DOCSLIB.ORG

Le Développement Des Langues De La République Du Congo : État Des Travaux

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Le Développement Des Langues De La République Du Congo : État Des Travaux Le développement des langues de la République du Congo : État des travaux par Simon Leblanc (compilateur), avec la collaboration de Annette Harrison, Pauline Linton, Angi Ngumbu, Ruth Raharimanantsoa et ... SIL Groupe Afrique centrale – Congo 18 ave Foch, B. P. 1067 Brazzaville, République du Congo Octobre 2012 Première version (1.6) Le développement des langues de la République du Congo : État des travaux Table des matières Introduction...................................................................................................................................................... 5 Début et étapes de développement..............................................................................................................5 Regroupement............................................................................................................................................. 6 Tableaux...................................................................................................................................................... 6 Abréviations...................................................................................................................................................... 8 Langues congolaises........................................................................................................................................ 13 Langues nationales..................................................................................................................................... 13 Kituba.............................................................................................................................................. 13 Lingala............................................................................................................................................. 17 Groupe du Haut-Niari................................................................................................................................ 29 Bwisi................................................................................................................................................ 29 Ndasa............................................................................................................................................... 31 Tsaangi............................................................................................................................................ 32 Groupe Kongo............................................................................................................................................ 33 Beembe............................................................................................................................................. 33 Doondo............................................................................................................................................ 35 Kaamba............................................................................................................................................ 36 Kunyi............................................................................................................................................... 37 Kinyaanga................................................................................................................................... 38 Laari................................................................................................................................................ 38 Kiɣaangala.................................................................................................................................. 40 Suundi.............................................................................................................................................. 41 Vili................................................................................................................................................... 42 Groupe Maka-Ndjème................................................................................................................................ 45 Bekwel............................................................................................................................................. 45 Bomwali........................................................................................................................................... 47 Sangha-sangha.................................................................................................................................. 47 Groupe Mbéré............................................................................................................................................ 48 Mbere............................................................................................................................................... 48 Ombamba......................................................................................................................................... 50 Groupe Mbochi.......................................................................................................................................... 52 Akwa............................................................................................................................................... 52 Koyo................................................................................................................................................ 53 Likuba.............................................................................................................................................. 55 Likwala............................................................................................................................................ 56 Mboko.............................................................................................................................................. 