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Home , Cross Timbers, Cross Timbers State Park, Fall River (Kansas), Flint Hills, Geology of Kansas, Ozarks

2010 Field Conference

June 2–4, 2010

Flint Hills, , and

Water/Energy Nexus and Stream-Corridor Management

Field Guide

Edited by

Shane A. Lyle Catherine S. Evans Robert S. Sawin Rex C. Buchanan

This project is operated by the and funded, in part, by the Kansas Water Offi ce, the Kansas Department of Transportation, and the Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks

Kansas Geological Survey Extension The University of Kansas 1930 Constant Avenue Lawrence, KS 66047–3724 KGS Open-fi le Telephone: 785–864–3965 Report 2010–8 www.kgs.ku.edu CN RA DC NT PL SM JW RP WS MS NM BR DP

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Wednesday, June 2 Thursday, June 3 Friday, June 4 Stops 1 – 4 Stops 5 – 8 Stops 9 – 10 2010 Field Conference

Flint Hills, Cross Timbers, and Verdigris River Valley Water/Energy Nexus Rangeland and Stream-Corridor Management

June 2 – 4, 2010

Contents

Conference Participants Participants List ...... 1 - 1 Biographical Information ...... 1 - 2

Kansas Field Conference 2010 Field Conference Overview “Flint Hills, Cross Timbers, and Verdigris River Valley— Water/Energy Nexus • Rangeland and Stream-Corridor Management” ...... 2 - 1 Sponsors ...... 2 - 3 Kansas Geological Survey ...... 2 - 3 Kansas Department of Transportation ...... 2 - 4 Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks ...... 2 - 4 Kansas Water Offi ce...... 2 - 5

Wednesday, June 2 Schedule and Itinerary ...... 3 - 1 Tallgrass National Preserve ...... 3 - 3 Flint Hills National Wildlife Refuge ...... 3 - 14 Proposed Flint Hills Legacy Conservation Area ...... 3 - 16 An Overview of Reservoir Sedimentation ...... 3 - 18 1st Battalion, 108th Aviation Information from 2009 Annual Report ...... 3 - 20 Stream and Riparian Restoration in the Upper Basin ...... 3 - 21 Reservoir Sustainability Initiative ...... 3 - 23 The Applied Science and Technology for Reservoir Assessment (ASTRA) Program of the Kansas Biological Survey ...... 3 - 25 Wolf Creek Generating Station ...... 3 - 28

Thursday, June 3 Schedule and Itinerary ...... 4 - 1 Redevelopment of the Kansas Army Ammunition Plant ...... 4 - 3 Base Realignment and Closure Community Profi le ...... 4 - 4 Development Authority Newsletter ( 2010) ...... 4 - 8 Kansas Army Ammunition Plant Map of 20-year Build-out Plan ...... 4 - 10 KDOT Project U.S. 169 North of Coffeyville ...... 4 - 11 CVR Energy and Nitrogen Fertilizer Production ...... 4 - 14 Verdigris River Basin Flooding, Summer 2007 ...... 4 - 17 INSERT— Verdigris basin, 2007 fl ood Verdigris River Stream Corridor Stabilization Project ...... 4 - 19

Friday, June 4 Schedule and Itinerary ...... 5 - 1 Carbon Dioxide Sequestration ...... 5 - 2 INSERT—KGS Public Information Circular 27—Geologic Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide in Kansas The Cross Timbers and Chautauqua Hills ...... 5 - 4

Acknowledgments

Thanks to Cathy Evans for preparation of the fi eld conference brochure and to Marla Adkins–Heljeson for editing and preparation of this fi eld guide.

Kansas Field Conference

Flint Hills, Cross Timbers, and Verdigris River Valley Water/Energy Nexus • Rangeland and Stream-Corridor Management June 2–4, 2010 ______

PARTICIPANTS

Steve Adams, Natural Resource Coordinator, Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks Pat Apple, Senator, Louisburg David Barfi eld, Chief Engineer, Division of Water Resources, Kansas Department of Larry Biles, State Forester, Kansas Forest Service Sydney Carlin, Representative, Manhattan Pete DeGraaf, Representative, Mulvane Marci Francisco, Senator, Lawrence Rocky Fund, Representative, Hoyt Bob Grant, Representative, Cherokee Burke Griggs, Legal Counsel, Division of Water Resources, Kansas Department of Agriculture Mike Hayden, Secretary, Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks Dave Heinemann, Kansas Geological Survey Advisory Council (GSAC) Bob Henthorne, Chief Geologist, Kansas Department of Transportation Carl Holmes, Representative, Liberal Mitch Holmes, Representative, St. John Steve Irsik, Chair, Kansas Water Authority Laura Kelly, Senator, Topeka Annie Kuether, Representative, Topeka Cindy Lash, Principal Analyst, Legislative Research Wayne Lebsack, Lebsack Oil Production, Inc. Janis Lee, Senator, Kensington Earl Lewis, Assistant Director, Kansas Water Offi ce Judy Loganbill, Representative, Wichita Brad Loveless, Director, Biology and Conservation Programs, Westar Energy Ed Martinko, Director, Kansas Biological Survey Peggy Mast, Representative, Emporia Carolyn McGinn, Senator, Sedgwick Ray Merrick, Representative, Stilwell Eric Montgomery, Chief of Staff, Senate Majority Leader Tom Moxley, Representative, Council Grove Ralph Ostmeyer, Representative, Grinnell Catherine Patrick, Director, Division of Operations, Kansas Department of Transportation Don Paxson, Vice Chairman, Kansas Water Authority Larry Powell, Representative, Garden City Dennis Schwartz, Member, Kansas Water Authority Dixie Smith, Kansas Geological Survey Advisory Council (GSAC) Don Steeples, Senior Vice Provost, University of Kansas Tracy Streeter, Director, Kansas Water Offi ce John Strickler, Past Chairman, The Nature Conservancy, Kansas Chapter Josh Svaty, Secretary, Kansas Department of Agriculture Vern Swanson, Representative, Center Ruth Teichman, Senator, Stafford Jerry Williams, Representative, Chanute

KANSAS GEOLOGICAL SURVEY STAFF

Shane Lyle Rex Buchanan Bob Sawin Cathy Evans

1 – 1 Biographical Information University of Kansas – Civil Engineering, BS, 1978 University of Kansas – Water Resources Engineering, MS, 1991 Steve Adams Natural Resource Coordinator Larry Biles Kansas Department of Wildlife & Parks State Forester 1020 S. Kansas Avenue Kansas Forest Service Topeka KS 66612 2610 Clafl in Road 785–296–2281 Manhattan KS 66502 [email protected] 785–532–3309 Responsibilities and Experience [email protected] KDWP, 1989–present Responsibilities and Experience Previous: Fisheries biologist, Game & Previous: Kansas Forest Service, 1970s; USDA – Freshwater Fish Commission, 1986–89 Forest Service, 1980s; USDA–Extension Service, Northeastern State University – BS, 1980 1990s & early 2000s State University – MS, 1983 University of – Forestry, 1967

Kansas State University – Ornamental Horticulture, Pat Apple 1974 , 12th District P.O. Box 626 Sydney Carlin Louisburg KS 66053 Kansas House of Representatives, 66th District 913–837–5285 1650 Sunnyslope Lane [email protected] Responsibilities and Experience Manhattan KS 66502 Kansas Senate 2005–present 785–539–1702 Chairman, Utilities Committee; Member, Ways and [email protected] Means, Transportation, and Ethics and Elections Responsibilities and Experience committees Appropriations, Agriculture & Natural Resources Electrical Contractor Budget, Aging & Long Term Care, and Arts & Kansas City, Mo. Vo-Tech – Electrician, 1981 Cultural Resources committees Previous: Business owner, CFO, Carlin & Jones David Barfi eld Career Assoc.; Agent, Kansas City Dental Care Kansas Chief Engineer Neosho County Community College – 1 year Division of Water Resources, Kansas Department of – BS, 2000 Agriculture Kansas State University, graduate school 109 SW 9th Street Topeka KS 66612 Pete DeGraaf st 785–296–3710 Kansas House of Representatives, 81 District david.barfi [email protected] 1545 E 119th Street Responsibilities and Experience Mulvane KS 67110 2007–present: Chief Engineer—directs Division of 316–777–1414 Water Resources staff over state’s water resources, [email protected] including four interstate compacts, more than Responsibilities and Experience 47,000 water rights, and the safety of thousands of Appropriations, Insurance, and Financial Institutions and other water structures committees 1992–2007: KDA–DWR, Interstate Watch Issues President, Shepherd’s Staff Ministries; Financial Team Leader Counseling 1987–1992: KDA-DWR, Head of Safety United State Air Force Academy – BS, Behavioral 1974–1987: KDA–DWR, Tech Services Engineer Science, 1979 1981–1984: Regional Engineer, Republic of Bophuthatswana, Dept. of Works and Water Affairs 1978–1981: Consulting Project Engineer, RCM Associates

1 – 2 Marci Francisco Responsibilities and Experience Senator, 2nd District Represents DWR & Kansas in interstate water litiga- 1101 Street tion and interstate river compacts; represents DWR Lawrence KS 66044 in state court; advises KDA on water policy and 785–842–6402 legislation maf@sunfl ower.com Previous: Assistant professor of history, Boston Responsibilities and Experience College, 1997–2003; Attorney, Stevens & Brand, Agriculture and Natural Resources committees LLP, Lawrence, 2006–08 Staff member of the KU Center for Sustainability Stanford University – BA, 1990 University of Kansas – B.E.D., 1973 Yale University – PhD, 1998 University of Kansas – B.Arch, 1977 University of Kansas Law School – JD, 2006

Rocky Fund Mike Hayden Kansas House of Representatives, 50th District Secretary 13161 S Road Kansas Department of Wildlife & Parks Hoyt KS 66440 1020 S. Kansas Avenue, Rm 200 785–986–6913 Topeka KS 66612 [email protected] 785–296–2281 Responsibilities and Experience [email protected] Agriculture & Natural Resources, Energy & Utilities, Responsibilities and Experience and Federal & State Affairs committees; Rural Previous: Speaker of the Kansas House, 1983–87; Water District Manager Governor of Kansas, 1987–1991; Assistant Previous: Aircraft builder/repairman, horseshoer, art Secretary of Interior for Fish, Wildlife and Parks; teacher President, American Sportfi shing Assoc. Wichita State University – BFA, 1978 Kansas State University – BS, Wildlife Conservation, 1966 Bob Grant Ft. Hays State University – MS, Biology, 1974 Kansas House of Representatives, 2nd District 407 W. Magnolia Street Dave Heinemann Cherokee KS 66724 Geological Survey Advisory Council (GSAC) 620–457–8496 3826 SW Cambridge Court Topeka KS 66610 [email protected] 785–213–9895 Responsibilities and Experience [email protected] State Representative, 17 years; Commerce and Responsibilities and Experience Labor, Federal and State Affairs, and Insurance Legislative representative for American Cancer committees Society and Stand Up For Kansas Previous: 1967–1992, Kansas Army Ammunition Previous: Special Assistant to the Secretary of Plant; Catering business, bar and grill owner, Revenue, 5 years; Executive Director, KCC, 2 1985–2005 years; General Counsel, KCC, 2 years; State Southeast High School – 1966 Representative, 27 years; Speaker Pro Tem, Kansas Labette Community College – AA, 1971 House Commission, 11 years; GSAC member, Pittsburg State University 1991–2007 Burke Griggs Augustana College – BA, 1967 Legal Counsel University of Kansas – 1967–68 Division of Water Resources, Kansas Department of Washburn Law School – JD, 1973 Agriculture Bob Henthorne 109 SW 9th Street, 4th Floor Chief Geologist Topeka KS 66612 Kansas Department of Transportation 785–296–4616 2300 Van Buren Street [email protected] Topeka KS 66611

1 – 3 785–291–3860 Laura Kelly [email protected] Kansas Senate, 18th District Responsibilities and Experience 234 SW Greenwood Street Head KDOT engineering geology section Topeka KS 66606 29 years at KDOT, starting from inspector 758–357–5304 Marysville (KS) High School [email protected] University of Kansas – BS, 1983 Responsibilities and Experience Ways and Means, Judiciary, and Public Health & Carl Holmes Welfare committees th Kansas House of Representatives, 125 District Previous: Director, Kansas Recreation and Park P.O. Box 2288 Association, 1986–2004 Liberal KS 67905 Indiana University – MS, 1976 620–624–7361 Bradley University – BS, 1971 [email protected] Responsibilities and Experience Annie Kuether Chair, Energy and Utilities Committee; Chair, Kansas House of Representatives, 55th District Kansas Electric Transmission Authority; Member, 1346 SW Wayne Avenue Agriculture & Natural Resources Budget Topeka KS 66604 Committee 785–296–7669 Farm–ranch owner-manager [email protected] University of Kansas – 1958–1960 Responsibilities and Experience Colorado State University – BS, 1962 Energy & Utilities and Judiciary committees Webster Groves High – 1970 Mitch Holmes Bowling Green State University, Ohio Kansas House of Representatives, 114th District 211 SE 20th Avenue Cindy Lash St. John KS 67576 Principal Analyst 620–234–7667 Kansas Legislative Research Department [email protected] 300 SW 10th Avenue, Rm 68-W Responsibilities and Experience Topeka KS 66612 Appropriations, Federal & State Affairs, Local 785–296–3923 Government, and Joint Environment & Energy [email protected] committees Responsibilities and Experience Previous: Military service, ethanol production worker, Staff the Senate Utilities Committee, House Energy computer programmer, college instructor, sales & Utilities Committee, and Kansas Electric Hutchinson Community College – AA, 1984 Transmission Authority Friends University– BS, 1988 Previous: Kansas Legislative Post Audit, 1983–2007; DePaul University – Post-graduate certifi cate, 1995 KLRD, 2007–present Rutgers – BA, 1975 Steve Irsik University of Kansas, Graduate Studies Chair, Kansas Water Authority 5405 Six Road Ingalls KS 67853 Wayne Lebsack 620–335–5363 President [email protected] Lebsack Oil Production, Inc. Responsibilities and Experience 603 S. Douglas Street Lyons KS 67554 Farmer, rancher, and agricultural business 620–938–2396 Kansas State University – BS, Agricultural Responsibilities and Experience Economics, 1969 General Manager, Lebsack Oil Production, Inc.; Trustee, The Nature Conservancy, Kansas

1 –4 Chapter; Chair, Kansas Preserves Stewardship Brad Loveless Committee Director, Biology & Conservation Programs Oil and gas exploration, ground-water exploration, Westar Energy and pollution research 818 S. Kansas Avenue Colorado School of Mines – Geol. Eng., 1949 Topeka KS 66601 Colorado School of Mines – Geol. Eng., 1951 785–575–8115 [email protected] Janis Lee Responsibilities and Experience Kansas Senate, 36th District Manages environmental siting for generation and line 2032 90 Road construction, carbon planning, endangered species, Kensington KS 66951 avian protection, and environmental stewardship 785–476–2294 programs [email protected] Kansas Association of Conservation and Responsibilities and Experience Environmental Education (KACEE) Board 22 years in Kansas Senate; Utilities, Ways & Means, Member Natural Resources, Agriculture, and Security com- The Ohio State University – BS, Zoology, 1981 mittees; Kansas Electric Transmission Authority University of Kansas – MS, Biology, 1985 Kansas State University – BS, Education, 1970 Ed Martinko Earl Lewis Director Assistant Director Kansas Biological Survey Kansas Water Offi ce 2101 Constant Avenue 901 S. Kansas Avenue University of Kansas Topeka KS 66612 Lawrence KS 66047–3759 785–296–3185 785–864–1505 [email protected] [email protected] Responsibilities and Experience Responsibilities and Experience Oversees water planning efforts, operation of State- State Biologist and Director, Kansas Biological owned reservoir storage and agency operating Survey; Professor of and environmental Previous: With DWR in compliance and water use, studies; Ex offi cio water authority and interstate irrigation; reservoir operations and College of Emporia – BS, 1967 technical analysis with KWO University of Colorado – MA, 1970 University of Kansas – BS, 1992 University of Kansas – PhD, 1976

Judith Loganbill Peggy Mast th Kansas House of Representatives, 86th District Kansas House of Representatives, 76 District 215 S. Erie Street 765 Road 110 Wichita KS 67211 Emporia KS 66801 316–683–7382 620–343–2465 [email protected] [email protected] Responsibilities and Experience Responsibilities and Experience Federal & State Affairs, Education, and Government Assistant Majority Leader, Kansas House of Effi ciency & Fiscal Oversight committees Representatives; Appropriations and Legislative Reading resource teacher, Wichita Audit committees Previous: Elementary teacher Bethel College – BS, 1975 Carolyn McGinn st Northern Arizona University – MA Ed, 1981 Kansas Senate, 31 District 11047 North 87 West Street Sedgwick KS 67135 316–772–0147 [email protected]

1 – 5 Responsibilities and Experience Responsibilities and Experience Chair, National Resources Committee: Vice Chair, Vice Chair, Agriculture Committee; Federal & Ways & Means Committee; Utilities Committee State Affairs, Local Government, and Joint member; Chair, Joint Committee on Energy & Administrative Rules & Regulations committees Environmental Policy Farmer & rancher Self-employed farmer Previous: Kansas House member; county commission; Previous: Sedgwick County Commissioner school board member; Conservation Board; Wichita State University – BBA, 1983 FLBA board Friends University – MSES, 1998 Grinnell High School – 1961 Fort Hays State University Ray Merrick Kansas House of Representatives, 27th District Catherine Patrick 6874 W. 164th Terrace Director, Division of Operations Stilwell KS 66085 Kansas Department of Transportation 785–897–4014 700 SW Harrison Street [email protected] Topeka KS 66603 Responsibilities and Experience 785–296–2235 Sets House calendar and fl oor debate; Vice Chair, [email protected] Appropriations; Interstate Cooperation, and Responsibilities and Experience Legislative Budget committees Responsible for coordinating annual construction and Previous: Sr. Vice President & General Manager, maintenance programs to ensure consistency with Kline Enterprises operational objectives Washburn University – BBA, 1965 Previous: Field Engineer, Asst. Bureau Chief, construction and maintenance, Topeka/Bonner Eric Montgomery Springs Metro Engineer, Northeast Kansas District Chief of Staff for Kansas Senate Majority Leader Engineer 1032 SW Fleming Court #104 Kansas State University – Civil Engineering, 1987 Topeka KS 66604 785–296–2497 Don Paxson [email protected] Vice Chair Responsibilities and Experience Kansas Water Authority Photographer/Graphic Designer, Communications 2046 U.S. Highway 24 Previous: City council member Penokee KS 67659 University of Kansas, BS, Journalism – 1990 785–421–2480 [email protected] Tom Moxley Responsibilities and Experience Kansas House of Representatives, 68th District Vice Chair, Kansas Water Authority and Chair of 1852 S 200 Road KWA Budget Committee Council Grove KS 66846 Paxson Electric & Irrigation for 37 years; Farming 620–787–2277 High School – 1956 [email protected] Responsibilities and Experience Larry Powell Agriculture & Natural Resources and Energy & Kansas House of Representatives, 117th District Utilities committees 2209 Grandview Drive East Ranch management and ranching Garden City KS 67846 Kansas State University – BS, 1969 620–277–5055 [email protected] Ralph Ostmeyer Responsibilities and Experience Kansas Senate, 40th District Chair, Agriculture and Natural Resources Committee P.O. Box 97 Rancher, environmentalist, custom cutter, machinery Grinnell KS 67738–0097 dealer, farmer 785–824–3773 Garden City Community College [email protected] Kansas State University 1 – 6 Dennis Schwartz Tracy Streeter Kansas Water Authority Member Director P.O. Box 95 Kansas Water Offi ce Tecumseh KS 66542 901 S. Kansas Avenue 785–379–5553 Topeka KS 66612 [email protected] 785–296–3185 [email protected] Responsibilities and Experience Responsibilities and Experience Kansas Water Authority; Kansas Rural Water KWO Director 2004–present; Development of Kansas Association; Rural Water District #8 General Water Plan, drought management, water marketing Manager; Director, National Rural Water in 13 Kansas reservoirs, and staff to Kansas Water Association Authority Rural Water General Manager, 34 years; various other Previous: Executive Director of SCC, 1995–2004 water & utility trade activities Highland Community College – AA, 1983 Missouri Western State University – BS, 1985 Dixie Smith University of Kansas – MPA, 1993 Assistant Professor of Biology Pittsburg State University John Strickler Geological Survey Advisory Committee (GSAC) Trustee, The Nature Conservancy, Kansas Chapter Member 1523 University Drive Room 220 Heckert–Wells Hall Manhattan KS 66502–3447 Pittsburg KS 66762 785–565–9731 620–235–4741 [email protected] [email protected] Responsibilities and Experience Responsibilities and Experience Treasurer, KACEE (Kansas Association for 2001–present: Undergraduate & graduate instructor Conservation and Environmental Education); in biology department; GSAC board; secondary Chair, Kansas Forest Service Advisory Council education liaison Previous: Special Assistant for Environment and Previous: Secondary science (earth & space) teacher, Natural Resources to Gov. Hayden, 2 years; Acting Winfi eld, KS Secretary, Kansas Department of Wildlife and Pittsburg State University – BS, Biology Education, Parks, 1987 and 1995; Kansas Forest Service, 1990 KSU, 33 years; U.S. Forest Service, 4 years Kansas State University – PhD, 2001 University of Missouri – BS, 1957 Kansas State University – MS, 1968 Don Steeples Senior Vice Provost Josh Svaty University of Kansas Secretary 250 Strong Hall Kansas Department of Agriculture Lawrence KS 66045 109 SW 9th Street 785–864–4904 Topeka KS 66612 [email protected] 785–296–3902 Responsibilities and Experience [email protected] Oversees KU parking, facilities, police, space Responsibilities and Experience management, ROTC, center for sustainability, and Administrator for KDA regulations and policies; instructional support advocate for agriculture; work with legislature for Rooks County wheat farmer since 1975 agriculture; Family farming Previous: KGS, 17 years; KU Geology, 17 years Previous: Seven years as Kansas State Representative, Kansas State University – BS, 1969 108th District Stanford University – MS, 1974 Sterling College – BA, 2002 Stanford University – PhD, 1975

