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Historical Land-Use Changes and Potential Effects on Stream Disturbance in the Ozark Plateaus, Missouri AVAILABILITY of BOOKS and MAPS of the US

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Historical Land-Use Changes and Potential Effects on Stream Disturbance in the Ozark Plateaus, Missouri AVAILABILITY of BOOKS and MAPS of the US Historical Land-Use Changes and Potential Effects on Stream Disturbance in the Ozark Plateaus, Missouri AVAILABILITY OF BOOKS AND MAPS OF THE US. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Instructions on ordering publications of the U.S. Geological Survey, along with prices of the last offerings, are given in the current- year issues of the monthly catalog "New Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey." Prices of available U.S. Geological Survey publica­ tions released prior to the current year are listed in the most recent annual "Price and Availability List." Publications that may be listed in various U.S. Geological Survey catalogs (see back inside cover) but not listed in the most recent annual "Price and Availability List" may be no longer available. Order U.S. Geological Survey publications by mail or over the counter from the offices given below. BY MAIL OVER THE COUNTER Books Books and Maps Professional Papers, Bulletins, Water-Supply Papers, Tech­ Books and maps of the U.S. Geological Survey are available niques of Water-Resources Investigations, Circulars, publications over the counter at the following U.S. Geological Survey Earth Sci­ of general interest (such as leaflets, pamphlets, booklets), single ence Information Centers (ESIC's), all of which are authorized copies of Preliminary Determination of Epicenters, and some mis­ agents of the Superintendent of Documents: cellaneous reports, including some of the foregoing series that have gone out of print at the Superintendent of Documents, are obtain­ ANCHORAGE, Alaska Rm. 101,4230 University Dr. able by mail from LAKEWOOD, Colorado Federal Center, Bldg. 810 U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services MENLO PARK, California Bldg. 3, Rm. 3128, 345 Box 25286, Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225 Middlefield Rd. RESTON, Virginia USGS National Center, Rm. 1C402, Subscriptions to Preliminary Determination of Epicenters can 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr. be obtained ONLY from the SALT LAKE CITY, Utah Federal Bldg., Rm. 8105, 125 Superintendent of Documents South State St. Government Printing Office SPOKANE, Washington U.S. Post Office Bldg., Rm. 135, Washington, DC 20402 West 904 Riverside Ave. WASHINGTON, D.C. Main Interior Bldg., Rm. 2650, 18th (Check or money order must be payable to Superintendent of Documents.) and C Sts., NW. Maps Only Maps Maps may be purchased over the counter at the following For maps, address mail orders to U.S. Geological Survey office: U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services Box 25286, Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225 ROLLA, Missouri 1400 Independence Rd. Historical Land-Use Changes and Potential Effects on Stream Disturbance in the Ozark Plateaus, Missouri By ROBERT B. JACOBSON and ALEXANDER T. PRIMM Prepared in cooperation with the Missouri Department of Conservation U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 2484 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Gordon P. Eaton, Director Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. For sale by the U.S. Geological Survey Information Services Box 25286 Federal Center Denver, CO 80225 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Jacobson, Robert B. (Robert Bruce), 1957- Historical land-use changes and potential effects on stream disturbance in the Ozark Plateaus, Missouri / by Robert B. Jacobson and Alexander T. Primm. p. cm. (U.S. Geological Survey water-supply paper; 2484) "Prepared in cooperation with the Missouri Department of Conservation." Includes bibliographical references. Supt.ofDocs.no.: I 19.13:2484 1. River sediments Ozark Mountains. 2. River sediments Missouri. 3. Land use Ozark Mountains. 4. Land use Missouri. I. Primm, Alexander!. II. Missouri. Dept. of Conservation. III. Title. IV. Series. GB1399.8.M8J33 1997 551.48'3'097788 dc21 97-12789 CIP ISBN 0-607-87484-8 CONTENTS Abstract............................................................................................................^ 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................_^ 2 Purpose and Scope....................................................................................................................................................... 2 Background....................................................................................................._^ 3 Location, Geology, and Physiography......................................................................................................................... 6 Climate......................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Acknowledgments................................................................................................_^ 7 Methods................................................................................................................................................................................. 7 Historical Sources........................................................................................................................................................ 7 Land-Use Data.................................................................._ 9 Oral History.......................................................................................................................................................^ 9 Pre-Settlement Period Landscape of the Ozark Plateaus....................................................................................................... 10 Indirect Observations................................................................................................................................................... 11 Pre-Settlement Period Vegetation................................................................................................................................ 12 Descriptions of Streams............................................................................................................................................... 14 Land-Use Changes From European Settlement..................................................................................................................... 15 U.S. Census Data......................................................................................................................................................... 19 Historical Accounts..................................................................................................................................................... 24 Early-Settlement Period..................................................................................................................................... 24 Timber-Boom and Post-Timber-Boom Periods................................................................................................. 25 Effects on Uplands................................................................................................................................... 26 Effects on River Valleys and Streams...................................................................................................... 30 Oral-Historical Accounts of Land Use and Effects on Streams.................................................................................. 34 Upland and Valley-Side Land Use..................................................................................................................... 34 Timber Cutting......................................................................................................................................... 36 Open-Range Burning and Grazing.......................................................................................................... 40 Row Crops............................................................................................................................................... 44 Present (1993) Upland Conditions .......................................................................................................... 45 Valley-Bottom Land Use................................................................................................................................... 46 Timber Cutting, Channel Mitigation, and Gravel Mining....................................................................... 46 TieRafting.....................................................^ 48 Grazing.................................................................................................................................................... 49 Row Crops............................................................................................................................................... 50 Present (1993) Conditions....................................................................................................................... 50 Effects on Streams............................................................................................................................................. 51 Hydrologic Changes................................................................................................................................ 51 Morphological Changes........................................................................................................................... 52 Sediment Changes................................................................................................................................... 55 Recent
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