57 Mbosi............................................................................................................................................... 58 2 / 138 Le développement des langues de la République du Congo : État des travaux Ngare............................................................................................................................................... 60 Groupe Ngoundi........................................................................................................................................ 61 Bomitaba.......................................................................................................................................... 61 Bongili.............................................................................................................................................. 63 Dibole............................................................................................................................................... 65 Ngundi............................................................................................................................................. 67 Groupe oubanguien................................................................................................................................... 68 Bonjo............................................................................................................................................... 68 Monzombo....................................................................................................................................... 69 Groupe Téké.............................................................................................................................................. 70 Sous-groupe Téké des plateaux.............................................................................................................72 Ngangulu.......................................................................................................................................... 72 Ngungwel.......................................................................................................................................... 72 Teke-eboo......................................................................................................................................... 74 Teke-fuumu...................................................................................................................................... 76 Wuumu....................................................................................................................................... 77 Teke-kukuya..................................................................................................................................... 78 Teke-nziku........................................................................................................................................ 79 Sous-groupe Téké du Sud-Ouest...........................................................................................................80 Teke-laali......................................................................................................................................... 80 Teke-tsaayi....................................................................................................................................... 81 Teke-tyee.......................................................................................................................................... 82 Yaka (teke)...................................................................................................................................... 84 Téké
Load more

Recommended publications
  • PDF Description
    THE BIBLE COLLECTION 1 . 2 . THE BIBLE COLLECTION Large collection of missionary publications in ca. 100 languages. West Africa, India, etc., 1681–1991. Significant collection of 333 bibles, expositions, scriptural lessons, biblical school primers, and other extremely rare products of missionary presses. Many items unre- corded in Darlow & Moule, and several important 19th century works unrecorded in the OCLC database of worldwide libraries. The collection’s main strengths lie in 19th and early 20th century publications produced for/in Africa and India (some 89 Indian and 58 African works) as well as hundreds of 20th century works in almost 80 further languages, ranging from Rarotongan to Miskito. Generally in original or pe- riod bindings and often with ownership markings of missionary societies, the collec- tion paints a fascinating picture of missionary efforts of the 19th and 20th centuries. Highlights include an extremely rare edition of the New Testament printed in Tranquebar, South India in the Tamil language in 1758 by a Danish missionary, Bar- tholomaeus Ziegenbalg (this very copy fetching nearly $4000 at Sotheby’s in 2000), and a wonderful colour-illustrated edition of Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress translated into the Niger-Congo (Dualla) language in 1885. More than simply offshoots of the colonial enterprise, missionary movements set up their own presses in colonies such as Cameroon and Calcutta and began printing ti- tles such as the present ones, usually in runs of 1000 copies or less. These publications often represent the first appearance of native languages in print form, shaping future efforts at graphic and textual representation of mainly spoken languages.
    [Show full text]
  • Goals Roles and Language Skills.Pdf