1 – 7 Vern Swanson Kansas Geological Survey Staff Kansas House of Representatives, 64th District 1422 5th Street Rex Buchanan Clay Center KS 67432 Interim Director 785–632–5322 Kansas Geological Survey [email protected] 1930 Constant Avenue Responsibilities and Experience University of Kansas Energy & Utility and Transportation committees Previous: Sales for 31 years Lawrence KS 66047–3724 Emporia State University – BS, 1966 785–864–2106 [email protected] Ruth Teichman Responsibilities and Experience Kansas Senate, 33rd District Interim Director; Supervises publication and public 434 E. Old Highway 50 outreach activities, media relations, and non- Stafford KS 67578 technical communications 620–234–5159 Kansas Geological Survey, 32 years; University- [email protected] Industry Research, University of Wisconsin, 3 Responsibilities and Experience years; Salina Journal, 4 years Chair, Financial Institutions & Insurance Committee; Kansas Wesleyan University – BA, 1975 Natural Resources, Ways & Means, Education, and University of Wisconsin–Madison – MA, 1978 Joint Pension & Benefi ts committees University of Wisconsin–Madison – MS, 1982 Director, Farmers National Bank Previous: School board, 20 years; Stafford Hospital Cathy Evans secretary for lab & medical records; Buyer for Information Writer and Editor Pegues Department Store Outreach and Public Service Kansas State University – BS, 1965 Kansas Geological Survey 1930 Constant Avenue Jerry Williams University of Kansas Kansas House of Representatives, 8th District Lawrence KS 66047–3724 21225 Kiowa Road 785–864–2195 Chanute KS 66720 [email protected] 620–431–0172 Responsibilities and Experience [email protected] Write news releases and educational materials; edit Responsibilities and Experience publications; assist with fi eld conference and Appropriations, Agriculture & Natural Resources guidebook Budget, and Aging & Long Term Care committees Previous: University Press of Kansas; Spencer Previous: Education, aging social services, and Museum of Art farming/ranching University of Kansas – BA, 1978 Southeastern Oklahoma State University (Durant, University of Kansas – MS, 1990 Okla.) – BS/MS, 1964/1966 Emporia State University – ED S, 1971 Shane Lyle Wichita State University – MS S, Gerontology – 1985 Senior Research Assistant Geology Extension Kansas Geological Survey 1930 Constant Avenue University of Kansas Lawrence KS 66047–3724 785–864–2063 [email protected] Responsibilities and Experience Geology Extension Coordinator; Kansas Field Conference

1 – 8 Kansas Geological Survey, 4 years Previous: Environmental and Engineering Geology, 12 years Kansas State University – BS, 1993

Bob Sawin Senior Research Associate Geology Extension/Stratigraphic Research Kansas Geological Survey 1930 Constant Avenue University of Kansas Lawrence KS 66047–3724 785–864–2099 [email protected] Responsibilities and Experience Geology Extension; Kansas Field Conference; geologic mapping Kansas Geological Survey, 18 years; Petroleum Geology, 15 years; Engineering Geology, 6 years Kansas State University – BS, 1972 Kansas State University – MS, 1977

1 – 9 2010 Kansas Field Conference

Flint Hills, Cross Timbers, and Verdigris River Valley Water/Energy Nexus • Rangeland and Stream-Corridor Management

June 2–4, 2010 ______

Welcome to the 2010 Field Conference, co- From Wolf Creek we’ll head south, driving just sponsored by the Kansas Geological Survey (a division east of a location known as Rose Dome, a feature of the University of Kansas), the Kansas Water Offi ce, known in geology as an “intrusive.” This is where the Kansas Department of Transportation, and the a pipe of igneous forced its way to the surface, Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks. Previous through existing rock, about 100 million years ago. Field Conferences have focused on specifi c topics, It is somewhat similar to a volcano, though it never such as energy or water, or specifi c of the extruded lava at the earth’s surface. Instead, it lifted up state. This year’s Field Conference is centered on the the topography in a circular feature and left connection between water and energy issues. While it’s (unusual in Kansas) at the surface. At Wilson County possible to consider water and energy separately, the State Park we’ll talk about a bridge relocation project; connection between the two is critical, and central to the Kansas Department of Transportation (KDOT) staff will understanding of each. Increased energy use results in talk about the geology and geotechnical investigation increased water use; the demand for additional water can required to relocate a bridge. From here, it’s on to curtail energy availability. We’ll discuss these issues, as Chanute for the evening. well as others that are critical to the part of east-central Kansas that we’ll be traveling through. The result should Day 2 be a better understanding of the state’s water and energy issues, and a better understanding of this part of the We’ll begin the second day by continuing southeast state. to Parsons (birthplace of movie star Zasu Pitts; nearby Cherryvale is the home town of Vivian Vance, of “I Love Day 1 Lucy” fame, and silent fi lm star Louise Brooks). We’ll visit the Kansas Army Ammunition Plant. This facility We’ll begin and end this year’s Field Conference was opened in World War II and produced ammunition in Emporia, on the edge of the Flint Hills. In fact, our for that war, along with the Korean, Vietnam, and Gulf fi rst stop will be at one of the icons of the Kansas Flint wars. It was recommended for closure by the Base Hills: the National Preserve, north of Relocation and Closure Commission in 2005, and one of Strong City. This will serve not only as an opportunity the parcels is being transferred to the Kansas Department to see the Flint Hills and the preserve, but it will double of Wildlife and Parks. We’ll learn about their plans for as an opportunity to discuss range management, burning, the land. From here it’s south to Coffeyville, where and air-quality issues, which have become increasingly we’ll spend a portion of the morning looking at KDOT important here. After lunch at the ranch, we’ll head construction projects on the east side of town, have east through the Osage physiographic lunch at the Brown Mansion, then tour the local refi nery. (which, in many areas, looks fairly similar to the Flint Refi neries are a major source of carbon dioxide, a Hills). After driving through the Flint Hills National prominent greenhouse gas. This stop will set the stage Wildlife Refuge on the upper end of John Redmond for a discussion of carbon dioxide capture and storage Reservoir, we’ll head to the Coffey County Lake north later in the trip. As we travel north, we’ll also discuss of Burlington, home to the state’s only nuclear electrical- the fl ooding that affected Coffeyville in the summer of generating plant. We’ll use this location to learn about 2007, and fl oodplain-management issues. We’ll look at a issues related to streambank stabilization in the Neosho stream-corridor stabilization project that was initiated in River, sedimentation of Kansas reservoirs (and a study of response to fl ooding in the Verdigris River. the reservoir bottoms by the Kansas Biological Survey), the connection between nuclear power and water, and the From here we’ll head back to the north, discuss economics associated with nuclear power plants. wind-farm site-selection issues, then spend the evening

2 – 1 at Flint Oak, a lodge and facility. In spite of its it. The objective is to let participants see the results of name, the facility is not in the Flint Hills, but instead their decisions and to talk with local, State, and Federal is on the edge of the Chautauqua Hills physiographic governmental offi cials, environmental groups, business region, an area of -aged hills people, and citizens’ organizations. The result should that crop out from north to south in . give participants a broader, more-informed perspective These hills are characterized by a vegetative pattern of useful in formulating policies. In addition, the Field tallgrass prairie and hardwood forest that is known as the Guide you are holding provides background on sites Cross Timbers (thus the title for this year’s trip). You’ll and issues and serves as a handy reference long after the have time to see the lodge and wander the grounds Field Conference is over. before supper. During the Field Conference, participants are Day 3 expected to be just that—participants. We want you to contribute to the discussion, to ask questions, and to After breakfast at Flint Oak, we’ll convene for a otherwise join in on deliberations. The bus microphone discussion of geologic sequestration of carbon dioxide is open to everyone, and we encourage everyone to participate. (or CO2) in Kansas. Deep injection of CO2, either to produce additional oil through enhanced production or to store it even deeper in formations that only hold saline Please remember that in the course of the Field water, is an area of considerable research in the country, Conference, we do not seek to resolve policy or and in Kansas. With its thick sedimentary rocks and regulatory confl icts. We do try to provide opportunities subsurface geology well understood from years of oil to familiarize policymakers with resource problems. and gas exploration, Kansas could be at the forefront of By bringing together experts on energy and water, sequestration. We’ll learn about the national picture for we hope to go beyond merely identifying issues. We want this combination of fi rst-hand experience and CO2 sequestration, then discuss current research projects interaction among participants to result in a new level of in CO2 sequestration in Kansas and the regulatory issues they pose. After that, with Flint Oak serving as a model, understanding of the state’s natural-resources. we’ll discuss the potential for additional ecotourism in Kansas. In doing this, we attempt to present, as nearly as possible, all sides of contentious issues. Please know that From here it’s east to the . the opinions presented during the Field Conference are This is an ideal location to see the thick that not necessarily those of the KGS or Field Conference form the basis of the Chautauqua Hills, to discuss the co-sponsors. Nonetheless, we do believe it is important type of vegetation that characterizes the Chautauqua for participants to hear various viewpoints on complex Hills, and to see the old growths of oaks and other trees topics. that make up the forest here. The park also provides access to , and will serve as a fi tting end The Kansas Field Conference is an outreach to our discussions of the connection between water program of the KGS, administered through its and energy, and the way they are used by the people of Geology Extension program. Its mission is to provide Kansas. educational opportunities to individuals who make and infl uence policy about natural-resource and related About the Kansas Field Conference social, economic, and environmental issues in Kansas. The KGS’s Geology Extension program is designed Some issues are best understood by seeing them to develop materials, projects, and services that fi rsthand. The 2010 Field Conference marks the 16th year communicate information about the , the Kansas Geological Survey (KGS) has worked with the state’s natural resources, and the products of the co-sponsors to give policymakers the opportunity to see KGS to the people of the state. and experience some of the natural-resource issues with which they grapple. Participants have been selected to The Field Conference was begun in 1995 with the provide a range of legislative, government, education, support of Lee Gerhard, then the Survey’s director and and private-business expertise. Local and regional state geologist. It is modeled after a similar program of experts in natural-resource issues will meet us at each national scope, the Energy and Field Institute, site and describe the location and the issues related to operated by the Colorado School of Mines. The KGS

2 – 2 appreciates the support of Erling Brostuen, retired decisions; studies of recharge rates, phreatophytes, and Director of the Energy and Minerals Field Institute, in water quality in the River; depletion of the helping develop the Kansas project. Ogallala ; the interaction between streams and ; and other topics. Much of that work is done The KGS Field Conference has been recognized by with funding from the Kansas Water Plan. The Survey also collects, archives, and disseminates water-well logs • The National Institute of Standards and in cooperation with the Kansas Department of Health Technology as among 50 Best Practices and Environment. for Communication of Science and Technology for the Public, 2001; and Energy—Kansas produced more than $6 billion worth of oil and natural gas last year. Because much • The Division of Environmental of the state has long been explored for oil and gas, Geosciences of the American Association maintaining that production takes research and of Petroleum Geologists, which presented information. The KGS does research on the state’s the Field Conference with its Public petroleum reservoirs, new methods of providing Outreach Award in 1998. information, and new methods of exploring for and producing oil and gas. The KGS recently completed The KGS appreciates your attendance at this year’s a multi-year study of the resources of the Hugoton Field Conference and your willingness to share your Natural Gas Area, a study that resulted in the drilling of insights for its improvements. Your input has helped a substantial number of additional wells. Researchers make the Field Conference a model that has been are also characterizing the subsurface for possible adopted by other state geological surveys. sequestration of carbon dioxide. Unconventional natural gas, such as coalbed methane or low-BTU gas, is also Sponsors a focus of ongoing research. The KGS works with the Kansas Corporation Commission to enable online Kansas Geological Survey reporting of oil and gas information, and has a branch offi ce in Wichita, the Wichita Well Sample Library, Since 1889, the Kansas Geological Survey (KGS) that stores and loans rock samples collected during the has studied and reported on the state’s geology. Today drilling of oil and gas wells in the state. Much of the the KGS mission is to study and provide information KGS energy research is funded by the U.S. Department about the state’s geologic resources and hazards, of Energy. particularly ground water, oil, natural gas, and other minerals. In many cases, the Survey’s work coincides Geology—Much of the KGS’s work is aimed at with the state’s most pressing natural-resource issues. producing basic information about the state’s geology, information that can be applied to a variety of resource By statutory charge, the KGS role is strictly one and environmental issues. The KGS develops and of research and reporting. The KGS has no regulatory applies methods to study the subsurface, such as high- function. It is a division of the University of Kansas. The resolution seismic refl ection; undertakes mapping of KGS employs more than 65 scientifi c researchers and the surfi cial geology of the state’s counties; and studies technical staff and 25 graduate research assistants and specifi c resources, such as road and highway materials. hourly student employees. It is administratively divided The KGS reports on nonfuel minerals (salt, , into research and research-support sections. KGS aggregates, etc.) and is charged with studying geologic programs can be divided by subject into water, energy, hazards, including subsidence, earthquakes, and geology, and information dissemination. landslides. Much of this work is funded through the U.S. Geological Survey, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Water—Water issues affect the life of every and the U.S. Department of Defense. Kansan. Western Kansas agriculture and industry rely heavily on ground water; in eastern Kansas, growing Geologic Information—To be useful, geologic populations and industry generally use surface water. information must be disseminated in a form that is most KGS water research and service include an annual appropriate to the people who need it. The KGS provides water-level-measurement program (in cooperation with information to the general public, policymakers, oil and the Kansas Department of Agriculture, Division of gas explorationists, water specialists, other governmental Water Resources); modeling the impact of regulatory agencies, and academic specialists. Information

2 – 3 is disseminated through a publication sales offi ce, conducts special surveys on selected subjects such as automated mapping, the state’s Data Access and Support soil shrinkage, rock expansion, and pile-foundation Center (DASC; located at the KGS), a data library, requirements; and constructs new water wells in rest electronic publication, the KGS web site, and Geology areas and rehabilitates and maintains existing wells Extension. for all KDOT facilities. Robert Henthorne is the chief geologist within the . KGS staff participating in the 2010 Field Conference include the following: Because the State’s ten-year Comprehensive Transportation Program ended in 2009, Governor Shane Lyle, Senior Research Assistant, Geology Kathleen Sebelius created a task force to examine Extension transportation in Kansas and develop recommendations. Cathy Evans, Writer/Editor, Public Outreach That 35-member task force made recommendations Bob Sawin, Senior Research Associate, Public Outreach/ that were aimed at keeping roads and bridges safe and Stratigraphic Research in good repair, developing new business models, and Rex Buchanan, Interim Director working within today’s current fi scal realities. In early 2009, Kansas received about $378 million from the Kansas Geological Survey American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, 1930 Constant Avenue or so-called stimulus funding. Five State highway Lawrence, KS 66047–3724 projects were targeted for use of that money, including 785–864–3965 improvements to U.S. 69 in Overland Park, I–135 and 785–864–5317 (fax) 47th Street in Wichita, K–23 in Gove County, K–61 www.kgs.ku.edu in McPherson County, and K–18 between Ogden and Manhattan. In addition, some money will go to local Kansas Department of Transportation jurisdictions and public transportation.

The Kansas Department of Transportation (KDOT) Major accomplishments in 2009 include the was founded in 1917. It is charged with providing a completion of the four-lane freeway of U.S. Highway statewide transportation system to meet the needs of 69 between Louisburg and Fort Scott, implementation Kansans. Its primary activities are road and bridge of the Intelligent Transportation System in Wichita, maintenance; transportation planning, data collection, launching of an online community for transportation and evaluation; project scoping, designing, and professionals, and awards from the American Society of letting; contract compliance inspection of material Civil Engineers and the Associated General Contractors and labor; Federal program funding administration; of America. The current Secretary of the Kansas and administrative support. In addition to dealing with Department of Transportation is Deb Miller, the fi rst roadways for automobile traffi c, KDOT is responsible female director in the agency’s history. for other modes of transportation, including aviation, rail, and bicycles/pedestrians. The Department has more Kansas Department of Transportation than 3,000 employees. KDOT’s headquarters are in Dwight D. Eisenhower State Offi ce Building Topeka with six district offi ces, 26 area offi ces, and 112 700 S.W. Harrison Street sub-area offi ces across the state. KDOT is responsible Topeka, KS 66603–3754 for maintenance of about 9,600 miles of highway. 785–296–3566 785–296–0287 (fax) The agency is organized into divisions of public www.ksdot.org affairs, administration, aviation, engineering and design, operations, and planning and development. Within the Source: 2010 Annual Report, Kansas Department of Division of Operations is the Bureau of Materials and Transportation. Research. This Bureau is responsible for approved materials, pavement management, testing, and research. Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks Within that Bureau is a geotechnical unit that includes a geology section. That section supplies information The Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks is and recommendations regarding surface and foundation responsible for management of the state’s living natural geology, , and bridge-deck conditions to resources. Its mission is to conserve and enhance the Bureau of Design for project-plan preparation; Kansas’ natural , its wildlife, and its habitats.

