But for hundreds, if the most important reason for gl'

Schoolcraft, who traveled through the Durles in 18]9, described a landscape of prairies, oak savannahs and oak­ pine forests shaped by fire. How can we know, other than through accounts of early explorers in the area, what the long-term relationship of man and fire has 1x>en? The story of humans and their use of the land can be deciphered by studying burn scars on liv­ ing tre€S or old stumps and snags. When a low to moderately intense surface fire burns a tree. a portion of the living tissue under the bark, known as the cambium, may be killed by the heaL This injury results in a scar on the growth ring of that year. Scientists can date fire scars to an exact calendar year by using a dendrochronologi­ cal method called tree-ri ng dating. Tree-ring dating identifies unique patterns of wide and narrow rings of growth in the wood created by variations in climate and growing conditions. The tree rings in wood and stumps of unknown age can be compared to known tree­ ring patterns and. thus, any fire scar can be attributed to a specific year. Some shortleafpine stumps in the Missouri Ozarks have been preserved for centuries by resins-compounds pro­ duced by injured trees that protect wounds and prevent wood decay. The scars on these old stumps provide a record of wildland fi re that dates as far back as the Site-specific fire histories developed in parts of the Mis­ early 1600s. souri Ozarks reveal that human population and culture are Combining fire scar closely linked to the frequency and intensity of fire over the dates from several stumps last 400 years. Where population density was greater than and trees in a forest yields a one person per square mile, fires occurred every one to five fire scar Chronology, or fire years. In more sparsely populated areas, fires burned every history. for that area. Fire 10 to 30 years on average. histories can be compared with changes in vegetation. efore European settlement, widespread fires burned land use, wildlife, human over large portions of the Ozarks. Fire scar data com­ population and culture to Bpiled from a number of different sites show that help us better understand extensive fires occurred in 1728, 1753. 1772, 1777. 1780. how humans interact with ] 795, and 1800. Extreme drought combined with fires set the ecosystem. during Native American migrations and territorial conflicts set the stage for these conflagrations. Trees often survive fires, as this wound on a living shortleaf In }780, for example, the drought conditions and the pine attests. Even fast-moving undergrowth fires will dam­ mass movement of Native Americans westward were of age the outer cambium layer of a tree, leaving scars as a continental proportions. Fires burned almost 70 percent record of their occurrence. of 30 fire history sites in the eastern Ozarks. In the Cur­ rent River watershed alone. hundreds of thousand of acres burned. A thousand miles northeast of Missouri. dated fire scars from pine stumps in the Algonquin Highlands of

6 Missouri Conservationist By comparing trees with overlapping life spans, researchers can compile a chronology of a region. Drought. population movements and population pressures al1 have contributed to Missouri's fire history.