    Reprinted From Anthropological Linguistics Winter 1982 GOALS, ROLES, AND LANGUAGE SKILLS IN COLONIZING CENTRAL EQUATORIAL AFRICA* William J. Samarin University of Toronto Abstract. Accounts of explorations in the Congo and Ubangi River basins in the nineteenth century obscure the fact that Europeans had very little competence in either the contact lan- guages or indigenous languages and that they had to rely on their own Black personnel for most of the communication with the indigenous populations. Understanding colonization socio- linguistically gives a different perspective to this event and contributes to the description of the emergence of the pidgin- ized lingua francas. 0_. Introduction. There is an engraving from the nine- teenth century that is dramatic in its misrepresentation of the way Whites and Blacks made contact in equatorial Africa. It shows Count Savorgnan de Brazza standing in the midst of a num- ber of Africans (Paris, Musée de la Marine, No. B.2918). They are gazing at him with attention, as if following his every word, for he appears to be making a discourse. One arm is ex- tended, accompanying some strong statement. Brazza is appar- ently involved in a palaver, working out some negotiation or some treaty, perhaps. He is surely not merely recruiting por- ters.1 The content of that discourse or of many similar ones is now part of African history and of Brazza1 s contribution to it. What is still ignored in African history is the medium of that discourse. In what language was he speaking? How was he able to communicate with Africans at all? That visual picture is not merely a datum of African his- tory.
    [Show full text]
  • Languages of Urban Africa (Advances in Sociolinguistics)
    The Languages of Urban Africa Advances in Sociolinguistics Series Editor: Professor Sally Johnson, University of Leeds Since the emergence of sociolinguistics as a new field of enquiry in the late 1960s, research into the relationship between language and society has advanced almost beyond recognition. In particular, the past decade has witnessed the considerable influence of theories drawn from outside of sociolinguistics itself. Thus rather than see language as a mere reflection of society, recent work has been increasingly inspired by ideas drawn from social, cultural, and political theory that have emphasized the constitutive role played by language/discourse in all areas of social life. The Advances in Sociolinguistics series seeks to provide a snapshot of the current diversity of the field of sociolinguistics and the blurring of the boundaries between sociolinguistics and other domains of study concerned with the role of language in society. Discourses of Endangerment: Ideology and Interest in the Defence of Languages Edited by Alexandre Duchêne and Monica Heller Globalization and Language in Contact Edited by James Collins, Stef Slembrouck, and Mike Baynham Globalization of Language and Culture in Asia Edited by Viniti Vaish Linguistic Minorities and Modernity, 2nd Edition: A Sociolinguistic Ethnography Monica Heller Language, Culture and Identity: An Ethnolinguistic Perspective Philip Riley Language Ideologies and Media Discourse: Texts, Practices, Politics Edited by Sally Johnson and Tommaso M. Milani Language in the Media: Representations,
    [Show full text]
  • Title AUX SOURCES DU LINGÁLA: Cas Du Mbenga De Mankaza
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Kyoto University Research Information Repository AUX SOURCES DU LINGÁLA: Cas du Mbenga de Mankaza Title - Nouvel Anvers Author(s) MOTINGEA, André Mangulu; BONZOI, Mwamakasa African Study Monographs. Supplementary Issue (2008), 38: Citation 1-93 Issue Date 2008-02 URL http://dx.doi.org/10.14989/66236 Right Type Departmental Bulletin Paper Textversion publisher Kyoto University Supplementary Issue 38 2008 AUX SOURCES DU LINGÁLA: Cas du Mbenga de Mankanza – Nouvel Anvers Par André MOTINGEA Mangulu BONZOI Mwamakasa TABLE DES MATIERES I. GÉNÉRALITÉS ……………………………………………...…... 1 1.1. Objet et objectif de l’étude ……………………………………….. 1 1.2. Communautés linguistiques de la région de Mankanza ………….. 3 1.3. Petite ethnohistoire des Mbenga ………………………………….. 7 1.4. Mangála et Mbenga ailleurs dans la Cuvette ……………………... 9 1.4.1. Mangála ……………………………………………………...….... 9 1.4.2. Mbenga et Bwati ………………………………………………….. 11 II. ESQUISSE GRAMMATICALE DU MBENGA …………...……. 15 2.1. Phonétique et phonologie ……………………………….………... 15 2.1.1. Voyelles ………………………………………………….………... 16 2.1.2. Consonnes ………………………………………………………… 20 2.1.3. Tons ……………………………………………………….………. 22 2.1.4. Syllabes …………………………………………………………… 26 2.2. Morphologie du Mbenga ..…………………………………..….… 27 2.2.1. Dérivation ………………………………………………………… 27 2.2.1.1. Radicaux ………………………………………………….………. 27 2.2.1.2. Dérivation nominale ……………………………………….……... 28 2.2.1.3. Dérivation verbale ………………………………………………... 30 2.2.1.4. Dérivation adjectivale ………………………………………….…. 32 2.2.2. Flexion ……………………………………………………………. 32 2.2.2.1. Système de classes et d’accord …………………………………… 33 2.2.2.2. Nominaux …………………………………………………….…... 37 2.2.2.3. Pronominaux ………………………………………………..…….. 44 2.2.2.4. Verbaux …………………………………………………….……... 49 2.2.2.4.1. Morphèmes verbaux ……………………………………................ 49 2.2.2.4.2.
    [Show full text]
  • 2020 Daily Prayer Guide for All Africa People Groups & All LR-Upgs = Least-Reached
    2020 Daily Prayer Guide for all Africa People Groups & Least-Reached-Unreached People Groups (LR-UPGs) Source: Joshua Project data, www.joshuaproject.net To order prayer resources or for inquiries, contact email: [email protected] 2020 Daily Prayer Guide for all Africa People Groups & all LR-UPGs = Least-Reached--Unreached People Groups. All 48 Africa countries & 8 islands & People Groups & LR-UPG are included. LR-UPG defin: less than 2% Evangelical & less than 5% total Christian Frontier definition = FR = 0.1% Christian or less AFRICA SUMMARY: 3,702 total Africa People Groups; 957 total Africa Least-Reached--Unreached People Groups. Downloaded in October 2019 from www.joshuaproject.net * * * Color code: green = begin new area; blue = begin new country shaded = LR-UPG; white-not shaded = not LR-UPG * * * "Prayer is not the only thing we can can do, but it is the most important thing we can do!" * * * Let's dream God's dreams, and fulfill God's visions -- God dreams of all people groups knowing & loving Him! * * * Revelation 7:9, "After this I looked and there before me was a great multitude that no one could count, from every nation, tribe, people and language, standing before the throne and in front of the Lamb." standing before the throne and in front of the Lamb." Why Should We Pray For Unreached People Groups? * Missions & salvation of all people is God's plan, God's will, God's heart, God's dream, Gen. 3:9,15! * In the Great Commissions Jesus commanded us to reach all peoples in the world, Matt.