2 – 4 The Department works to assure future generations the Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks benefi ts of the state’s diverse living resources; to provide Operations Offi ce the public with opportunities for the use and appreciation 512 SE 25th Avenue of the natural resources of Kansas, consistent with Pratt, KS 67124–8174 the conservation of those resources; and to inform the 620–672–5911 public of the status of the natural resources of Kansas to 620–672–6020 (fax) promote understanding and gain assistance in achieving this mission. Kansas Water Offi ce

The Department’s responsibility includes protecting The mission of the Kansas Water Offi ce (KWO) is to and conserving fi sh and wildlife and their associated provide the leadership to ensure that water policies and habitats while providing for the wise use of these programs address the needs of all Kansans. The KWO resources, and providing associated recreational evaluates and develops public policies, coordinating the opportunities. The Department is also responsible water-resource operations of agencies at all levels of for providing public outdoor-recreation opportunities government. The KWO administers the Kansas Water through the system of State parks, State fi shing lakes, Plan Storage Act, the Kansas Weather Modifi cation Act, wildlife-management areas, and recreational boating on and the Water Assurance Act. It also reviews plans of all public waters of the state. any State or local agency for the management of water and related land resources in the state. The KWO advises In 1987, two State agencies, the Kansas Fish and the Governor on drought conditions and coordinates Game Commission and the Kansas Park and Resources the Governor’s drought-response team. The Drought Authority, were combined into a single, cabinet-level Monitoring Program collects climate data from a variety agency operated under separate comprehensive planning of sources, monitors drought activities, and publishes a systems. The Department operates from offi ces in Pratt, weekly Drought Report during periods of drought. Topeka, fi ve regional offi ces, and a number of State park and wildlife area offi ces. The Department employs The KWO develops the Kansas Water Plan, which about 420 people in fi ve divisions: Executive Services, is revised periodically and addresses the management, Administrative Services, Fisheries and Wildlife, Law conservation, and development of water resources in Enforcement, and Parks. the state. Numerous water-related public and private entities, as well as the general public, are involved in its A cabinet-level agency, the Department of Wildlife preparation and planning. The Water Plan is approved and Parks is administered by a Secretary of Wildlife by the Kansas Water Authority, a 13-member board and Parks and is advised by a seven-member Wildlife whose members are appointed, along with 11 nonvoting and Parks Commission. All positions are appointed ex offi cio members who represent various State water- by the Governor with the Commissioners serving related agencies. Besides approving the Water Plan, staggered four-year terms. As a regulatory body for the Authority approves water-storage sales, Federal the Department, the Commission is a nonpartisan contracts, administrative regulations, and legislation board, made up of no more than four members of any proposed by the KWO. Much of the input for the one political party, advising the Secretary on planning Water Plan comes from 12 Basin Advisory committees and policy issues regarding administration of the composed of volunteer members from each of the state’s Department. Regulations approved by the Commission drainage basins. During this year’s Field Conference, we are adopted and administered by the Secretary. Mike will be in the Verdigris and Neosho basins. Hayden is the Secretary of Wildlife and Parks. Current programs and projects at the KWO include Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks Secretary • Public water-supply system GIS mapping Landon State Offi ce Building assistance 1020 S. Kansas Avenue • The Upper Conservation Reserve Topeka, KS 66612–1327 Enhancement Program 785–296–2281 • Reservoir sustainability initiative 785–296–6953 (fax) • Watershed unit projects www.kdwp.state.ks.gov • Water planning

2 – 5 • Water conservation Tracy Streeter is the Director of the KWO. • Water conservation education • Water assurance Kansas Water Offi ce • Drought monitoring 901 S. Kansas Avenue • Water marketing Topeka, KS 66612–1249 • Weather modifi cation 785–296–3185 www.kwo.org

2 – 6 Schedule and Itinerary

Wednesday, June 2, 2010 6:00 a.m. Breakfast at Montana Mike’s Steakhouse adjacent to Holiday Inn Express and Fairfi eld Inn

7:15 a.m. Conference Overview Rex Buchanan, Interim Director, Kansas Geological Survey

8:00 a.m. Bus leaves Fairfi eld Inn and Holiday Inn Express for Site 1

8:30 a.m. SITE 1 • Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve, Strong City Wendy Lauritzen, TPNP Superintendant, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Allan Polom, Director, The Nature Conservancy, Kansas Chapter Brian Obermeyer, The Nature Conservancy Rep. Tom Moxley, 18th District Bob Sawin, Kansas Geological Survey Tom Gross, Kansas Department of Health and Environment Larry Biles, Kansas Forest Service

11:00 a.m. Lunch at Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve

12:00 p.m. Bus to Site 2

Bus Session – Eastern Kansas Water Supply David Barfi eld, Chief Engineer, Kansas Department of Agriculture, Division of Water Resources

12:45 p.m. SITE 2 • Flint Hills National Wildlife Refuge, Neosho Rapids Vic Elam, Refuge Manager, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

1:05 p.m. Bus to Site 3

1:30 p.m. SITE 3 • Coffey County State Lake Reservoir Sedimentation Earl Lewis, Assistant Director, Kansas Water Offi ce Susan Metzger, Manager/KWO Watershed Unit Lt. Col. David Leger, 1st Battalion, 108th Aviation Regiment, Kansas Army National Guard

Reservoir Bathymetry Mark Jakubauskas, Research Associate Professor, Kansas Biological Survey Frank (Jerry) deNoyelles, Deputy Director, Kansas Biological Survey

Water Use in Nuclear Power Generation Matt Sunseri, President, Wolf Creek Nuclear Operating Corporation

3:40 p.m. Bus to Site 4

3 – 1 3:45 p.m. SITE 4 • Dwight D. Eisenhower Learning Center, Wolf Creek Generating Station Economics of Nuclear Expansion Mark Ruelle, Executive Vice President and Chief Finanacial Offi cer, Westar Energy

4:30 p.m. Bus to Motel

Bus Session – Geotechnical Bridge Design Investigation Bob Henthorne, Chief Geologist, Kansas Department of Transportation

5:30 p.m. Arrive at Tioga Suites Hotel

5:40 p.m. Bus to Super 8 Motel

5:45 p.m. Arrive at Super 8 Motel

6:20 p.m. Bus to Dinner at Tioga Suites Hotel

6:30 p.m. Social Gathering at Tioga Suites Hotel

7:00 p.m. Supper at Tioga Suites Hotel

8:00 p.m. Bus to Super 8 Motel

3 – 2 Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve

The Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve, Chase County and established a large-scale livestock established in 1996, consists of 10,894 acres in Chase ranch in the area now covered by the preserve. County (fi g. 1). The preserve is found on both the Jones named his property the Spring Hill Ranch, east and west sides of Kansas Highway 177 just north for springs that issued in the hill just west of the of Strong City. The ranch headquarters and barn are headquarters, and in 1881 built a three-story mansion located about 2.5 miles north of U.S. Highway 50. in the “Second Empire” style of nineteenth-century Fox Creek drains a portion of the preserve east of architecture (fi g. 2). He then added a three-story barn the highway, while Palmer Creek cuts through the and other outbuildings. Jones also donated the land preserve’s extreme north end. Except for the riparian for the Fox Creek School, about one-half mile north zones along the creeks and a small amount of bottom of the headquarters. ground along Fox Creek that has been cultivated (today it is primarily in brome grass), the preserve is Jones eventually moved to Kansas City in 1888 native prairie. and sold the ranch to Barney Lantry, a Strong City rancher. In 1906, Lantry sold it to a ranching outfi t History headquartered in the of southwestern Kansas whose brand was Z—, and the ranch is often Native American trails cut through the preserve referred to as the Z Bar to this day. and some evidence of prehistoric activity has been found here, though archeological investigations Efforts began as early as the 1960s to establish a are not complete. The oldest homestead here was national park of some sort in the Flint Hills as a way established in 1860 just east of today’s ranch to preserve and provide public access to a part of the headquarters. In the 1870s, Stephen F. Jones moved to tallgrass prairie. However, local opposition to the

Figure 1. Location of Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve in Chase County, Kansas (map by Cartographic Services, Kan- sas Geological Survey).

3 – 3 Figure 2. House built in 1881 by Stephen F. Jones at the entrance to the Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve on U.S. 177 north of Strong City (photograph by Robert Sawin). Federal government, and the possible removal of the ranch headquarters, barn, schoolhouse, and other land from production and the tax roles, thwarted any outbuildings. action until 1989 when the Audubon Society bought an option on the Z Bar. In 1991, through the efforts of In 2005, The Nature Conservancy purchased the the Kansas Congressional delegation (led by Senator National Park Trust’s interest in the preserve. Since Nancy Kassebaum Baker), the National Park Service, then, The Nature Conservancy has been able to retire the National Park Trust, and citizen leaders, the the land debt, retire a pre-paid 35-year grazing lease, National Park Service formally identifi ed the ranch and reacquire the rights. Though the preserve as the best candidate for a “tallgrass prairie” national is owned and operated jointly by the National Park park. In 1994, the land was purchased by the National Service and The Nature Conservancy, the land is still Park Trust, a private land conservancy organization leased privately for grazing and the preserve is dedicated to saving parklands and resources. still very much a working ranch (fi g. 3).

On November 12, 1996, Congress passed Unique Partnership legislation creating the Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve. The preserve is the only unit in the national The Nature Conservancy, the National Park park system that is dedicated to the tallgrass prairie Service, and the Kansas Park Trust have created ecosystem. Because of concern about the level a unique partnership (the only public-private of Federal involvement, the legislation restricted partnership of its kind in the ) to manage National Park Service ownership of land to no the preserve and educate the public about the Tallgrass more than 180 acres. The Park Service was to work Prairie National Preserve. cooperatively with the private National Park Trust in operating the preserve, an arrangement that Senator • The Nature Conservancy owns the land, pays Nancy Kassebaum Baker described as “a model for the taxes, manages the grazing leases, and the nation.” In 2002, the National Park Trust donated collaborates with the National Park Service on 32 acres to the Park Service; that area includes the overall natural resource plans.

3 – 4 Figure 3. Cattle on the Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve (photograph by Robert Sawin).

• The National Park Service operates the preserve nodules of differentiate the geology in the Flint for visitors and offers tours, hiking, and a variety Hills from the rest of Kansas. Because of the chert, of other opportunities for public access to the shallow , rocky surfaces, and steep hillsides, land. much of this region has been left in native grass.

• The Kansas Park Trust promotes and develops The highest hills on the preserve are capped by opportunities, assists in private the Florence , a rubbly rock layer composed fundraising efforts and special public events, and of limestone and chert. The Threemile and Schroyer operates the on-site bookstore and gift shop. also contain some fairly thick layers of chert. The Threemile forms the fl at-topped hills that Geology are common on the preserve, while the highest hills capped by the Florence are more rounded. Other The preserve is entirely in the Flint Hills limestones may contain minor amounts of chert, but physiographic region, and the bedrock geology the Florence, Schroyer, and Threemile are the major (alternating layers of limestone and ) is typical of chert-bearing units. the Flint Hills (fi g. 4). These rocks are in age and the sediments that formed them were deposited in Other interesting units include the Funston fl uctuating shallow seas that covered the region about Limestone (named after a military camp at nearby 290 million years ago. Alternating beds of limestone Fort Riley), which was used in the construction of and shale give the hillsides a steplike appearance. The many of the property’s rock fences and the walls of limestones form the hillside benches; the form the barn. The Eiss limestone is a vuggy rock that is the steep slopes between the benches. the source of water for some of the property’s more persistent springs. Toward the bottom of the geologic Flint is the region’s name for chert, a hard, section is the , a rock unit -resistant silicious rock similar to quartz that named after Cottonwood Falls. The Cottonwood is a occurs in some of the limestones. These layers and common building stone; the preserve’s ranch house

3 – 5 and other buildings, the Chase County courthouse Many of these limestones contain invertebrate in Cottonwood Falls, and even the State Capitol typical of Permian rocks. The Cottonwood, in Topeka include Cottonwood limestone in their for example, is typifi ed by fusulinids—single-celled construction, and the rock is still quarried for building ocean-going animals shaped like a grain of wheat. stone today. Brachiopods (fi g. 5), clams, snails, bryozoans, and crinoids (a distant relative of the starfi sh) are common in several of the other units, and even an occasional trilobite will turn up.

The Kansas Geological Survey conducted a survey of springs on the property, identifying 237 springs and seeps (fi g. 6). Many of these are “wet- weather” springs that dry up during the summer. The Survey also developed a geologic map of the preserve and a companion map that shows the water-bearing rock formations and springs. An interactive electronic version of the geologic map has been developed through a partnership between the Kansas Geological Survey and National Park Service. It can be viewed at http://geoportal.kgs.ku.edu/tallgrass.

Prairie Ecology

Less than 4% of ’s presettlement tallgrass prairie survives today, and much of that is located in the Flint Hills of Kansas. Because so much of this area remains uncultivated, it is today one of the largest expanses of tallgrass prairie remaining in North America.

Figure 5. Brachiopod fossils are common in limestone Figure 4. Idealized section of the rock units at Tallgrass at the Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve (photo by Prairie National Preserve. Robert Sawin).

3 – 6 These hills provide a home to a variety of more common fi sh and turtles. Twenty-eight species animals. Twenty-three species of fi sh and 97 of amphibian and 53 species of reptiles have been invertebrate species have been collected on the found on the preserve. Eastern collared lizards (fi g. preserve. Several of the watersheds are home to a rare 7), bright green and yellow and sometimes as long and endangered minnow, the Topeka shiner, as well as as 12 inches, are often seen on rocky . One-

Figure 6. Spring along Palmer Creek (photo by Robert Sawin).

Figure 7. Eastern collared lizard. (photo by Robert Sawin).

3 – 7 hundred-and-fi fty bird species live here or migrate The plants of the preserve (over 400 species) through, including Henslow’s sparrow, eastern are typical of the Flint Hills. This is tallgrass prairie, meadowlark, prairie plover, and various hawks and characterized by grasses such as big bluestem, little waterfowl. Great blue herons have a rookery on Fox bluestem, Indian grass, switch grass, and others. Creek east of the ranch headquarters. Greater prairie However, other grasses typical of midgrass or chickens have booming grounds (or leks) on the shortgrass prairie, such as buffalo grass, are also preserve and are increasing in numbers. Thirty-one present here, as is prickly pear cactus. The big species of are found on the preserve. Some bluestem is probably the most noticeable grass. If large mammals are seen fairly regularly, including allowed to, it will grow to 8 feet in height. whitetail deer, coyotes, possums, raccoons, skunks, and bobcats. Bison, bears, antelope, and elk were A number of fl owering plants also characterize common here once; they no longer roam the hills, this prairie. In the spring, blue false indigo, wild though bison were recently reintroduced to one alfalfa (fi g. 8), plant (fi g. 9), and various pasture on the preserve. conefl owers give the prairie a purple tint. In the

Figure 8. Wild alfalfa blossoms in the spring on the tallgrass prairie (photo by Robert Sawin).

Figure 9 (left). Lead plant also fl owers in the spring (photo by Robert Sawin).

3 – 8 summer, butterfl y milkweed, with its orange found. In the fall, the yellow of broomweed covers blossoms, is common. Around the springs and seeps many of the hills, particularly in places where soils of the preserve, watercress (fi g. 10), cardinal fl ower are thin or pastures have been overgrazed. (fi g. 11), and bright yellow beggar ticks (fi g. 12) are

Figure 10. Watercress grows in the water fl owing from Red House Spring (upper), which is a developed spring in the Crouse Limestone (lower).

3 –9 Figure 11. Cardinal fl ower and yellow beggar tick grow around springs and seeps (photo by Robert Sawin).

Figure 12. Beggar tick in September (photo by Robert Sawin).

The tallgrass prairie root systems reach down 15 soil through their normal life functions of digestion to 25 feet into the soil, surviving fi re, drought, and the and burrowing. changing environment. In dry periods prairie plants go dormant, conserving energy for regrowth when rain At the north end of the preserve near Palmer penetrates the soil. Nematodes and other animals help Creek, and in the Fox Creek valley, riparian keep the prairie healthy by turning and aerating the vegetation, including oak, hackberry, sycamore, and cottonwood, is common.

3 – 10 Ranching The pastures used for early intensive grazing are burned every spring, usually in mid-March to early Cattle have now taken on the ecological role April (fi g. 13). Burning creates a black surface on that bison historically fulfi lled, though studies at the the pastures that causes the ground to warm up more Konza Prairie show that had a somewhat quickly, and thus encourages the growth of green greater diversity of plant species when grazed by grass for the cattle (fi g. 14). It also helps control the bison as compared to cattle. (However, species brushy, less desirable vegetation. Annual burning of diversity is greater in areas grazed by cattle than in these grasses is a relatively recent practice, generally areas not grazed at all.) Historically, ranchers put associated with settlement by ranchers; however, the cattle onto their pastures in early May and took them prairie burned every few years even before Europeans off in October. arrived, either through lightning fi res or those set by Natives. Today, many ranchers use a method called early intensive grazing in which they double the typical Burn Management stocking rate. They put the cattle on pastures in late April or early May, then begin taking them off in July North American prairies developed under the so that their pastures are empty by August. By then infl uence of fi re and grazing. This history of fi re and the dry weather of summer has reduced the growth of grazing provided disturbances that enabled grasses the prairie grasses and they have far less nutritional and herbaceous forbs to dominate the landscape. value than they do in the spring. Because of the high Native wildlife have adapted to these forces of nature, quality of Flint Hills grass, the cattle generally make with some species preferring recently burned areas substantial weight gains, as much as two pounds per and others relying on relatively undisturbed habitat day. The cattle are usually taken to feedlots, where with dense vegetation and litter. Others have adapted they are fattened (also known as fi nishing) on grain to require both types of habitat to complete different rations, before being shipped to slaughterhouses. activities within their lifecycles (the greater prairie chicken is a good example).

Figure 13. Pastures are burned in early spring (photo by Eva Horne).

3 –11 Fire and grazing are used at the Tallgrass Prairie patches and avoid grazing in the unburned patches. National Preserve as a key element of natural resource The accumulation of vegetation in these unburned management. A fundamental management goal at areas creates fuel for fi res in subsequent years. This the preserve is to create more natural patterns of burn regime also provides larger fuel loads, resulting burning and grazing, refl ected in a shifting mosaic of in more intense burns that may help to control trees burned and unburned, grazed and ungrazed areas. The and shrubs from encroaching on the prairie. This result is a landscape more diverse in terms of plant technique may also prove effective in invasive plant composition and structure. control.

One management practice gaining favor The interaction of these disturbances produces a among biologists, ecologists, and range managers shifting mosaic of plant communities within grazed is patch-burn grazing. This fi re-induced regime . Experts believe that similar fi re-grazing approximates the natural interaction between fi re and interactions helped shape the pre-settlement ecology native grazers. Typically, one-third of each patch-burn of the Great Plains and other grasslands that had large grazing pasture is burned every year on a three-year grazers and a long history of fi re. rotational basis. On the Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve, Fire affects grazing patterns, and grazing patterns The Nature Conservancy and the National Park affect the extent and intensity of fi re. Grazing Service work in close cooperation with its cattle- animals preferentially feed in recently burned areas grazing lessee to implement patch-burn grazing on for foraging because the post-fi re new plant growth about 3,800 acres in the northwestern portion of the is more palatable. When only a portion of a large preserve. Long-term monitoring will help managers pasture is burned, grazers prefer foraging in burned determine if management practices are having the desired results.

Figure 14. Blackened pasture before regrowth in spring (photo by Robert Sawin).