The relatively high density of settlement was responsible for widespread burning in the rugged terrain of the Ozarks dur­ ing this period. Settlement also brought railways and a more modern over­ land road system in the late 19th century. Transition to a regional economy from the historically local form of com­ l i t Iii iii iii I Iii i 'ii iii Iii iii iii I I' ii i ' iii iii iii' merce in the Ozarks brought about yet another chapter in fire \SOU ~ [510 ~ 1~q,C l ~qD \bOll , history. Timber became increasingly valuable and, in 40 years " . or so, loggers had harvested most of the shortleaf pine and much of the better quality hardwood in the region. The slash left from logging operations fueled major wildfires ignited by farmers trying to convert forest into pasture. Not only were human lives threatened and homes destroyed by the rampant wildfires, but frequent burns significantly decreased the value of the remaining timber. When Missourians finally realized this method southern Ontario show that in 1780 thousands of acres of resource exploitation degraded the burned, as well. value of remaining forest, the cycle of how Native American popuJations fluctuated in the 17005 and they used fire changed. lBOOs. The pattern offires was, in tum. affected by these fluc­ Timber. once worth little to the settlers. tuations. In the early period of recorded fire history, the Osage became quite valuable. PopuJation density tribe dominated much of the Missouri Ozarks. Acquisition of made wildland fires a serious hazard to life horses gradually gave this tribe greater mobility to hunt, and property. In the late 193Os, the Conser­ exploit and influence (by fire) a large area. Then, diseases vation Department, U.s. Forest Service and introduced by Europeans decimated many Native American rural fire protection organizations devel­ tribes and probably greatly influenced the frequency of fire in oped successfuJ fire suppression programs the Ozarks and in all of North America. Outbreaks of diseases to protect lives, timber, homes, buildings in 1698, 1747 and 1751, for example. killed 80 percent of the and other rural improvements. Quapaw people southeast of the Ozarks. Although there are still some localities Migrations of tribes pushed westward by Euro-American in Missouri where frequent burns take settlement of the eastern United States coincided with an place, the role that wildland fire plays in our ecosystems and increase once again in fire frequency between 1780 and natural communities has been substantially reduced. Today, 1820. Delaware, Shawnee, Cherokee and other tribes passed prescribed fire (fire with a defined purpose) is being intro­ through j\lHssouri during this period. duced into some of our wildlands to foster wildlife habitat, By the 1820s and 1830s, Euro-American settlers spread­ plant diversity, prairie restoration and timber production. ing westward had displaced most of the Native American The judicious use of prescribed fire and the suppression of population. Exponential increases in human population wildfires should result in a natural heritage as diverse in ecol­ explain the increase in fire frequency from ]810 to 1850. ogy and beauty as what the first explorers described. ...

March 1999 7 Dog-gone The 1999 Summary of Missouri Hunting and Trapping Regula­ Meet our Contributors mistake hounds lio ns entry concerning the use of hunting dogs co ntains three Dan Dey is a USDA Forest ServicE! regulation summary extra- and incorrect- words. research forester with 19 years expe riencE! in forest management The words ~ squirrels and rabbits· should not appear in the sentenCE! and resea rch . Mavis Dey is a fret-­ on page 9 of the summary. which reads, -The hunting of furbearers, lance writer and home-school squirrels and rabbits with dogs during daylight hours is prohibited mother offour children. statewide from Nov. 1 through the dose of the November portion of the firearms de er season ..... ThE! prohibition applies only to the use of dogs for hunting Betty Grace lives on a farm outside Albany, furbearE'rs-not squirrels and rabbits­ Mo., with her husband, Jim, and thei r child ren, during daylight statewide. In a previous Jacob, 9, and Anna, 4. They are a family of sentence, the regulation summary campers, traveling anywhere they can set up correctly says that d09S may be used their tent8etty !las drawn a monthly cartoon to hunt squirrels and rabbits during for the Conservotionist since 1986 and some· times illustrates articles. the daylight hours of firearms deer season except in Bollinger, Butler, Carter, Richard Guyette is a research associate professor in Dent, Iron, Madison, Oregon, Reynolds, forestry at me University of Missouri's S

March 1999 33

AN OZARK March 1999 FIRE HISTORY 4 Vo lume 60 Issue 3 - Richard Guyette, Mavis Dey and Dan Dey (OVER Fires. mallY orlhcm set VVhcrc's di nner? by people. have shaped Photographed by Jim Rathert Misso uri~~ landscape DEPARTME NTS Renections 2 News & Almanac 28

THE FISH WITH THE UNDERNEATH EYE 14 ARCHITECTS OF THE AIR 8 -Stan Michaelson -Paul lamble Brghcad carp prescnla Octailing the fascinali ng creations of nesting birds new challenge to anglen;

OPEN DOORS TO LAKE OF THE OZARKS 17 -John McPherson It's all about access. Conservation Department accesses. that is

HAPPY CAMPERS 20 WORKSHOPS -BettyGrm FOR TEACHERS 25 Kids and camping go t.ogether A bevy of opportunities for like cake and ice cream teachers 10 learn alXlul nature

Contact Us Web page: hltp:llwww.(onservation.slate.mo.us Subscri ptions: free to adult Missouri res idents; out of state $7 per yea r; out of country S1 0 per yea r. Send correspondence to Circulation, P.O . BOK 180, Jefferson City, MO 65102-0180. Phone: 5731751-4115