    [Show full text]
  • Codeswitching in Computer-Mediated Communication Among Congolose People
    UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE FILOLOGÍA TESIS DOCTORAL Codeswitching in computer-mediated communication among Congolose people Alternancia de lenguas en la comunicación mediada por ordenador entre las personas del Congo MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Jean Mathieu Tsoumou DIRECTORAS Carmen Maíz Arévalo Nuria Calvo Cortés Madrid Ed. electrónica 2019 © Jean Mathieu Tsoumou, 2018 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID Facultad de Filología Programa de Doctorado en Lingüística Inglesa IMP CODESWITCHING IN COMPUTER-MEDIATED COMMUNICATION AMONG CONGOLESE PEOPLE ALTERNANCIA DE LENGUAS EN LA COMUNICACION MEDIADA POR ORDENADOR ENTRE LAS PERSONAS DEL CONGO Tesis presentada para optar al Grado de Doctor presentada por Jean Mathieu TSOUMOU Directores Dr. Carmen MAÍZ ARÉVALO & Dr. Nuria CALVO CORTÉS AÑO 2018 i DEDICATIONS This dissertation is lovingly dedicated to the memories of my mother Evelyne Mampiémé and my father Nestor Tsoumou. Your loss was brutally inconceivable, naturally devastating, fatally heartbreaking, and gravely tragic. You both made the greatest caring parents that ever lived. I will always remember you and do whatever right to honour your names. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, I would like to express my special appreciation and thanks to both of my advisors, Professors C. MAÍZ ARÉVALO and N. CALVO CORTÉS. You have both been substantial mentors to me. You have been supportive, patient, encouraging and, more importantly, your interest in this project as well as your valuable comments and corrections while advising and directing me have been everything I could have asked for to complete this thesis. It was such an honour working under your supervision. Thank you from the bottom of my heart.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparative Grammar of the South African Bantu Language, Comprising Those of Zanzibar, Mozambique, the Zambesi, Kafirland
    A COMPARATIYE GRAMMAR OF THE SOUIH-AfRICAN BANIU LANGUAGES f^SlOBi-o.-Klway BOUGHT WITH THE INCO FROM THE SAGE ENDOWMENT THE GIFT OF m^nv^ M. Sage r89i f 1924 077 077 612 -3j 3^. no paDE^d ajtsJ iHQ\f nosjad ana hbih ajoin :o /907 ;Cq papaan sapog pa^tiEM jfx'aanasqB s,j3 -iiojjoq Snunp njn;aj nam joj apem s^nam -a3uBJiB JO 'X!jBaq;i aqi 0} paujtuaj aq Pinoqs . - spouad ssaaaj Saunp/U t\ I' jT^HjiHr*''* ^on sifoog papaan ^ •sjaqio jCq papaan ^on, sj 3iooq B H3IIM. 'saSaj .-TAud iBMauaj q^M*. 's>[aaM. oM% zo} samn -^6a 3Ag paMojiB aJB BJaMojjoq pajirajl •a^Bin aq ' • pin6qs ^sanbaj lEiaads , B s3[aaM OAv; pno/Caq papaan naqM '. a^qtssod _ SB igoos SB panan^aj aq pjnoqs japBJBqo x^-ia -naS B JO siBOipouad; ' -sja^oj -joq lie o| S5[aa4i jnoj 01 paiimii ajB qajBas .31 JO nofionjisni joj asn nt ^on sqooq nv 'U3>|e^sGAiaiun|0A sm:^ u9i(Afi sm.oi|s ovep am. Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924077077612 A COMPARATIVE GRAMMAR OF THE SOUTH-AFRICAN BANTU LANGUAGES. ST-AUSTIN'S PRESS, DESCLfiE, DE BROUWER AND CO., BRUGKS. SOUTH-AFRICA REFERENCE MAP TO ACCOMPANY THE Comparative Grammar OF THE South -African Bantu Languages BT J.TORREND, S.J. N. B. The names -printed in red are those of the languages more particularly dealt with in this work .Non-Bantu Lan§ua§es; Wi Bantu intermixed with non- Bantu Lan^ua^es., aoi,ie[» S* -^u^ti.'ti A comparative" GRAMMAR OF THE SOUTH-AFRICAN BANTU LANGUAGES COMPRISING THOSE OF ZANZIBAR, MOZAMBIQUE, THE ZAMBEZI, KAFIRLAND, BENGUELA, ANGOLA, THE CONGO, THE OGOWE, THE CAMEROONS, THE LAKE REGION, ETC.