3 – 12 Sources Contact Information

National Park Service, Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve: Wendy Lauritzen, Superintendent Tallgrass Prairie brochure. Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve National Park Service, Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve: National Park Service Tallgrass Prairie – Patch Burn Grazing brochure. 226 Broadway National Park Service, Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve P.O. Box 585 web site: http://www.nps.gov/tapr (verifi ed April Cottonwood Falls, KS 66845 2010). 620–273–6034 National Park Service, Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve [email protected] web site (Our Partners): http://www.nps.gov/tapr/ parkmgmt/partners.htm (verifi ed April 2010). Brian Obermeyer Sawin, R. S., 2008, Surfi cial geology of the Tallgrass The Nature Conservancy Prairie National Preserve, Chase County, Kansas: Flint Hills Project Offi ce Kansas Geological Survey, M–119A, scale 1:12,000, 1 P.O. Box 58 sheet. 226 Broadway Sawin, R. S., and Buchanan, R. C., 2008, Water-bearing Cottonwood Falls, KS 66845 units of the Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve, Chase 620–273–8556 offi ce County, Kansas: Kansas Geological Survey, M–119B, [email protected] scale 1:12,000, 1 sheet. Sawin, R., and Buchanan, R., 2001, Springs inventory— Louise Carlin Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve, Chase County, Project Coordinator Kansas: Kansas Geological Survey, Open-fi le Report Kansas Park Trust 2001–40 (Revised July 2008), 17 p. Route #1, Box 14 U.S. Department of the Interior, 2000, National Park Strong City, KS 66869 Service, 2000, Final general management plan/ 620–273–8139 Environmental impact statement, Tallgrass Prairie [email protected] National Preserve, Kansas: U.S. Department of the Interior, September 2000, 195 p.

3 – 13 portion of the Osage Cuestas physiographic region Flint Hills National Wildlife Refuge between the Flint Hills and the . The Osage Cuestas region is characterized by a series of east- facing ridges between fl at to gently rolling plains. The Flint Hills National Wildlife Refuge lies in Geologists use , Spanish for hill or cliff, to the upstream portion of John Redmond Reservoir. It is describe ridges with steep, cliff-like faces on one located in the broad, fl at Neosho River valley, a native side and gentle slopes on the other. In this region, tallgrass prairie region with natural scenic beauty and differential between alternating limestone noted for its diverse habitats: wetlands, croplands, and shale units of the Pennsylvanian Subsystem forests, and tallgrass prairie. (about 300 to 318 million years old) produced a band of rolling hills that look like a tilted staircase from a The Refuge was established in 1966 as part of distance. The more resistant limestone units cap the the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers John Redmond hills and the more easily eroded shales form the gentle Reservoir fl ood control project. The U.S. Fish and slopes between the ridges. Wildlife Service (USFWS) manages approximately 18,500 acres owned by the U.S. Army Corps of escarpment Engineers. Refuge habitats are managed to provide gentle slope food and habitat for migratory birds and resident wildlife. The Refuge is one in a network of more than 500 refuges administered by the USFWS. shale Wildlife Habitat limestone shale Managed primarily for migratory waterfowl and limestone resident and other migratory bird species, the Refuge has been designated as an “Internationally Important Figure 1. Cuesta topography developed in gently dipping, Bird Area.” Located in the middle of the vast Central alternating layers of hard and soft rocks. Flyway, John Redmond Reservoir is on an important This region was predominantly tallgrass prairie fl ight path for migratory ducks and geese. The Refuge for thousands of years prior to settlement, but with provides excellent habitat for a variety of birds. Its 30 to 40 inches of average annual precipitation, habitat is composed of uplands, grassland, agricultural there is enough moisture to support forest growth. lands, hardwood river bottoms, marshes, and fl ooded In the past, woody vegetation was held at bay by sloughs. periodic droughts, fi res started by lightning or Native Americans, and heavy grazing by bison and elk. A secondary function of the Refuge is to provide Today, the bison and elk are gone and much of the a public opportunity to observe, study, harvest, and former grassland has been turned to cropland or enjoy wildlife and plants in their natural environment. protected from fi re. Trees and shrubs have invaded Two-hundred-and-ninety-four bird species use the much of the remaining prairies, even surmounting the Refuge. April and May are the best months for hilltops in places. Today, less than 4% of the once- observing passerines, while November is an excellent vast tallgrass prairie remains. Some tallgrass prairie time to observe the peak migration of waterfowl. does remain in the Refuge, but most lies in the Flint More than 40,000 ducks and 200,000 geese pass Hills region west of the Refuge. through the Refuge during spring and fall migration. Up to 150 bald eagles and more than 100,000 snow Conservation geese may spend the winter here. Thousands of -bound monarch butterfl ies migrate through in September. The Refuge encompasses about 2,000 acres of wetlands and marshes. Closed portions of the Refuge Osage Cuestas are used for waterfowl and Bald Eagle management. Other parts are further protected during intensive waterfowl use. Taking its name from the Flint Hills Region just A share agreement was made with farmers to the west, the Refuge is actually in the western to provide food for migrating waterfowl on their

3 – 14 farmlands. Crops such as wheat, soybeans, corn, and Sources sorghum are planted, and a percentage of the crops are left for wildlife. Some abandoned croplands are being Natural Kansas, 2010, http://www.naturalkansas.org/ restored to prairie fl ora. welcome.htm.

In support of conserving the remaining tallgrass U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2010, Birding information prairie landscape, the USFWS advocates protecting and checklist, http://www.fws.gov/fl inthills/fl int1.htm the Flint Hills tallgrass prairie. This involves (verifi ed May 2010). landscape-scale conservation programs using U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2010, Flint Hills National conservation easements. Conservation easements Wildlife Refuge, are voluntary legal agreements between landowners http://www.fws.gov/refuges/profi les/index. and government agencies or qualifi ed conservation cfm?id=64580 (verifi ed May 2010). organizations that limit the type and amount of development that may take place on a property in Wilson, F., 1983, Landscapes—A geologic diary; in, the future. Conservation easements typically prohibit Kansas Geology—An Introduction to Landscapes, subdivision and commercial development activities Rocks, Minerals, and Fossils, R. Buchanan, ed.: but allow for continued agricultural uses such as University Press of Kansas, 208 p. livestock grazing and haying. Contact Information The USFWS can purchase grassland conservation interests, from willing sellers only, in Vic Elam Legacy Project Coordinator the form of perpetual conservation easements within Flint Hills National Wildlife Refuge portions of Butler, Chase, Chautauqua, Cowley, P.O. Box 128 Geary, Greenwood, Elk, Lyon, Marshall, Morris, Hartford, KS 66854 Pottawatomie, Riley, and Wabaunsee counties. 620–392–5553 ext. 102 fl [email protected] Unlike fee-title acquisition, the land ownership and property rights, including control of public access, remain with landowners who participate in conservation easement. In addition, participating properties remain on local tax rolls.

3 – 15 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Proposed Flint Hills Legacy Conservation Area Conserving the Tallgrass Landscape

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service grazing and prescribed fire. The (Service) is proposing to protect a unique Service hopes to play a role in and highly diverse area of the United keeping working ranches on States known as the Flint Hills Tallgrass the landscape while continuing Region, in eastern Kansas. Today, less to conserve habitat for wildlife than 4 percent of the once-vast tallgrass and provide unique tallgrass prairie remains, most (80 percent) of vistas for future generations of which lies within the Flint Hills of Americans to enjoy. Currently, eastern Kansas and northeastern the Service has tallgrass Oklahoma. The purpose of the proposal conservation areas totaling is to help maintain the integrity of 4,092 acres in Minnesota and tallgrass prairie wildlife habitat, stream 51,750 acres in South Dakota. The Service would purchase grassland water quality, and the rich agricultural conservation interests, in the form of heritage of the Flint Hills. How would the U.S. Fish and Wildlife perpetual conservation easements, from Tallgrass prairie in eastern Kansas Service conservation easement willing sellers only, who own property is rapidly being lost to residential and program work? within the proposed project area. Portions of Butler, Chase, Chautauqua, commercial development, or through The Flint Hills Legacy Conservation conversion to other nonagricultural uses. Cowley, Geary, Greenwood, Elk, Lyon, Area proposal would involve a Marshall, Morris, Pottawatomie, Riley, Such development fragments habitat landscape-scale conservation program and erodes the agricultural land base and Wabaunsee counties are in the using conservation easements. proposed conservation area. that is so important for sustaining Conservation easements are voluntary wildlife populations. legal agreements between landowners Unlike fee-title acquisition, under The Service recognizes the importance and government agencies or qualified a conservation easement the land of protecting and fostering traditional conservation organizations, which limit ownership and property rights including cultural values, including ranching the type and amount of development control of public access would remain lifestyles and economies, in concert with that may take place on a property in with participating landowners. In habitat conservation interests. Ranching the future. Service easements typically addition, participating properties would has historically played a major role in prohibit subdivision and commercial remain on local tax rolls. Easement preserving the tallgrass — development activities, but allow for values are determined by appraisal and and by extension conserving valuable continued agricultural uses such as typically are approximately one-third fish and wildlife habitat—through livestock grazing and haying. of the property’s full-market value. Mike Blair/Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks Mike Blair/Kansas Department of Wildlife Prairie Coneflowers 3 – 16 What is the next step in the process? We want to hear from you, and to do that we will hold three public scoping meetings to provide a public forum to share ideas and issues about the proposed conservation easement program. The dates, times, and locations for these meetings will be distributed in the local and regional area. We also encourage public comment through letters, emails, individual meetings, and phone calls to the local contact as well as the regional contact (see below). The Service, using public input, will then develop a land protection plan (LPP) and environmental assessment (EA) to evaluate the proposal to purchase conservation easements within the Flint Hills Legacy Conservation Area. The draft LPP and EA will highlight © Bob Gress USFWS Greater Prairie-chicken the resource values of tallgrass prairie; Upland Sandpiper present alternatives that address issues and concerns that we, along with our What resources would benefit from conservation partners and the public, How do I get involved? the conservation easement program? identified; and evaluate the effects that The Service welcomes your questions About 90 native grass species are found may occur if conservation easements and comments! in the Flint Hills, with big bluestem, are determined to be viable tools for conserving habitat in this area. Whether you are an interested little bluestem, Indiangrass, switchgrass, individual or a group representative, eastern gamagrass, and sideoats grama The draft LPP and EA document will please do not hesitate to call, write, the species most often associated with be distributed to those who would like or request information on upcoming the prairie landscape. The 500-plus to review it, and three public meetings meetings with Service staff to discuss native, broadleaf, prairie plant species will be held to receive comments on this proposal and your perspective on found in the Flint Hills are also the document. In addition, we want to the future of the Flint Hills Legacy important, not only for maintaining encourage everyone to write a letter, Conservation Area project. the ecological health of the prairie but send an email, meet individually, or also for providing added forage value. call the Service staff listed below. The For more information, contact: Service will consider all comments, Birds dependent on large, unfragmented Local Contact tracts of prairie would benefit from the and then prepare the final LPP and EA. easement program. Benefiting species Vic Elam include the greater prairie-chicken, Legacy Project Coordinator Henslow’s sparrow, short-eared owl, Flint Hills National Wildlife Refuge American golden-plover, grasshopper P.O. Box 128 sparrow, dickcissel, upland sandpiper, Hartford, Kansas 66854 buff-breasted sandpiper, scissor- 620/392 5553 ext. 102 tailed flycatcher, loggerhead shrike, fl[email protected] and northern harrier. Additionally, Regional Contact conservation of these areas would help Amy Thornburg protect the diverse assemblages of Land Protection Planning freshwater fish and mussels found in U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service many prairie streams in eastern Kansas. P.O. Box 25486, DFC Denver, Colorado 80225 Northern Harrier 303/236 4345 Bob Hines/USFWS [email protected]

The mission of the U.S. Fish and We are both a leader and trusted partner Wildlife Service is working with others in fish and wildlife conservation—known to conserve, protect and enhance fish, for our scientific excellence, stewardship wildlife, plants and their habitats for of lands and natural resources, dedicated the continuing benefit of the American professionals, and commitment to public people. service. For more information on our work and the people who make it happen, September 2009 visit www.fws.gov.

3 – 17 An Overview of Reservoir Sedimentation

Reservoir sedimentation has been a recognized For example, sediment control structures and but historically disregarded problem. In simple terms, management practices such as CRP, terraces, and when sediment infl ow exceeds outfl ow, reservoir ponds in watershed uplands capture large amounts capacity diminishes. A reservoir design life is of sediment, dramatically changing drainage approximately 150–200 years without sedimentation, patterns and the movement of sediment that erodes but can be reduced to less than 50 years with off the land. In terms of Lane’s Balance, sediment sedimentation problems. With less capacity, a is removed from the scale, leaving clear upland reservoir’s intended purposes—fl ood control, public runoff with little sediment load transported to basin and industrial water supply, irrigation, wildlife streams. The clear water runoff is “sediment starved” conservation, and public recreation—are signifi cantly and has more erosive power, thus tipping the scale impaired. toward degradation or erosion. A stream seeking new equilibrium erodes more sediment volume and Sediment Erosion and Stream larger sediment sizes to reestablish its equilibrium, resulting in channel erosion and downstream sediment transport. The cause of reservoir sedimentation is rooted upstream from the reservoir and is a consequence of In many places, downcutting streams are simply watershed and stream corridor management practices. remobilizing and transporting a legacy load left Rainfall runoff may erode sediment in a watershed from the Dust Bowl when drought and poor and transport it through the processes of sheet, rill, land-management practices led to upland soil and gully erosion. Once in suspension, sediment is erosion. The resulting sediment load was greater transported by stream and eventually deposited in than sheet, rill, and stream channels could carry, so reservoirs, lakes, or oceans. much of the 1930s sediment load was dropped and stored in stream valleys. Net stream erosion of this Most stream reaches are approximately balanced legacy load today is a major contributor to reservoir with respect to sediment infl ow and outfl ow. However, sedimentation. changes in the watershed result in changes in streams and sediment transport. This involves the interplay Dam construction dramatically alters the of four basic factors—sediment discharge, sediment balance as well, creating an impounded river reach size, streamfl ow, and slope. Stream equilibrium and characterized by extremely low fl ow velocities and stable sediment transport occur when all four of these effi cient sediment trapping. When water velocity variables are in balance. If one variable changes, declines, transport power is lost and the sediment load one or more of the other variables must increase is dropped. The impounded reach then accumulates or decrease proportionally if equilibrium is to be sediment and loses storage capacity until a balance is maintained (fi g. 1). This relationship is known as again achieved, which would normally occur after the Lane’s Balance. impoundment has become “fi lled up” with sediment and can no longer provide water storage and other benefi ts.

Declining storage reduces and eventually eliminates the capacity for fl ow regulation and, with it, all water-supply and fl ood-control benefi ts plus those navigation, recreation, and environmental benefi ts that depend on releases from storage.

Conclusions Figure 1. Factors affecting channel equilibrium. At equilibrium, slope and fl ow balance the size and To properly address reservoir sedimentation, quantity of sediment particles that the stream moves policymakers must recognize sedimentation from a (Hagerty, 1998).

3 – 18 regional perspective. The cause of the problems and Sources solutions might be 100 miles away from a reservoir. Policy decisions should be based on science and Federal Interagency Stream Restoration Working Group far-reaching decision points that look 40 years out. (FISRWG), 1998, Stream corridor restoration— To meet these goals, baseline sedimentation data Principles, processes, and practices: FISRWG (15 in streams and reservoirs should be established Federal agencies of the U.S. government), 10/1988. and reservoir bathymetric (depth) surveys should Hagerty, D. J., 1991, Piping/sapping erosion 1—Basic be continued. Solutions will be made only through considerations: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, v. strategic alliances with stakeholders and State and 177, no. 8, p. 991–1,008. Federal agencies. Morris, G. L., and Fan, J., 1997, Reservoir sedimentation handbook—Design and management of dams, reservoirs, and watersheds for sustainable use: New During this conference, reservoir sedimentation York, McGraw–Hill, 848 p. will be examined in three ways. First, participants will be fl own in helicopters over John Redmond Contact Information Reservoir (fi g. 2), Coffey County Lake, and sediment sources in the Neosho River to establish the scale Earl Lewis, Assistant Director and size of sedimentation processes in a watershed. Kansas Water Offi ce The helicopters are being provided and fl own by the 901 S. Kansas Avenue 1st Battalion, 108th Aviation of the Kansas National Topeka, KS 66612 Guard. Second, at Coffey County State Lake, the 785–296–0867 Kansas Biological Survey will demonstrate the [email protected] need for baseline studies and bathymetric survey techniques. Finally, a tour of the Wolf Creek Nuclear Generating Station will provide insight into water use and consumption for cooling at the nuclear facility.

On the following pages are details about the 1st Battalion, 108th Aviation; stream corridor restoration and reservoir sedimentation projects from the Kansas Water Offi ce; and bathymetric survey information and reservoir maps from the Kansas Biological Survey. Information about Wolf Creek water use and economics are included in the next section.

Figure 2. Cut bank and sediment erosion on the Neosho River upstream of John Redmond Reservoir near Neosho Rapids. (Photo by Bob Sawin, Kansas Geological Survey).

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3 – 24 The Applied Science and Technology for Reservoir Assessment (ASTRA) Program of the Kansas Biological Survey

Addressing Research and Management year 2012, according to projections by the Kansas Information Needs of Kansas Reservoirs Water Offi ce.

Water is fundamental to the economy of Kansas. Reservoir impairment already has cost local The need for water infuses and permeates every governments millions of dollars in increased water- aspect of life in our state, from the irrigation that treatment costs and lost economic opportunities. supports our agriculture to the drinking water our There is also a growing awareness of the issues citizens use every day at home and work. Indeed, related to the long-term viability of these reservoirs nearly 60% of Kansans rely on surface-water supplies and the renovation actions that will become for their drinking water. Because Kansas has so few increasingly necessary. Reservoirs are being managed natural lakes, thousands of reservoirs have been more intensively now than in the past as water- constructed across the state. From small farm ponds resource managers strive to balance multiple, and to large Federal reservoirs, these bodies of water often confl icting, uses for the resource. At a time collectively provide multiple economic benefi ts in the when there is increasing pressure on our state’s form of drinking water, irrigation, fl ood control, and reservoirs for drinking water, irrigation, fl ood control, recreation. Reservoirs are critical infrastructure and, and recreation, we fundamentally have only a in Kansas, provide economic returns that far exceed fragmented picture of the current status of our lakes, the billions of dollars invested to build them (more how they are changing, and what drives those changes than $6 billion in 2010 dollars). that threaten water supplies.

The state is now facing an enormous challenge as Recognizing this critical need for information on it attempts to respond to increasing needs for water, reservoir sedimentation and conditions, the Kansas coupled with an increasing occurrence of water- Biological Survey created the Applied Science and quality problems affecting Kansas reservoirs. Most Technology for Reservoir Assessment (ASTRA) Kansas reservoirs were constructed an average of Program with funding from the Kansas Water 40 years ago and are gradually fi lling with sediment Offi ce. ASTRA has acquired sophisticated acoustic washed down from their watersheds. As reservoirs echosounding technology for bathymetric mapping silt in, less water is available for irrigation, industry, (fi g. 2), sediment thickness estimation, and bottom- recreation, and drinking water. Furthermore, sediment sediment type classifi cation. Additionally, ASTRA accumulation continues to create water-quality has a dedicated sediment-coring pontoon boat with problems and promote algae outbreaks that kill fi sh, vibracorer for taking sediment cores in reservoirs for pollute water, and lead to foul-tasting drinking water. measuring sediment thickness and sampling sediment Triggered by reservoir siltation, these environmental characteristics. Major investments in fi eld equipment effects ripple outward as direct and indirect have been supported by additional investments in economic consequences for industry, agriculture, and water-quality laboratory capabilities, high-speed data municipalities. processing, and 3-D visualization technology.

Many Kansas reservoirs are silting in faster than Contact Information originally anticipated; several are silting in two to three times faster than expected. Six of the 20 Federal Mark Jakubauskas reservoirs that are used as drinking-water supplies Research Associate Professor are more than 20% silted in; four of the 20 are more Applied Science and Technology for than 40% silted in. It is estimated that nearly half Reservoir Assessment Kansas Biological Survey the capacity of John Redmond Reservoir has been 2101 Constant Avenue lost since it was built a few decades ago (fi g. 1), and Lawrence, KS 66047 we need John Redmond for water now more than 785–864–1508 ever. Under drought conditions, water demand could [email protected] outstrip supplies in the Neosho River Basin by the

3 – 25 , 2007

Figure 1. Water depth at John Redmond Reservoir in 2007 (top) and changes in water depth between 1957 and 2007 (bottom).

3 – 26 Figure 2. Water depth at Coffey County Lake based on an October–November 2009 bathymetric survey. Depths are based on a pool elevation of 1088.9 feet (NGVD29).

3 – 27 Wolf Creek Generating Station

Wolf Creek Generating Station, northeast of Water Cooling Technology Burlington in Coffey County, is the only nuclear power plant in Kansas. Beginning electric production Whether fueled by , natural gas, or nuclear in 1985, Wolf Creek now generates about 1,200 power, all power plants that generate electricity from megawatt electrical, enough energy for approximately steam to move a turbine rely on water for cooling. 800,000 homes. The cooling water supply at Wolf Creek includes the Coffey County Lake. Water from below the John In addition to electricity production, Wolf Creek Redmond Reservoir outlet is diverted into Coffey has an impact on the economy of both Coffey County County Lake. and the State of Kansas. A study by the Nuclear Energy Institute (NEI) estimates that Wolf Creek Wolf Creek utilizes a once-through cooling Generating Station contributes $165 million annually system to help cool the steam used to spin a turbine to the local and State economy in the form of payroll, and generator. Although the consumptive water use purchases, and taxes. is minimal, the amount of water withdrawn from the lakes is signifi cant. Wolf Creek Nuclear Operating Corporation (WCNOC) is a subsidiary of three owners: Lake water is passed through a heat exchanger to condense the steam (fi g. 1). This water never • Kansas City Power & Light, a Great Plains encounters the reactor or radioactive material. The Energy Company (47%) water is used only a short time and the exiting • Kansas Gas and Electric, a Westar Energy condenser water is pumped back into the lake. The Company (47%) condensate is recycled and fl ashed to steam again to • Kansas Electric Power (6%) turn the turbine.

WCNOC manages the plant for its owners, who Although thermoelectric power plants in the share its energy in proportion to their ownership United States withdraw large amounts of water, only interest.

Figure 1. Generalized diagram of a once-through cooling system (modifi ed from Torcellini et al., 2003).

3 – 28 a small percentage is evaporated, approximately 2.5% Sources or 3,310 MGD (12,530 x 106 L/d). This constitutes 3.3% of all consumptive use in the United States. NEI, 2008, Water consumption at nuclear power plants fact Much of the water is returned to its source. The water sheet, 3 p. consumption in a once-through cooling system is Torcellini, P., Long, N., and Judkoff, R., 2003, minimal because the water does not directly contact Consumptive use for U.S. power production: National the air. However, the temperature increase of the Renewable Energy Laboratory, NREL/TP–550–33905. effl uent returned to Coffey County Lake can increase Wolf Creek Nuclear Operating Corporation, 2010, http:// the evaporation rate, thus indirectly increasing water www.wcnoc.com/index.html. consumption. Contact Information A nuclear power plant that returns cooling water directly to the source consumes the equivalent of Matt Sunseri, President and Chief Executive Offi cer 6–16 gallons of water per day per household. The Wolf Creek Nuclear Operating Corporation same plant would consume the equivalent of 20–26 1550 Oxen Lane NE gallons of water per day per household if it used P.O. Box 411 cooling tower systems. By comparison, the average Burlington, KS 66839–0411 620–364–8831 U.S. household of three people consumes about 300 gallons of water per day for indoor and outdoor uses, Mark A. Ruelle, Executive Vice President and Chief according to the U.S. Geological Survey. Financial Offi cer Westar Energy Nuclear Economics P.O. Box 889 Topeka, KS 66675–8500 After a 30-year hiatus, the United States may 888–708–0361 soon return to building nuclear plants. Projects are propelled by $8 billion in Federal loan guarantees that may increase over the next few years. In response, some states are beginning to explore or encourage utilities to develop nuclear power.

Project fi nance is a critical component of the nuclear industry’s growth and success. In spite of Federal funding, private fi nancing remains an essential component in plant expansions and new reactor construction. Construction still requires massive capital expenditure with signifi cant risk, so obtaining these funds may yet be out of reach.

3 – 29 Schedule and Itinerary

Thursday, June 3, 2010

6:00 a.m. Breakfast at Tioga Suites Hotel

7:00 a.m. Bus from Super 8 to Tioga Suites Hotel

8:00 a.m. Bus leaves Tioga Suites Hotel for Site 5

Bus Session – Interstate Water Relations Burke Griggs, Counsel, Kansas Dept. of Agriculture, Division of Water Resources

8:45 a.m. SITE 5 – Kansas Army Ammunition Plant, Parsons Don Dailey, Commander’s Representative, Kansas Army Ammunition Plant Dan Goddard, CEO, Great Plains Development Lance Hedges, Region 5 Public Lands Supervisor, Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks Mike Hayden, Secretary, Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks

10:15 a.m. Bus to Site 6

Bus Session – Kanas Forestry Economics and Invasive Species Larry Biles, State Forester, Kansas Forest Service

11:00 a.m. SITE 6 – KDOT Project U.S. 169 North of Coffeyville Highway Design and Floodplain Management Deb Miller, Secretary, Kansas Department of Transportation

11:30 a.m. Bus to Lunch at Brown Mansion, Coffeyville

12:30 p.m. Bus to Site 7

12:45 p.m. SITE 7 – CVR Energy, Coffeyville Water Use in Petroleum and Nitrogen Fertilizer Production Mike Swanson, Coffeyville Resources Refi ning and Marketing Marc Gilbertson, Coffeyville Resources Nitrogen Fertilizers

2:15 p.m. Bus to Site 8

Bus Session – Verdigris River Basin and Floodplain Management Tracy Streeter, Director, Kansas Water Offi ce Earl Lewis, Assistant Director, Kansas Water Offi ce

2:45 p.m. SITE 8 – Verdigris River Stream Corridor Stabilization Project Jodi L. Cushenbery, Supervisory District Conservationist, NRCS, U.S. Department of Agriculture Dr. Phillip Eastep, Project Site Landowner

4 – 1 3:30 p.m. Bus to Flint Oak Resort

3:45 p.m. Break – Neodesha City Hall, Neodesha, KS J. D. Cox, Neodesha City Administrator

4:15 p.m. Bus to Flint Oak Resort

Bus Session – Wind Farm Site Selection Brad Loveless, Director, Biology and Conservation Programs, Westar Energy

5:00 p.m. Arrive Flint Oak Resort

6:00 p.m. Social Gathering

6:30 p.m. Supper in Mallard Room at Flint Oak Resort

7:30 p.m. Conclude Supper

4 – 2 Redevelopment of the Kansas Army Ammunition Plant Property

In 2005, Congress passed a Base Realignment and plant was modernized to produce such munitions Closure (BRAC) Act authorizing restructuring of the as the 155mm Improved Conventional Munition U.S. defense establishment to increase effi ciency and (ICM), Combined Effects Munition (CEM), and the operational readiness. As part of the reorganization, technically advanced Sensor Fuzed Weapon System the BRAC Commission recommended the closure (SFW). of four munition facilities in Kansas, , Mississippi, and California, including the Kansas Sources Army Ammunition Plant (AAP) in Labette County near Parsons. First to close, the Kansas AAP stopped Great Plains Industrial Park, 2007, http://www. production in December 2008 and was offi cially greatplainsindustrialpark.com (verifi ed May 2010). deactivated in March 2009. Howlett, D., 2009, Kansas Army Ammunition Plan Ends Mission: , http://www.army.mil/-newsreleases/2009/03/04/17756- To plan for the transfer of the property from the kansas-army-ammunition-plant-ends-mission/ (verifi ed Federal government and the future management of the May 2010). plant, the Labette County Commission formalized a U.S. Department of Defense, 2010, Base Realignment and Local Redevelopment Planning Authority (LRPA) in Closure 2005: U.S. Department of Defense, October 2005. To implement the plan, the commission http://www.defense.gov/brac/defi nitions_brac2005.html established the Great Plains Development Authority (verifi ed May 2010). (GPDA). Both are discussed in the following Base U.S. Department of Defense, 2009, Base Realignment and Realignment and Closure Community Profi le, Closure Community Profi le—Kansas Army Ammunition which also outlines Redevelopment Plan, Plant, Kansas: U.S. Department of Defense, Offi ce of implementation strategies, the involvement of the Economic Adjustments, http://www.oea.gov (verifi ed May 2010). State (including Kansas Department of Wildlife and U.S. Department of Defense, 2006, Base Redevelopment Park), and demographics of the area. The pages from and Realignment Manual, 2006, U.S. Department of the Great Plains Development Authority Newsletters Defense, http://www.defense.gov/brac/pdf/4165-66-M_ include information on the development and cost of BRRM.pdf (verifi ed May 2010). the property as well as a map of the planned Great Plains Industrial Park.

History of the Kansas Army Ammunition Plant

Production at the Kansas Army Ammunition Plant began in 1942 with the manufacture of basic artillery and mortar shells for World War II. Over the next seven decades, production at the plant evolved, and by December 2008, output included sophisticated air- dropped weapons with infrared and laser technology for target detection and guidance.

Placed on stand-by status after World War II, the plant was declared surplus and offered for sale. In 1950 it was reactivated to produce bombs, artillery shells, and cartridge cases for the Korean War. At the end of the war, it went back on stand-by status until December 1966 during the Vietnam War. In the early 1970s, Day & Zimmermann, Inc., became the operating contractor. Starting in the 1980s, the

4 – 3 ȱBASEȱREALIGNMENTȱANDȱCLOSURE CommunityȱProfile

Novemberȱ2009

KansasArmyAmmunitionPlant,Kansas

ȱ ClosureȱatȱaȱGlanceȱ LocalȱRedevelopmentȱAuthorityȱ(LRA):ȱȱ Communityȱ PlanningȱLRA:ȱGreatȱPlainsȱDevelopmentȱAuthorityȱ(GDPA)ȱ Contact:ȱ ImplementationȱLRA:ȱKansasȱArmyȱAmmunitionȱPlantȱLocalȱRedevelopmentȱPlanningȱ DanȱGoddardȱ Authorityȱ ChiefȱExecutiveȱOfficerȱ ȱ GreatȱPlainsȱDevelopmentȱ Geographicȱareaȱaffectedȱbyȱclosing:ȱȱ Authorityȱ SoutheastȱKansasȱandȱneighboringȱcountiesȱofȱMissouriȱandȱOklahoma.ȱ 1209ȱCorporateȱDriveȱ#6ȱ ȱȱȱ ParsonsȱKSȱ67357ȱ Populationȱofȱaffectedȱareaȱ(beforeȱclosure):ȱ220,000ȱ 620Ȭ421Ȭ1228ȱ ȱ [email protected]ȱȱ TotalȱAcresȱtoȱbeȱDisposed:ȱ13,727ȱacresȱ ȱ EstimatedȱJobȱLossȱImpact:ȱ WebȱAddress:ȱ ȱ www.greatplainsindustrialpark.comȱ JobsȱLostȱ

MilitaryȱPersonnelȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ0ȱ InstallationȱContact:ȱ CivilianȱPersonnelȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ8ȱ DonȱDaileyȱ Contractorsȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ328ȱ Commander’sȱRepresentativeȱ Source:ȱBaseȱRealignmentȱandȱClosureȱ(BRAC)ȱ KansasȱArmyȱAmmunitionȱ CommissionȱReportȱandȱPlantȱOperatorȱ Plantȱ ȱ 23018ȱRoodsȱRoadȱ ParsonsȱKSȱ67357ȱ EconomicȱAdjustmentȱChallengesȱ 620Ȭ421Ȭ7449ȱ ȣȱȱCreateȱjobȱgrowthȱinȱoneȱofȱtheȱthreeȱpoorestȱcountiesȱinȱKansasȱ ddailey@kansasȬaapȬarmy.comȱȱ ȣȱȱCreateȱtaxȱbaseȱforȱtheȱcommunityȱwithȱtheȱlargestȱpopulationȱinȱtheȱcountyȱ–ȱLabetteȱ ȱ CountyȱhasȱtheȱhighestȱpropertyȱtaxȱrateȱinȱKansasȱforȱpopulationsȱoverȱ10,000ȱ ȱ ȣȱȱAttractȱgoodȬpayingȱjobsȱthatȱhelpȱcompensateȱforȱtheȱlostȱjobs,ȱwhichȱpaidȱanȱaverageȱ StateȱContact:ȱ ofȱmoreȱthanȱ50ȱpercentȱaboveȱtheȱcountyȱaverageȱ ȣȱModernizeȱanȱagingȱinfrastructureȱsystemȱthatȱdatesȱbackȱtoȱ1941ȱ JohnȱArmbrustȱ ExecutiveȱDirectorȱ ȱ KansasȱGovernor’sȱMilitaryȱ KeyȱReuseȱPlanningȱ&ȱPropertyȱDisposalȱMilestonesȱ Counselȱ 5/09/06ȱ FederalȱSurplusȱDeterminationȱ 501ȱPoyntzȱAvenueȱ 9/15/06ȱ LRAȱHomelessȱOutreachȱCompletedȱ ManhattanȱKSȱ66502ȱ 10/30/07ȱ ReuseȱPlanȱReceivedȱbyȱDepartmentȱofȱHousingȱandȱUrbanȱDevelopmentȱ 785Ȭ776Ȭ8829ȱ (HUD)/MilitaryȱServiceȱ [email protected]ȱȱ 12/19/09ȱ HUDȱDeterminationȱonȱSubmissionȱ ȱ 11/04/08ȱ NationalȱEnvironmentalȱProtectionȱActȱRecordȱofȱDecisionȱ 12/31/09ȱ BaseȱClosureȱ

Disclaimer: This profile, including all data, was developed by representatives of the community for distribution by the Office of Economic Adjustment, Department of Defense. The content comes from the community respondents and does not necessarily reflect information from, or views of, the Office of Economic Adjustment and the Department of Defense.

4 – 4

Community Profile Page 2

Organizationȱ

TheȱLocalȱRedevelopmentȱPlanningȱAuthorityȱ(LRPA)ȱwasȱformalizedȱbyȱtheȱLabetteȱCountyȱCommissionȱinȱOctoberȱ 2005ȱfollowingȱfiveȱmonthsȱofȱaȱvolunteerȱgroupȱworkingȱwithȱtheȱArmy.ȱȱTheȱLRPAȱwasȱcomprisedȱofȱcityȱandȱcountyȱ officials,ȱasȱwellȱasȱcommunityȱleaders.ȱȱThisȱbodyȱhiredȱanȱexecutiveȱdirector,ȱwhoȱthenȱhiredȱanȱofficeȱmanagerȱandȱ deputyȱdirector.ȱ ȱ TheȱGPDA,ȱtheȱimplementationȱLRA,ȱwasȱestablishedȱbyȱtheȱCountyȱCommissionȱasȱdirectedȱbyȱstateȱstatute.ȱȱ Accordingȱtoȱaȱcountyȱresolution,ȱtheȱGDPA’sȱBoardȱofȱDirectorsȱwasȱpopulated,ȱbyȱappointment,ȱwithȱleadersȱwithinȱ theȱcommunity.ȱȱRecommendationsȱforȱtheseȱappointmentsȱwereȱmadeȱbyȱtheȱGPDAȱexecutiveȱdirectorȱwithȱtheȱgoalȱofȱ creatingȱaȱwellȬroundedȱprofessionalȱandȱbalancedȱboard.ȱȱMemberȱprofessionsȱrangeȱfromȱtheȱbankingȱandȱinsuranceȱ arenasȱtoȱtheȱtransportationȱandȱagricultureȱindustries.ȱȱItȱwasȱdeterminedȱthatȱelectedȱofficialsȱareȱnotȱeligibleȱforȱ appointment.ȱȱHoweverȱthreeȱexȬofficioȱmembersȱareȱappointedȱtoȱtheȱboard,ȱrepresentingȱcountyȱgovernment,ȱtheȱ KansasȱDepartmentȱofȱCommerce,ȱandȱtheȱKansasȱDepartmentȱofȱWildlifeȱandȱParksȱ(KDWP).ȱ ReuseȱPlan/OtherȱStudiesȱȱ

TheȱKansasȱArmyȱAmmunitionȱPlantȱisȱaȱ13,727ȬacreȱfacilityȱlocatedȱinȱruralȱKansasȱandȱhasȱalwaysȱbeenȱutilizedȱforȱ “packȱandȱload”ȱproductionȱratherȱthanȱmanufacturingȱofȱexplosives.ȱȱBecauseȱofȱtheȱusage,ȱitȱrequiredȱQuantityȱ DistanceȱArcsȱfarȱlargerȱthanȱtheȱactualȱproductionȱareas.ȱȱTheȱmajorityȱofȱtheȱacreageȱ(88ȱpercent)ȱisȱfreeȱofȱ contamination.ȱȱNearlyȱ100ȱpercentȱofȱtheȱplantȱgroundsȱareȱunderȱagriculturalȱleasesȱforȱhaying,ȱpasture,ȱandȱcropland.ȱ ȱ TheȱMasterȱRedevelopmentȱPlanȱwasȱcompletedȱandȱsubmittedȱtoȱtheȱArmyȱinȱAugustȱ2007.ȱȱTheȱrecommendedȱkeyȱ landȱusesȱareȱConservationȱandȱAgriculture,ȱCommercialȱEnergeticsȱandȱMunitionsȱStorage,ȱIndustrial/Manufacturing,ȱ TransportationȱandȱWarehousing,ȱEnergyȱParks,ȱPublicȱEducationȱandȱTraining,ȱOffice/BusinessȱParks,ȱHousing,ȱandȱ HazardousȱMaterialsȱTreatment.ȱȱInȱaddition,ȱaȱcomprehensiveȱinfrastructureȱstudyȱwasȱrecommendedȱtoȱmodernizeȱ theȱinfrastructureȱsystems.ȱȱȱ ȱ TheȱMasterȱRedevelopmentȱPlanȱprovidesȱforȱ4,000ȱacresȱtoȱbeȱacquiredȱbyȱtheȱcurrentȱmunitionsȱmanufacturer.ȱȱInȱthisȱ downsizedȱfootprint,ȱtheȱcompanyȱwillȱcontinueȱtoȱseekȱcontractsȱatȱcompetitiveȱbidȱandȱthroughȱthirdȬpartyȱ companies.ȱȱItȱalsoȱplansȱtoȱdiversifyȱitsȱoperations.ȱ ȱ TheȱplantȱhasȱlongȱprovidedȱaȱprotectiveȱhabitatȱforȱwhiteȬtailȱdeerȱ–ȱitȱisȱrankedȱtheȱseventhȱbestȱlocationȱinȱtheȱ countryȱforȱhuntingȱopportunities.ȱȱTheȱprotectiveȱhabitat,ȱandȱtheȱmanyȱriparianȱcorridorsȱandȱwetlandsȱuniqueȱtoȱ Kansas,ȱhasȱresultedȱinȱstrongȱinterestȱfromȱtheȱKDWP.ȱȱToȱcapitalizeȱonȱtheȱhunting/tourismȱopportunities,ȱ3,000ȱacresȱ willȱbeȱsoldȱtoȱKDWPȱthroughȱanȱArmyȱCompatibleȱUseȱBufferȱ(ACUB)ȱtransferȱdirectlyȱfromȱtheȱArmyȱasȱwellȱasȱanȱ indirectȱsaleȱthroughȱtheȱGPDA.ȱȱTheȱ6,737ȱacresȱofȱremainingȱlandȱwillȱbeȱdevelopedȱintoȱheavyȱandȱlightȱindustrialȱ parcels,ȱagribusinessȱandȱagritourismȱsites,ȱofficeȱspace,ȱandȱresidentialȱproperty.ȱ ȱ AlthoughȱtheȱKansasȱArmyȱAmmunitionȱPlantȱisȱlocatedȱinȱruralȱKansas,ȱitȱisȱalsoȱlocatedȱinȱtheȱcenterȱofȱtheȱUnitedȱ States.ȱȱTheȱGPDAȱhasȱalreadyȱacquiredȱcommitmentȱfromȱtheȱUnionȱPacificȱRailroadȱtoȱcontinueȱserviceȱforȱtheȱnewȱ industrialȱparkȱandȱitsȱ33ȱmilesȱofȱrail.ȱȱInlandȱbargeȱisȱavailableȱfromȱtheȱPortȱofȱCatoosa,ȱjustȱ60ȱmilesȱsouthȱbyȱrail,ȱ withȱaccessȱtoȱallȱeasternȱwaterways.ȱȱTheȱnearestȱinterstateȱhighwayȱsystemȱisȱ58ȱmilesȱtoȱtheȱsoutheast;ȱhowever,ȱ28ȱ milesȱofȱthatȱwillȱbeȱaȱ4Ȭlaneȱroadȱwithinȱtheȱnextȱ10ȱyears.ȱȱTheȱremainingȱdistanceȱisȱaȱportionȱofȱtheȱNo.ȱ3ȱrouteȱlistedȱ onȱtheȱU.S.ȱCongressionalȱHighȱPriorityȱCorridorȱStudy.ȱ ȱ Mostȱbeneficialȱforȱtheȱcommunity,ȱwithȱitsȱdecisionȱtoȱacquireȱsignificantȱacreageȱinȱthisȱruralȱarea,ȱwasȱtheȱcompletionȱ ofȱanȱ“ExistingȱConditionsȱAssessments”ȱandȱ“InfrastructureȱMasterȱPlan.”ȱȱTheȱammunitionȱplantȱandȱmostȱofȱitsȱ infrastructureȱwasȱbuiltȱinȱ1941.ȱLikeȱmanyȱclosedȱbases,ȱtheȱplantȱnowȱsuffersȱfromȱanȱagingȱwaterȱandȱwastewaterȱ system.ȱȱTheȱgeographicalȱlocationȱofȱutilityȱlinesȱdoesȱnotȱnecessarilyȱfitȱinȱcorridorsȱthatȱwouldȱbeȱexpected;ȱandȱtheȱ 106ȱmilesȱofȱroads,ȱbridges,ȱandȱculvertsȱareȱnotȱallȱinȱtheȱbestȱcondition.ȱȱTheȱaboveȬreferencedȱreportsȱhelpedȱstaffȱandȱ

Disclaimer: This profile, including all data, was developed by representatives of the community for distribution by the Office of Economic Adjustment, Department of Defense. The content comes from the community respondents and does not necessarily reflect information from, or views of, the Office of Economic Adjustment and the Department of Defense.

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Community Profile Page 3

theȱBoardȱofȱDirectorsȱbetterȱunderstandȱtheȱmagnitudeȱofȱtheȱproblems,ȱandȱdetermineȱtheȱbestȱapproachȱtoȱ developingȱtheȱpropertyȱtoȱwithȱaccessȱtoȱlimitedȱcapitalȱimprovementȱdollars.ȱȱOtherȱinȬdepthȱstudiesȱincluded:ȱ ȱȱȱ x ExistingȱExplosivesȱSafetyȱConditionsȱ x ExistingȱLandȱManagementȱConditionsȱ ȱ RequestȱforȱProposalsȱ(RFPs)ȱwereȱrecentlyȱsentȱoutȱforȱotherȱstudiesȱthatȱwillȱhelpȱalignȱthisȱ22ȱsquareȬmileȱsiteȱwithȱ theȱsurroundingȱcountrysideȱandȱLabetteȱCounty.ȱȱAnȱRFPȱwasȱcreatedȱtoȱaddressȱaȱfederalȱenclave,ȱwhichȱexistedȱatȱ theȱtimeȱofȱstateȬmandatedȱ911ȱaddressing.ȱȱTheȱRFPȱwillȱaddressȱgroundsȱthatȱweren’tȱincludedȱinȱtheȱstudiesȱasȱwellȱ asȱprovideȱrecommendationsȱforȱincorporatingȱtheȱareaȱintoȱtheȱcounty’sȱfirefightingȱandȱlawȱenforcementȱsystems.ȱȱ AnotherȱRFPȱaddressesȱutilityȱeasementsȱandȱzoningȱrecommendations.ȱ HomelessȱSubmissionȱȱ

TheȱKansasȱArmyȱAmmunitionȱPlantȱhasȱbeenȱaȱproductionȱfacilityȱsinceȱitsȱestablishmentȱandȱhasȱnoȱhousingȱ opportunitiesȱnorȱpersonnelȱsupportȱsystem,ȱbaseȱexchange,ȱgym,ȱorȱhospital.ȱȱBecauseȱthisȱruralȱpropertyȱisȱremoteȱ fromȱanyȱmetropolitanȱarea,ȱtheȱHUDȬrequiredȱdocumentationȱofȱneedȱandȱpotentialȱwereȱnotȱaȱsignificantȱportionȱofȱ theȱtransferȱprocess.ȱȱThereȱwereȱnoȱNoticesȱofȱInterestȱfromȱhomelessȱproviders.ȱ ImplementationȱandȱPartneringȱStrategiesȱ

TheȱKansasȱArmyȱAmmunitionȱPlantȱisȱlocatedȱinȱtheȱpoorestȱregionȱofȱtheȱstate.ȱȱTheȱnearestȱandȱlargestȱcommunityȱinȱ theȱcountyȱ(Parsons,ȱpopulationȱ12,000)ȱhasȱtheȱhighestȱpropertyȱtaxesȱinȱtheȱstateȱ(forȱpopulationsȱmoreȱthanȱ10,000).ȱȱ TheȱfocusȱofȱtheȱGPDAȱboardȱisȱtoȱrebuildȱjobs,ȱreturnȱnearlyȱ14,000ȱacresȱtoȱtheȱtaxȱrollsȱofȱtheȱcounty,ȱandȱimproveȱtheȱ valuationȱofȱtheȱpropertyȱthroughȱdevelopment.ȱȱTheȱGPDAȱhasȱworkedȱhardȱtoȱretainȱtheȱprivateȱmunitionsȱcontractorȱ asȱtheȱfirstȱtenantȱofȱtheȱnewȱindustrialȱparkȱsoȱthatȱitȱcanȱrebuildȱitsȱtalentedȱworkȱforce.ȱȱAsȱtheȱpropertyȱtransfers,ȱ thereȱisȱconsiderableȱopportunityȱtoȱuseȱtheȱcompany’sȱasȬyetȱunemployedȱskilledȱworkersȱtoȱattractȱotherȱindustry.ȱ ȱ Environmentalȱremediationȱisȱexpectedȱtoȱprovideȱseveralȱdozenȱjobsȱforȱupȱtoȱaȱdecade.ȱȱInȱadditionȱtoȱtheȱeconomicȱ benefitȱofȱthoseȱjobs,ȱremediationȱisȱplannedȱtoȱtakeȱplaceȱinȱtheȱmostȱpromisingȱareasȱforȱdevelopmentȱfirst,ȱleavingȱtheȱ moreȱremoteȱlocationsȱforȱlaterȱinȱtheȱprocess.ȱ ȱ Theȱlocalȱcommunityȱcollegeȱwillȱbeȱaȱsignificantȱpartnerȱinȱtheȱenvironmentalȱprocess,ȱwhichȱanticipatesȱprovidingȱ certificationȱcourseȱworkȱforȱlocalȱresidentsȱsoȱthatȱtheyȱcanȱperformȱhazardousȱandȱexplosiveȱmaterialȱ decontamination.ȱȱTheȱcommunityȱcollegeȱisȱalsoȱestablishingȱaȱnationallyȬcertifiedȱHeavyȱEquipmentȱOperatorsȱ(HEO)ȱ schoolȱonȱtheȱplantȱgrounds.ȱȱTheȱextensiveȱroadȱnetwork,ȱterracingȱneeds,ȱandȱbuildingȱopportunitiesȱwillȱprovideȱ directȱhandsȬonȱexperienceȱforȱstudents,ȱandȱprovideȱtheȱGPDAȱwithȱlowȬcostȱgraders,ȱdozers,ȱandȱotherȱnecessaryȱ equipment.ȱȱTheȱcommunityȱcollegeȱwillȱalsoȱinvestigateȱpartneringȱtheȱHEOȱSchoolȱwithȱaȱdieselȱmechanicsȱschool.ȱ Thisȱwouldȱallowȱtheȱcommunityȱcollegeȱtoȱprovideȱserviceȱtoȱitsȱownȱequipmentȱandȱpotentiallyȱprovideȱdieselȱengineȱ serviceȱforȱotherȱparkȱtenants.ȱ ȱ TheȱCityȱofȱParsonsȱisȱaȱprobableȱpartnerȱinȱtheȱnearȱfuture.ȱȱTheȱagingȱwaterȱsystemȱatȱtheȱbaseȱhasȱmanyȱneedsȱandȱ operatorsȱconstantlyȱstruggleȱtoȱmeetȱstateȱstandardsȱ–ȱprimarilyȱbecauseȱofȱtheȱlimitedȱflowȱthroughȱoverȬsizedȱwaterȱ mains.ȱȱParsonsȱalreadyȱhasȱaȱwaterȱmainȱwithinȱtwoȱmilesȱofȱtheȱbase.ȱȱByȱextendingȱtheȱmainȱtoȱtheȱbase,ȱwithȱaȱmeterȱ onȱtheȱborder,ȱtheȱGPDAȱwouldȱbeȱableȱtoȱsellȱpotableȱwaterȱtoȱparkȱtenants.ȱȱTheȱGPDAȱcouldȱconvertȱtheȱexistingȱ waterȱsystemȱintoȱaȱnonȬpotableȱsystemȱforȱindustrialȱpurposes,ȱwhichȱwouldȱeliminateȱtheȱneedȱtoȱmaintainȱanȱ expensiveȱpotableȱwaterȱsystemȱandȱprovideȱtenantsȱwithȱaȱdualȱwaterȱsystemȱtoȱhelpȱcontainȱtheirȱcosts.ȱȱThisȱplanȱ wouldȱalsoȱprovideȱnonȬpotableȱwaterȱthroughȱtheȱfireȱhydrantȱsystem.ȱ ȱ TheȱStateȱofȱKansasȱhasȱalreadyȱbeenȱaȱstrongȱpartnerȱonȱmanyȱlevels.ȱTheȱacquisitionȱofȱ3,000ȱacresȱforȱpublicȱlandsȱ willȱprovideȱaȱtourismȱattractionȱforȱhuntersȱandȱnatureȬlovers.ȱȱKDWPȱwillȱalsoȱprovideȱlandȱmanagementȱ recommendationsȱandȱagriculturalȱleaseȱmanagementȱinȱexchangeȱforȱuseȱofȱundevelopedȱproperty.ȱȱTheȱKansasȱ

Disclaimer: This profile, including all data, was developed by representatives of the community for distribution by the Office of Economic Adjustment, Department of Defense. The content comes from the community respondents and does not necessarily reflect information from, or views of, the Office of Economic Adjustment and the Department of Defense.

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Community Profile Page 4

Legislatureȱhasȱprovidedȱ$750,000ȱforȱnewȱentranceȱroadsȱtoȱtheȱindustrialȱpark,ȱasȱwellȱasȱattractiveȱsignageȱtoȱ welcomeȱvisitorsȱandȱoccupants.ȱȱNecessaryȱlegislationȱwasȱalsoȱpassedȱtoȱallowȱtheȱGPDAȱtoȱdisposeȱofȱpropertyȱinȱ theȱsameȱmannerȱasȱindustrialȱparksȱinȱmunicipalȱareas.ȱȱFinally,ȱtheȱKansasȱDepartmentȱofȱCommerceȱ(KDOC)ȱhasȱ takenȱaȱpersonalȱinterestȱinȱtheȱtransferȱbyȱprovidingȱGPDAȱstaffȱwithȱanȱaudienceȱofȱitsȱnationalȱandȱinternationalȱ representatives.ȱȱTheȱsecretariesȱofȱbothȱtheȱKDWPȱandȱKDOCȱwereȱappointedȱexȬofficioȱboardȱmembersȱtoȱtheȱGPDAȱ boardȱofȱdirectors.ȱ Successes/LessonsȱLearnedȱ LessonsȱLearnedȱ

GettingȱoffȱtoȱtheȱcorrectȱstartȱwithȱtheȱArmyȱwasȱaȱcriticalȱfirstȱstepȱforȱtheȱcommunity.ȱȱLocalȱvolunteersȱwereȱtheȱfirstȱ ofȱallȱtheȱ2005ȱBaseȱRealignmentȱandȱClosureȱ(BRAC)ȱcommunitiesȱtoȱarriveȱatȱtheȱPentagon.ȱȱTheyȱaskedȱofficialsȱwhatȱ theyȱneededȱtoȱdoȱtoȱmoveȱforward,ȱratherȱthanȱobjectingȱtoȱtheȱinevitable.ȱȱHiringȱanȱexperiencedȱexecutiveȱdirectorȱ veryȱearlyȱinȱtheȱprocessȱwasȱcriticalȱapproachȱtoȱpreventȱvolunteerȱburnoutȱandȱfrustration.ȱ ȱ CreatingȱtheȱLRAȱboardȱasȱaȱnonȬpolitical,ȱbusinessȬorientedȱentityȱwasȱaȱsuccessȱonȱmultipleȱlevels.ȱȱAppointingȱ professionalȱbusinessȱpeople,ȱwhoȱhaveȱaȱfinancialȱinvestmentȱinȱtheȱcommunity,ȱprovidedȱaȱstrongȱdeterminationȱtoȱ succeed.ȱȱTheȱLRAȱboard:ȱȱ x Providedȱtheȱbusinessȱacumenȱneededȱtoȱbothȱtransitionȱandȱrebuildȱ x Didȱwhatȱwasȱnecessary,ȱevenȱwhenȱunpopular,ȱratherȱthanȱdwellingȱonȱreȬelectionȱconcernsȱ x Providedȱanȱextremelyȱbalancedȱprofessionalȱbaseȱwithȱwhichȱstaffȱcouldȱinteractȱȱ ȱ Theȱcommunityȱalsoȱlearnedȱitȱisȱimportantȱtoȱmitigateȱissuesȱbetweenȱtheȱregulatorsȱ(stateȱandȱfederal)ȱimmediately.ȱȱ Successfullyȱseekingȱpoliticalȱinterventionȱwillȱmoveȱtheȱprojectȱforwardȱinȱaȱtimelyȱmanner.ȱȱLastly,ȱitȱisȱimportantȱtoȱ knowȱandȱunderstandȱbothȱstateȱandȱcongressionalȱpoliticsȱtoȱavoidȱdelaysȱandȱbetterȱensureȱprogress.ȱ ȱ

Successesȱ

2/12/06ȱȱ LRPAȱrecognizedȱbyȱtheȱDepartmentȱofȱDefenseȱ 5/02/06ȱȱ ArmyȱSiteȱAssessmentȱReportȱcompleteȱ 8/31/07ȱ ComprehensiveȱMasterȱRedevelopmentȱPlanȱsubmittedȱtoȱtheȱArmyȱandȱHUDȱȱ 6/12/08ȱȱ Publicȱofficialsȱbriefingȱhostedȱnearlyȱ100ȱpeopleȱfromȱthroughoutȱsoutheastȱKansasȱandȱattractedȱareaȱ mediaȱ 6/30/08ȱȱ Footprintȱwasȱsuccessfullyȱnegotiatedȱwithȱmunitionsȱmanufacturerȱwhichȱremainȱasȱfirstȱtenantȱ 9/19/08ȱȱ BusinessȱPlanȱandȱImplementationȱStrategyȱcompletedȱ 11/03/08ȱ ImplementationȱLRAȱwasȱcreatedȱbyȱResolutionȱ 12/03/08ȱȱ OfficeȱofȱEconomicȱAdjustmentȱ(OEA)ȱformallyȱrecognizedȱImplementationȱLRAȱ 5/08/09ȱȱ EconomicȱDevelopmentȱConveyanceȱsubmittedȱ 5/27/09ȱ SenateȱBillȱ60ȱsignedȱbyȱGovernor,ȱallowingȱGPDAȱtheȱabilityȱtoȱsellȱpropertyȱwithoutȱpublicȱbidȱ 9/30/09ȱȱ Firstȱ3,600ȱacresȱtransferredȱ 12/31/09ȱȱ Finalȱ6,100ȱacresȱexpectedȱtoȱtransferȱ

Disclaimer: This profile, including all data, was developed by representatives of the community for distribution by the Office of Economic Adjustment, Department of Defense. The content comes from the community respondents and does not necessarily reflect information from, or views of, the Office of Economic Adjustment and the Department of Defense.

4 – 7 REAT LAINS G P Spring 2010 D EVELOPMENT AUTHORITY

NEWSLETTER FIRST ACRES TRANSFERRED! After nearly five years, the first parcel of the Kansas Army Ammunition Plant fi- nally transferred. As drawn out as those five years may have seemed, this transfer actually marked the first acre- age to move through the proc- ess for the Army. On February 9, 2,600 acres was acquired by the Great Plains Development Author- ity. It included 2,000 acres along the west and south bor- ders, which will later be trans- ferred to the Kansas Depart- ment of Wildlife and Parks, and 600 acres, which have been determined free of envi- ronmental contamination and ready for industrial develop- ment. The 600 acres lies roughly along both sides of the intersection of Road D and Chairman Bob Wood signs the $1.00 check to purchase 2,600 acres from the Army, while Road 1, which will become past-chairman James McCarty waits to add his signature. county roads Scott and 23,000. There are no buildings on in a nickel to help raise the KSAAP transfer as prece- was extremely pleased with any of the property that was necessary dollar for the pur- dence for later transfers. the deal that was struck with acquired. chase price. Other nickels A second parcel of 6,100 the Army, saying, “The real Members of the GPDA’s came from staff and legal acres is expected to be ac- benefit of this payment struc- board of directors, and the counsel, Fred Johnson. quired by the GPDA in mid- ture is that it’s not a financial board of the authority’s prede- Unfortunately chief execu- to late-summer. The organiza- burden for the residents of cessor, the Local Redevelop- tive officer Dan Goddard had tion will pay a cash amount of Labette County. ment Planning Authority, were to join the meeting by phone. $49,999 for that parcel, plus “If we’re successful, the in attendance and each kicked Goddard had been pulling enter into a 10-year revenue Army wins, but if develop- together last minute details for sharing agreement. ment is slower than antici- the signing package at the Additional revenue sharing pated, the people of the county Pentagon when the historic payments will not exceed aren’t saddled with a financial D.C. blizzard hit, delaying his $3,450,000. The GPDA has obligation.” return home. the ability to cap out on those Details of the transaction Goddard said that difficul- payments at the end of seven can be found on page 2. ties in being first in line for years if a total of $3 million transfer slowed the process has been paid. because the Army will use the CEO Dan Goddard said he

1209 CORPORATE DRIVE #6, PARSONS, KS 67357 · PHONE: (620) 421-1228

4 – 8 FROM THE PAST. . . This 1986 aerial view of the Kansas Army Ammunition Plant shows two administration buildings during the move from one to the other. DZI’s manager of quality assurance, Bill Gorman, said he began work in the old build- ing in May 1986, but was moved into the new one about three months later. It is believed that the old one was demolished early in 1987. The circle drive and flag pole can still be seen today. The “new” administration building contains 67,000 sq. ft. of space and cost $4,989,400. The building and a surrounding 10 acres will be put up for public bid sometime this summer by the Army.

KANSAS ARMY AMMUNITION PLANT — GREAT PLAINS INDUSTRIAL PARK Page 2 SPRING 2010 NEWSLETTER

4 – 9 20-YEAR BUILD-OUT PLAN FOR INDUSTRIAL PARK

Redevelopment proposal by Design Group

THE KANSAS ARMY AMMUNITION PLANT LOCAL REDEVELOPMENT PLANNING AUTHORITY FALL 2008 NEWSLETTER

4 – 10 KDOT Project U.S. 169 North of Coffeyville

The U.S. 169 North of Coffeyville project is were present along the project alignment. Because approximately 6 miles long, beginning just north many were impacted by construction, a new wetland of the Verdigris River Bridge and extending north mitigation area is being constructed near the to Potato Creek. This section of U.S. 169 will be site. constructed as a four-lane upgradeable expressway. An expressway is a multilane highway with a median. Certain areas on this project were identifi ed and Connecting roads cross the highway at the same designated critical habitat for Federal endangered elevation as the expressway to maintain cross-traffi c species, including the American burying beetle, fl ow. The project scope includes grading, surfacing, and a State threatened species, the spotted skunk. seeding, fencing, three intersections, one interchange, In addition, potential Bald Eagle perching trees are and six bridges (fi g. 1). located within 100 feet of the Verdigris River.

System Enhancement Program The potential for contaminated ground water in several areas affected the design and required soil compaction before construction. The original slope The City of Coffeyville applied for this project stability and settlement design specifi ed numerous through the Kansas Department of Transportation’s vertical drains to relieve subsurface pore-water (KDOT) System Enhancement Program (SEP). SEP pressure. The overlying soil weight would push is one aspect of the Comprehensive Transportation ground water up through the vertical drains to the Program (CTP) passed by the Kansas Legislature ground surface and allows the soil to settle and and signed into law by Governor Bill Graves on May compact faster. However, because of the contaminated 10, 1999. The CTP provides $1 billion for System ground water, the original construction sequencing Enhancements over the 10-year life of the program. had to be revised to allow more time for slower soil System Enhancement projects must be in the settlement without the drains. State Highway System or a logical addition to the State Highway System. They must also substantially Project Design improve safety, relieve congestion, improve access, or enhance economic development. Projects are This project has been dynamic in terms of project divided into three categories: Corridor Improvements, limits, scope, and partners. The original project design Bypass Construction, and Interchange/Separation specifi ed a four-lane freeway design. A freeway is a Improvements. multi-lane highway with a median, with access only at interchanges. Right-of-way was purchased with that Coffeyville requested this project to address scope in mind. increased traffi c into its industrial park area, to enhance U.S. 169 traffi c safety, to increase economic The project limits were extended to include the development, to provide a high-capacity roadway Potato Creek bridge after local inspection found the for heavy truck and passenger traffi c, and to improve bridge in need of extensive repair. When the project traffi c fl ow at the U.S. 169/U.S. 166 junction. design was approximately 60% complete, Coffeyville advised KDOT that Walmart planned to construct a Environmental Impact new super center at the south end of the project. The design was altered to accommodate the proposed Wal- The project had environmental aspects, including Mart. cultural and historical, wetlands, wildlife, and hazardous-waste issues that had to be addressed. Due to funding issues with the CTP, the project scope required reevaluation. To address funding, the Eight sites were considered and reviewed for design criteria were changed from a freeway design cultural and historical signifi cance. Several wetlands to an upgradeable expressway. The project has three intersections that were changed from interchanges to

4 – 11 Figure 1. Map showing Project U.S. 169 North of Coffeyville; south half (upper), north half (lower). at-grade crossings. Because of the funding dilemma, the increased traffi c from the Walmart and the fact even the fourth interchange at U.S. 169/U.S. 166 that U.S. 169 is a major trucking corridor, KDOT junction near the proposed Walmart was changed once again reviewed the design and determined that to an at-grade intersection. To address the traffi c a partial cloverleaf interchange at U.S. 169/U.S. 166 impact of the proposed super center, Walmart’s was more appropriate than an at-grade intersection. design consultant completed a Traffi c Impact Study. The addition of the partial cloverleaf added The study discovered a signifi cant impact on the approximately $17 million dollars to the project cost. traffi c volume used for the road design. Because of

4 – 12 The Walmart was scheduled to open approxi- Contact Information mately one year before this project was scheduled for letting. To avoid construction interference, KDOT James W. Dietzel, P.E. asked the design consultant to split out the work near Road Design Leader the Walmart, which was let and completed prior to Kansas Department of Transportation Walmart’s opening. Additional coordination was 700 S.W. Harrison Street, 13th Floor needed to address the Amazon.com facility at the Topeka, KS 66603–3754 industrial park, which required an entrance much Phone: 785–296–3840 larger than KDOT would normally install. KDOT Fax: 785–296–4302 coordinated with Montgomery County and Amazon. [email protected] com to reach a design acceptable to all project Wayne R. Gudmonson, P.E. partners. District IV, Area III Engineer Kansas Department of Transportation Construction 3097 West Main Independence, KS 67301 The project was let for construction at a special Phone: 620–331–3760 letting on February 04, 2009, and awarded to Fax: 620–331–7017 Sherwood Construction for $42,495,108.56 on [email protected] February 11, 2009. The contract was approved on Bob Henthorne, P.G. February 22, 2009, and Sherwood Construction Chief Geologist started work on March 30, 2009. The project is to Kansas Department of Transportation be complete on or before November 4, 2011. At 2300 Van Buren St this time, Sherwood Construction’s schedule shows Topeka, KS 66611 project completion about three months ahead of Phone: 785–291–3860 the contract date. As of April 30, 2010, Sherwood Fax: 785–296–2526 Construction has been paid $18,120,035.00. The [email protected] project, as of April 30, 2010, is 42% complete.

This project is a testament to a successful partnership between local, county, State, and Federal governments and private enterprise. Not only did KDOT partner with Coffeyville and new business entities, but also with existing businesses in the industrial park. All entities have gone the extra mile to take this project from design to construction while addressing the concerns and needs of the many stakeholders.

4 – 13 CVR Energy’s Petroleum and Nitrogen Fertilizer Production

CVR Energy is an independent petroleum supply The fuel terminal is located in Phillipsburg, company and refi ner of transportation fuels as well as Kansas, and is operated by Coffeyville Resources a producer of ammonia and urea ammonium nitrate Terminal, LLC. The terminal supplies the region with fertilizers. The company’s petroleum business is up to 4,500 barrels-per-day of asphalt and refi ned composed of four subsidiaries that operate a refi nery, transportation products. fuel terminal, a crude-oil transportation service, and a pipeline network. A fi fth subsidiary operates the Petroleum products are sold to other petroleum nitrogen fertilizer facility next to the Coffeyville refi ners, convenience-store operators, petroleum refi nery. jobbers, railroads, and truck stops. Fuel and natural gas liquids produced at the refi nery are distributed Headquartered in Sugar Land, Texas, with main through Magellan’s Central and Mountain pipelines operations in Coffeyville, Kansas, CVR Energy is one as well as MAPCO, Enterprise Product Partners LP, of the largest employers in southeastern Kansas. The and NuStar LP pipelines. Gasoline and diesel fuel are refi nery employs more than 650 employees, and CVR also sold from truck-loading racks at the Coffeyville Energy generated more than $3.1 billion net sales refi nery and the Phillipsburg terminal. revenue in 2009. CVR Energy Nitrogen Fertilizer CVR Energy Petroleum Refi ning and Operations Supply Operations CVR Energy’s 20-acre nitrogen production CVR Energy’s petroleum business consists of a facility adjacent to the Coffeyville refi nery is the only refi nery, a system of crude oil transportation pipelines, commercial facility in North America that uses low- and a fuel terminal facility. cost petroleum coke—as opposed to natural gas—to produce nitrogen fertilizers. The majority of the The Coffeyville refi nery is operated by petroleum coke is supplied by the Coffeyville refi nery. Coffeyville Resources Refi ning & Marketing. It is The refi nery also produces high-purity hydrogen for a catalytic cracking/delayed coking refi nery that export to the nitrogen fertilizer plant. The hydrogen, processes moderately heavy medium-sulfur crude oil which would otherwise be consumed as fuel, is from domestic and international sources. It mostly converted into value-added ammonia using excess refi nes fuel products such as gasoline, diesel, and capacity in the ammonia plant. propane. The technology used to produce ammonia and The refi nery is situated approximately 100 miles urea ammonium nitrate fertilizers (UAN) is complex. from Cushing, Oklahoma, one of the largest crude- The gasifi er converts low-cost petroleum coke, a oil storage hubs in the United States. Numerous refi nery byproduct, into a hydrogen-rich synthesis pipelines, including ones from the U.S. Gulf Coast gas. The syngas is then converted into anhydrous and Canada, provide access to virtually any crude ammonia in an ultra-high-effi ciency ammonia plant. variety in the world. Approximately two-thirds of the ammonia is further upgraded into UAN in a fully integrated plant licensed About 75% of the refi nery’s 115,000 barrel- from Weatherly, the largest single train UAN plant in per-day crude oil is purchased from international North America. and domestic crude oil suppliers. The remainder is supplied by CVR Energy’s crude-oil transportation A petroleum-coke fuel supply provides the system operated by Coffeyville Resources Crude nitrogen fertilizer business with a competitive Transportation, LLC. Approximately 30,000 barrels- business advantage. The plant uses less than 1% of the per-day of crude oil are delivered to the refi nery natural gas required by other nitrogen-based fertilizer through its gathering system, which serves much of facilities. As a result, the facility is not subject to the central Midwest. market fl uctuation and the economic-forced plant closures that often occur at other domestic fertilizer plants that use natural gas as a fuel source.

4 – 14 In 2009, Coffeyville Resources Nitrogen concentrates minerals in the circulating water and a Fertilizers Operations produced 156,600 tons portion of the concentrated water, called blowdown of ammonia for sale and 677,700 tons of urea water, is removed and recycled, or treated and ammonium nitrate. discharged. Makeup water is added to prevent mineral concentration and to account for evaporation, , Petroleum Refi ning Water Use and blowdown losses.

The production of petroleum gasoline can Refi ning processes consume an average of 1.5 consume substantial quantities of water from steam- gallons of water for each gallon of crude oil refi ned. heat sources and cooling in the different refi ning Although it varies by oil source, in general U.S. processes (fi g. 1). Of the various refi ning processes— onshore oil production (i.e., not refi ning) consumes crude desalting, distillation, alkylation, fl uid catalytic about 2.1 to 5.4 gallons of water for each gallon of cracking (FCC), hydrocracking, and reforming, crude oil produced for a total of 3.6 to 6.9 gallons of among others—crude distillation and FCC require the water. Canadian oil-sands consume 2.8 to 6.5 gallons majority of the steam and cooling water use. of water. Saudi Arabian crude production consumes slightly less, using 2.9 to 6.1 gallons of water to produce and process a gallon of oil. Approximately half of a refi nery’s water losses are from the boiling and cooling system. Cooling water routed through process coolers and condensers Sources absorbs heat from hot process steams. Warm water is returned to the top of a cooling tower(s) and trickles CVR Energy, 2010, http://www.cvrenergy.com/index.html. down over baffl es that bring the water into contact Wu, M., Mintz, M., Wang, M., and Arora, S., 2009, with rising ambient air, transferring heat into the Consumptive water use in the production of ethanol air by evaporating water. Water loss occurs through and petroleum gasoline: Center for Transportation evaporation and by drift from the wind. Evaporation Research Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, ANL/ESD/09–1, p. 76.

Figure 1. Generalized water usage in a petroleum refi nery (modifi ed from Wu, M., et al, 2009).

4 – 15 Contact Information

Gina Bowman Vice President, Government Relations A CVR Energy, Inc. Company P.O. Box 901655 Kansas City, MO 64190 816–769–7125 [email protected] Marc Gilbertson Operations Technical Superintendent Coffeyville Resources Nitrogen Fertilizers A CVR Energy, Inc. Company 400 North Linden Street Coffeyville, KS 67337 620–252–4325 [email protected]

Mike Swanson Tech Services Manager Coffeyville Resources Refi ning & Marketing A CVR Energy, Inc. Company 400 North Linden Street Coffeyville, KS 67337 620–252–4295 [email protected]

4 – 16 Verdigris River Basin Flooding, Summer 2007

During the weekend of June 30–July 1, 2007, disaster relief in 20 southeast Kansas counties to assist heavy rains caused the Verdigris and Fall rivers to in the recovery from the severe storms and fl ooding. overfl ow their banks, top protective levees, and fl ood Fifty-six Verdigris watershed district fl ood-control the cities of Fredonia, Neodesha, Independence, structures conservatively sustained $2,107,500 in Coffeyville, numerous smaller communities, and the fl ood damage. In Montgomery County a reach of CVR Energy refi nery in Coffeyville. Heavy rain and streambank was destabilized, threatening a county fl ooding persisted in the area for two weeks, forcing road that was estimated to cost $135,100 to repair. up to 3,000 people from their homes. At the end of this section is an aerial map of the Verdigris basin, Structures overlain with GIS coverage showing the extent of the 2007 fl ooding from just below Fredonia to the Four Federal reservoirs were constructed in the Kansas–Oklahoma state line. basin between 1949 and 1981 to manage fl ooding and provide reliable water supply; from oldest to On July 1, the Verdigris River at Independence youngest, they are , Toronto, Elk City, rose to a record 52.4 feet—more than 20 feet above and . The 13 watershed districts in the basin fl ood stage—and exceeded the previous high water have constructed 222 water-retention structures on mark of 47.6 feet in 1943. The river crested in tributaries within the basin, and several levees have Coffeyville at 30.4 feet, 12 feet above fl ood stage and been constructed in Montgomery County. 4.2 feet above the protective levee. The crested at 21.8 ft on July 2. Although the upstream Federal fl ood-control reservoirs functioned properly and numerous smaller Roads were covered for several days, cutting off watershed dams retained water, this catastrophic parts of the basin from access by emergency vehicles, event served as a reminder that even with extensive and the National Guard was mobilized to assist in structural fl ood-control efforts, excessive rainfall over relief efforts. Water and wastewater treatment plants successive days will overcome the ability of the fl ood- and industrial facilities were shut down for weeks (fi g. control system to prevent damage. 1). Floodplain Management The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and the U.S. Small Business Administration Rivers and streams in the Verdigris basin have (SBA) approved nearly $40 million dollars for historically been prone to fl ooding during high rainfall events. Most of the basin is native prairie with fairly steep slopes and shallow soils, making it

mostly unsuitable for crop production. As a result, row-crop agriculture occurs mainly in the more fertile fl oodplains. Most communities and cities are sited near stream channels and several, including Neodesha, Independence, Coffeyville, and Altoona (fi g. 2), are located at the confl uence of major rivers and creeks in the basin, making them further vulnerable to fl ood damage.

Expansion of urban development in fl oodplains increases the potential for fl ood damage. Flood damage may be reduced by preventing development in fl ood-prone areas and by converting existing land- Figure 1. Independence water-treatment plant during 2007 use types to those more compatible with fl ood-prone fl ood (photo courtesy of the KWO).

4 – 17 Recommendations for the basin priority issue in the Kansas Water Plan:

• Assess the effectiveness of existing fl ood-control infrastructure and develop plans to reduce fl ood damage to this infrastructure. Ensure that stream obstructions are maintained and free of debris accumulation.

• Complete repairs of damaged fl ood-control structures and deferred maintenance needs.

• Determine the current fl oodplain status and Figure 2. 2007 fl ood, looking west toward Altoona (photo promote National Flood Insurance Program courtesy of the KWO). participation, model ordinances, and best- management practices to local units of areas. Local governments can implement fl oodplain government. Limit development in the 100-year management through planning and zoning and, fl oodplain using Flood Insurance Rate Maps to in some cases, through county sanitary codes. By delineate prohibited areas. minimizing structural development in fl oodplains, fl oodwaters can spread out onto the fl oodplain. This • Engage in Watershed Restoration and Protection reduces the water’s erosive potential by slowing it Strategies to integrate comprehensive watershed- down and allowing sediment to settle out. based fl ood management with exiting fl oodplain, wetland, and riparian programs. Assess and The Kansas Department of Agriculture–Division inventory watersheds to identify potential of Water Resources (DWR) provides technical locations for non-structural fl ood-control assistance to local governments and has developed a measures. Floodplain Management Guide fact sheet, but there is no State requirement for local governments to • Develop emergency plans for high-hazard dams implement fl oodplain management. still needing them.

Kansas Water Plan Recommendations • Complete breach-zone mapping.

In January 2009, the Kansas Water Authority • Coordinate with the DWR Water Structures adopted a basin priority issue in the Kansas Water Program to determine if increased hydrologic Plan for the Verdigris basin in response to the fl ooding and hydraulic evaluation of stream obstructions issue. should be considered in the Verdigris basin or in parts of the basin particularly prone to fl ooding. Verdigris Basin Priority Issue: Identify and evaluate fl ood-prone areas that may be attributed to permitted stream obstructions. Persistent fl ood damages in the Verdigris basin Consider costs to repair damages against costs to indicate a need for a comprehensive evaluation of implement the program. existing fl ood-control infrastructure and storage to determine current status, mapping funding needs, Contact Information and opportunities for fl ood-management actions and fl ood-damage reduction in the future. Tracy Streeter Director Kansas Water Offi ce 901 S. Kansas Avenue Topeka, KS 66612 785–296–3185 [email protected]

4 – 18 Verdigris River Stream Corridor Stabilization Project

In response to Verdigris River fl ooding, well as increase wildlife habitat along wetland areas. approximately 94 acres of river-bottom land in It allows landowners to enroll in a CRP practice on Montgomery County, Kansas, has been planted to lands suitable for growing bottom-land hardwood trees as a component of a streambank stabilization trees or shrubs to establish a multipurpose forest. project (fi g. 1). In partnership with the site landowner, In April 2008, another 63 acres received fi nancial Dr. Phil Eastep, three agencies—the Natural assistance through the program. In April 2009, 7.5 Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), Kansas acres were replanted through CRP to replace trees lost Forest Service, and Farm Service Agency (FSA)— in the 2007 fl ood. assisted in planting approximately 30,000 trees for erosion control between April 2006 and March 2009. In April 2009, another 21 acres at the site received Project plans include installation of streambank fi nancial assistance through the Environmental stabilization measures to prevent channel erosion Quality Incentives Program (EQIP) administered during out-of-bank fl ow periods. Projects such as through NRCS. EQIP is a voluntary program that these fulfi ll the recommendations outlined in the provides assistance to farmers and ranchers who face Kansas Water Plan for the Verdigris Basin Priority threats to soil, water, air, and related natural resources issue, which in part recommends comprehensive on their land. Both technical and fi nancial assistance watershed restoration and protection strategies within is provided by NRCS to carry out EQIP contracts. the basin. In January 2008, a Wildlife Habitat Incentives Project Scope Program (WHIP) application from the landowner was approved by NRCS. WHIP is a voluntary program NRCS and the Kansas Forest Service selected tree for conservation-minded landowners who want to species and optimal tree spacing based on the different develop and improve wildlife habitat on agricultural soil types at the site. The river bottom includes four land, nonindustrial private forestland, and Native different soil types. The Verdigris silt loam soil makes American land. The NRCS provides fi nancial and up the majority of the river bottom. The remainder of technical assistance to landowners to carry out this the bottom is Lanton silty clay loam, Osage silty clay, contract. The WHIP funding will be used to complete and Dennis silt loam. a future streambank stabilization project on the Verdigris River. In the conservation plan developed by The tree species mixture includes black walnut, NRCS, approximately 800 feet of the Verdigris River pecan, bur oak, shumard oak, sawtooth oak, chinkapin will be protected. Rock armor or rock vanes will be oak, northern red oak, hackberry, and green ash. installed along the toe of the river cutbank along with Three-hundred-and-three trees were planted per weirs or small overfl ow dams to raise the level of the acre on a 12 ft x 12 ft grid. Bare-root seedlings were streambed and control its grade. planted with a tractor-mounted tree planter followed by two people who ensured proper soil compaction The streambank stabilization project was and depth to ensure optimum survival rates. contracted to the State Conservation Commission (SCC), and the Watershed Institute will complete the Interagency Funding and Partnership site survey and design for SCC. The exact project reach and construction materials will be determined once the site is surveyed and then designed. After FSA provided the initial fi nancial assistance design, the NRCS will work with the U.S. Corps to Dr. Eastep in April 2006. Nine acres received of Engineers (USCOE) and Kansas Division of fi nancial assistance through the Bottom Land Timber Water Resources (DWR) to obtain permits for the Establishment on Wetlands Initiative, a Conservation streambank stabilization project. Reserve Program (CRP) program administered by the FSA with technical assistance from the NRCS. The initiative works to improve air and water quality as

4 – 19 Conservation Map Plan

Field Office: INDEPENDENCE SERVICE CENTCENTER Customer(s): PHILLIP B EASTEP Agency: NRCS District: MONTGOMERY COUNTY CONSERVATION DISTRICT Assisted By: David Stephen Approximate Acres: 221.4 Legal Description: Sec 17 T31S R16E

5 Crop 1 acre WHIP 5 7 Crop Crop 21.4 ac. 60.4 ac. EQIP CRP

F1 Crop 1.0 ac. CRP

8 Crop 2.4 ac. F2 CRP Forest 8.7 ac. CRP

Legend Practices (lines) Practice name Streambank and Shoreline Protection Consplan 540 0 540 1,080 1,620 2,160 Feet

Figure 1. Conservation map plan of Eastep streambank stabilization site (courtesy of NRCS).

4 – 20 Environmental Features fi eld school will give public volunteers an opportunity Cultural deposits were found at the Eastep site to participate in salvage excavation and investigation about 85–360 cm below ground surface along the of the Eastep site. Professional and avocational cutbank of the Verdigris River. Radiocarbon ages archeologists will work together to recover as much on charcoal indicate a time period of about 2300 to data as possible from the site before a major portion 340±15 yrs 14C yrs B.P. Faunal remains recovered at is destroyed by further fl ooding and the streambank the site include bison, deer, turtle, beaver, fi sh, bird, stabilization project. and rodents. Lithics recovered at the site include projectile points, bifaces, biface fragments, and plano- This site is also a State Designated Mussel convex scrapers (fi g. 2). Refuge. There are 24 different species of mussels in the Verdigris River below Fall River to the Federal law requires an archeological survey to Kansas–Oklahoma state line. Although none of the determine if the proposed streambank stabilization mussel species is listed for statutory protection under project would adversely impact the site. The NRCS the Federal Endangered Species Act (ESA), several has been working with the Kansas Historical Society are identifi ed as threatened and endangered and one (KSHS) and Kansas Geological Survey since 2008, is a Federal candidate species. Candidate species when a visual inspection of the area was conducted. are plants and animals for which the U.S. Fish and A Memorandum of Agreement between NRCS, the Wildlife Service has suffi cient information indicating Kansas State Historic Preservation Offi cer, and the a serious enough species decline to propose listing landowner was signed in May 2009 to investigate under the ESA, but are precluded by other higher the cultural features. To help meet these goals, the priority species or activities. Kansas Anthropological Association will conduct further investigations as part of its 2010 Kansas In this river stretch, the Butterfl y Mussel and Archeology Training Program. The June 5–20, 2010, Ouachita Kidneyshell Mussel are identifi ed as

Figure 2. Projectile points recovered at the Eastep site (modifi ed from Tomasic, 2010).

4 – 21 threatened. The Neosho Mucket Mussel and the Sources Western Fanshell Mussel are identifi ed as endangered. Additionally, the Neosho Mucket is a Federal Cushenbery, Jodi L., 2010, Personal communication. candidate species. The Butterfl y, Neosho Mucket, Mandel, Rolfe D., 2010, Geomorphology and stratigraphy Ouachita Kidneyshell, and Western Fanshell are all of the Eastep Site (14MY388): Kansas Historical State-listed species. Society, Contract Archeology Program. Tomasic, John, 2010, Phase IV excavations of 14MY388 at To address the threatened and endangered species the Eastep Streambank Stabilization Project, an NRCS at the site, the NRCS collaborated with Kansas undertaking in Montgomery County, Kansas—A Department Wildlife and Parks (KDWP) in obtaining preliminary report: Kansas Historical Society, Contract a permit for this project. A KDWP assessment Archeology Program. indicates that construction will not adversely impact the mussel population, and the project will likely Contact Information result in a net benefi t to the mussel population and river habitat downstream. Jodi L. Cushenbery Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) Supervisory District Conservationist This project is an example of successful 410 Peter Pan Rd, Suite C partnership between local, county, State, and Federal Independence, KS 67301 governments, and the private landowner Dr. Eastep. 620–331–4860 x3 With technical and fi nancial services provided by [email protected] NRCS, a series of conservation strategies were designed, and continue to be implemented, to help fl ood control and protect the state’s natural resources in the Verdigris River basin.

4 – 22 SCHEDULE AND ITINERARY

Friday, June 4, 2010

6:00 a.m. Breakfast in the main dining room at Flint Oak Resort

8:00 a.m. SITE 9 – Flint Oak Resort Carbon Capture and Sequestration Panel Discussion Rex Buchanan, Interim Director, Kansas Geological Survey Michael Moore, North American Carbon Capture and Storage Association Saibal Bhattacharya, Assistant Scientist, Energy Research, Kansas Geological Survey Doug Louis, Kansas Corporation Commission

8:45 a.m. Break

9:00 a.m. Ecotourism Mike Hayden, Secretary, Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks

9:30 a.m. Break

9:45 a.m. Bus leaves Flint Oak Resort to Site 10

10:30 a.m. SITE 10 – Cross Timbers State Park, Toronto Lake Cross Timbers Geology and Forestry Bob Sawin, Kansas Geological Survey Larry Biles, State Forester, Kansas Forest Service

11:15 a.m. Bus to Emporia

12:30 p.m. Arrive at Holiday Inn Express and Fairfi eld Inn, Emporia

5 – 1 Carbon Dioxide Sequestration

With concern about climate change have come of Wichita, which has produced 20 million bar- various proposals for dealing with greenhouse gases rels of oil since 1927. Subsurface rock units in the such as carbon dioxide. Among those proposals is Wellington fi eld that once held large quantities of the geologic sequestration of CO2; that is, capturing oil and gas will be evaluated through drilling and

CO2 and putting it in underground formations. In geophysical methods to determine their capacity to Kansas, the primary focus of geologic sequestration securely contain CO2 in the future. The project is a has been on its use in enhanced oil recovery, and in subsurface-characterization investigation and will not deep subsurface storage in rock formations already include any sequestration of CO2. saturated with saline water. Kansas is a strong candidate for CO2 sequestration because In addition, the researchers will model the use

of industry-emitted CO2 to squeeze out still-trapped • the state has a number of older oil oil and gas unreachable by traditional methods. They

fi elds that would be candidates for CO2 will also study the suitability of the Ozark Plateau fl ooding; Aquifer System for sequestration in a 17-county • much of the Kansas subsurface consists area. The highly saline water in the aquifer, which is of sedimentary rocks that have about 4,000 feet beneath the surface in south-central signifi cant pore space that could hold Kansas, is not usable for other purposes and is iso-

CO2; and lated from shallower freshwater aquifers by imperme- • more than 100 years of oil and gas able rock units. production have generated considerable data about the Kansas subsurface. Another CO2 sequestration project, initiated by Wichita-based company CAP CO2 LLC, received

CO2 Sequestration Projects in Kansas a $2.7 million DOE award for a Phase I project. Phase I awards funded feasibility studies and Various projects have begun to study and prepare preliminary design for capture, compression, pipeline for the possibility of geologic sequestration in Kansas. transportation, and injection of CO2 into depleted oil In the early 2000s, the Kansas Geological Survey and fi elds for enhanced oil recovery and sequestration. the Tertiary Oil Recovery Project at KU began a joint Phase II awards will fund fi nal design, construction project, working with industry partners, to study the and reworking of oil fi elds, and operations for a 5-year period beginning October 2010. To complete use of CO2 from an ethanol plant to produce oil in the Hall–Gurney fi eld in Russell County. During last Phase II, the company has applied for a portion of year’s Field Conference, we drove through an ethanol $1.3 billion in funding to be announced in June. DOE funds are a part of the American Recovery plant outside of Liberal, where CO2 was going to be captured and piped into an Oklahoma oil fi eld for and Reinvestment Act and are matched by industry additional production. dollars.

In 2009, the KGS received a multi-million The KGS is one of the project partners, along dollar grant from the U.S. Department of Energy to with the University of Utah and Southwest Regional characterize the ability of reservoirs in south-central Partnership, Schlumberger Carbon Services, Blue Source LLC, and others. CAP CO2 LLC’s mission Kansas to store CO2. A collaborative effort between government and industry, the three-year project is to identify and implement commercially profi table includes scientists from the KGS, the University of carbon-mitigation plans. Kansas and Kansas State University Departments of Geology, and two Wichita-based fi rms—BEREXCO, Regulating the Injection of CO2 Inc., and Bittersweet Energy, Inc. Increasing investigation into seqestration has Research is being done in the nearly depleted led to the need to develop regulations to ensure Wellington oil and gas fi eld in Sumner County south that the injection of CO2 is both safe and effective.

5 – 2 On the national level, the U.S. Environmental Contact Information Protection Agency is developing regulations for CO sequestration, including the designation of a 2 Saibal Bhattacharya new class of wells, class VI, that would be used Kansas Geological Survey for sequestration of CO2. On the State level, the 1930 Constant Avenue Kansas Corporation Commission was charged with Lawrence, KS 66047–3724 785–864–2090 developing rules and regulations governing CO2 emplacement. The KCC approved those rules in [email protected] February 2010, and they are now in effect. In addition, a number of organizations have been involved in the Doug Louis development of regulations, including the Interstate Kansas Corporation Commission, Oil and Gas Division Finney State Offi ce Building Oil and Gas Compact Commission, which developed 130 S. Market, Room 2078 a legal and regulatory guide for the states. Wichita, KS 67202–3802 316–337–6200 Sources [email protected]

DOE Carbon Sequestration Program: http://fossil.energy. Michael Moore, Vice President gov/sequestration/ (verifi ed April 2010). External Affairs and Business Development CCS NatCarb, U.S. Department of Energy: http://www.natcarb. 12012 Wickchester Lane org/ (verifi ed April 2010). Suite 660 , TX 77079 281–668–8475 [email protected]

5 – 3 The Cross Timbers and Chautauqua Hills

The Chautauqua Hills physiographic region Chautauqua Hills Geology of southeast Kansas, a sliver of rolling upland capped with thick sandstone, coincides with the Approximately 10 miles wide, the Chautauqua Cross Timbers ecosystem, a patchwork of ancient Hills formed primarily in thick Pennsylvanian-age hardwood forests interspersed with prairie grasses. sandstones. Sand, silt, and mud were deposited in That these geologic and ecological regions overlap an ancient river valley on the northern edge of a is no coincidence. Black jack oaks, post oaks, and Pennsylvanian sea. These sediments were later buried other hardwoods of the Cross Timber thrive in the and compacted—the sands became sandstone and the sandstone environment. muds became shale. Over millions of years, uplift and erosion exposed the sandstone and shale at the earth’s While the Chautauqua Hills designation is surface. Further erosion dissected the area into a series recognized only in Kansas (fi g. 1), the Cross of low hills, capped by more resistant sandstone. The Timbers region extends from north- Verdigris, Fall, and Elk rivers cross the area in narrow into Oklahoma, where it is most prevalent, before valleys walled by sandstone bluffs. Topographic relief crossing a short distance into Kansas (fi g. 2). (A small in the region is never more than 250 feet. area of western Arkansas is also sometimes included in the region.) Although the age and depositional Sandstones capping the Chautauqua Hills are characteristics of the geologic units underlying the the Tonganoxie Sandstone Member of the Stranger Cross Timbers vary from state to state, sandstones Formation and Ireland Sandstone Member of the and sandy/clayey soils predominate. Just as the Cross Lawrence Formation (fi g. 3). Both members are Timbers is not one solid forest but a conglomeration remains of deposits that fi lled a large, ancient river of , the underlying sandstone is not a valley during the Pennsylvanian Subperiod. Some of unifi ed deposit. Geologic environments supporting the sandstone is marked by ridges and troughs called Cross Timbers vegetation range in age from ripple marks (fi g 4.). ripple marks provide 300-million-year-old Pennsylvanian to much younger information about the direction of the current, the . environment, and, to a degree, the depth of the water.

Cheyenne Rawlins Decatur Norton Phillips Smith Jewell Republic Washington Marshall Nemaha Brown Doniphan

Atchison Sherman Thomas Cloud Sheridan Graham Rooks Osborne Mitchell Clay Riley Pottawatomie Jackson Jefferson

Leaven- Ottawa worth Shawnee Wyan- Wallace Lincoln Logan Gove Trego Ellis dotte Russell Dickinson Geary Wabaunsee Saline Allen Osage Ellsworth Morris Douglas Johnson Greenwood Woodson Greeley Franklin Miami Wichita Scott Lane Ness Rush Barton McPherson Marion Rice Chase Coffey Anderson Linn Pawnee Neosh Hamilton Kearny Finney Hodgeman Stafford Lyon Wilson Harvey Reno Allen Elk Butler Greenwood Woodson Bourbon Gray Edwards Ford Sedgwick Stanton Grant Pratt Kiowa Neosho Mont- Labet Kingman Wilson gomery Elk Chautauqua Meade Clark Cowley Haskell Barber Sumner Crawford Morton Stevens Seward Mont- Labette gomery Cherokee N Chautauqua

Harper

High Plains Glaciated Region Ozark Plateau Wellington–McPherson Lowlands

Smoky Hills Osage Cuestas Cherokee Lowlands Red Hills 0 80 mi Arkansas River Lowlands Flint Hills Uplands Chautauqua Hills 0 120 km

Figure 1. Physiographic map of Kansas showing the Chautauqua Hills physiographic region.

5 – 4 resources. Although the climate varies signifi cantly from north to south in the Cross Timbers, especially in the winter, the vegetation is consistent throughout. In Kansas, a combination of dense hardwood growth, (grassy woodlands), and glade (open areas within a ) distinguishes the Cross Timbers from the neighboring oak-hickory forest and tallgrass prairie of the surrounding Osage Cuestas and tallgrass prairie of the Flint Hills farther west.

Besides post oaks and black jack oaks, common trees and shrubs found in the region include black hickory, bitternut hickory, black oak, shumard oak, and red cedar. Little bluestem, big bluestem, and Indiangrass grasses are also common in the Cross Timbers and in the surrounding grassland regions. Black bear, bison, Carolina parakeet, and passenger pigeons once lived in the region.

Trees in the Cross Timbers are stunted compared to those in other forested areas, rarely growing more than 8 inches in diameter and 30 feet in height. In the past they were often recognized as little Figure 2. The potential natural distribution of the Cross Timbers ecosystem, based on the 1964 A. W. Kuchler map (courtesy of The Ancient Cross Timbers Consortium).

Oil and natural gas produced from small fi elds in the region was used to smelt and manufacture bricks, glass, and ceramics in southeast Kansas during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Although small quantities of oil and gas are still produced in the region, the industries dried up as other natural resources used in the manufacturing processes became scarce.

Cross Timbers Ecoregion

Ecoregions, such as the Cross Timbers, denote areas of general similarity in ecosystems and in the type, quality, and quantity of environmental

Figure 3 (right). Ireland Sandstone near Toronto Lake Dam (photo by Grace Muilenburg).

5 – 5 Figure 4. Ripple marks in sandstone, Chautauqua County (photo by John Charlton). more than a nuisance to farmers and travelers. (“It Eighteen were found to be at least 200 years old, was like struggling through forests of cast ,” and the fi ve oldest had inner ring dating from 1724, wrote Washington Irving, who crossed present- 1727, 1736, and 1740 (The Ancient Cross Timbers day Oklahoma in 1832.) Uneconomical for mass Consortium). lumbering, thousands of the ancient post oaks, up to 400 years old, have survived, particularly in steeper Other parks in the area are Woodson State Fishing terrain unsuitable for farming. Five-hundred-year- Lake in Woodson County (fi g. 5) and Berentz–Dick old red cedars have been found along fi re-protected (Buffalo Ranch) Wildlife Area and Copan Wildlife bluffs. Level areas within the Cross Timbers region, Area, both in Montgomery County. however, have largely been cleared for cultivation and grazing.

Cross Timbers State Park and Other Parks

Cross Timbers State Park in Woodson County is adjacent to Toronto Lake. Vegetation in the park includes post oak, blackjack oak, northern red oak, sumac, rusty blackhaw, serviceberry, dogwood, and green ash. In November 1982 increment core samples were collected from 26 of the park’s mature post oaks.

5 – 6 Figure 5. Dense oak forest on eastern side of Woodson State Fishing Lake (photograph from Kansas Physiographic Regions: Bird’s-eye View, used with permission of the authors).

Sources

Aber, J. S., and Aber, S. W., 2009, Kansas physiographic Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks, http://www. regions—Bird’s-eye views: Kansas Geological Survey, kdwp.state.ks.us. Education Series 17, 76 p. Kansas Geological Survey, 1999, Chautauqua Hills—rocks The Ancient Cross Timbers Consortium, http://www.uark. and minerals: Kansas Geological Survey, Geofacts, edu/misc/xtimber/index.html. http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Extension/factsheets.html. Chapman, S. S., Omernik, J. M., Freeouf, J. A., Huggins, Kuchler, A. W., 1964, Potential natural vegetation of the D. G., McCauley, J. R., Freeman, C. C., Steinauer, coterminous United States: American Geographical Gerry, Angelo, R. T., and Schlepp, R. L., 2001, Society, Special Publication 36, map. of and Kansas: Reston, Virginia, Oklahoma Historical Society, 2007, Encyclopedia of U.S. Geological Survey (map scale 1:1,950,000). Oklahoma history and culture: Cross Timbers, http:// Clark, J. G., 1970, Towns and minerals in southeastern digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/C/ Kansas—A study in regional industrialization, 1890– CR016.html. 1930: State Geological Survey of Kansas, Special Distribution Publication 52, 148 p. Francaviglia, R. V., 1998, The cast iron forest—A natural and cultural history of the North American Cross Timbers: University of Texas Press, 276 p.

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