    [Show full text]
  • Prayer Cards | Joshua Project
    Pray for the Nations Pray for the Nations Aguna in Benin Aja in Benin Population: 20,000 Population: 993,000 World Popl: 38,000 World Popl: 1,228,000 Total Countries: 2 Total Countries: 2 People Cluster: Yoruba People Cluster: Guinean Main Language: Aguna Main Language: Aja Main Religion: Ethnic Religions Main Religion: Ethnic Religions Status: Partially reached Status: Significantly reached Evangelicals: 8.0% Evangelicals: 11.0% Chr Adherents: 35.0% Chr Adherents: 30.0% Scripture: Translation Needed Scripture: Portions www.joshuaproject.net www.joshuaproject.net Source: Kerry Olson "Declare his glory among the nations." Psalm 96:3 "Declare his glory among the nations." Psalm 96:3 Pray for the Nations Pray for the Nations Anii in Benin Anufo, Chokossi in Benin Population: 47,000 Population: 25,000 World Popl: 66,000 World Popl: 229,000 Total Countries: 2 Total Countries: 3 People Cluster: Guinean People Cluster: Guinean Main Language: Anii Main Language: Anufo Main Religion: Islam Main Religion: Islam Status: Unreached Status: Partially reached Evangelicals: 1.00% Evangelicals: 5.0% Chr Adherents: 2.00% Chr Adherents: 10.0% Scripture: Unspecified Scripture: New Testament www.joshuaproject.net www.joshuaproject.net Source: Kerry Olson Source: Anonymous "Declare his glory among the nations." Psalm 96:3 "Declare his glory among the nations." Psalm 96:3 Pray for the Nations Pray for the Nations Batonu, Baruba in Benin Biali in Benin Population: 953,000 Population: 167,000 World Popl: 1,381,000 World Popl: 173,600 Total Countries: 4 Total
    [Show full text]
  • Carte Linguistique Du Congo Belge
    SECTION DES SCIENCES MORALES SECTIE VOOB MOBELE EN POLITIEKE ET POLITIQUES WETENSCHAPPEN Mémoires. — Collection in-8°. Verhandelingen. — Verzameling Tome XIX, fasc. 5 et dernier. in 8" — B. XIX, ail. 5 en laatste. CARTE LINGUISTIQUE DU CONGO BELGE PAU G. HULSTAERT, M. S. C. M e m b r e a s s o c ié d e l 'I n s t it u t r o y a l C o l o n ia l B elge ★ Avenue Marnix, 25 Marnixlaan, 25 BRUXELLES B B U SS E L 1950 PRIX Fr. 175. PRIJS INSTITUT ROYAL COLONIAL BELGE MÉMOIRES KONINKLIJK BELG18CH KOLONIAAL INSTITUÜT VERHANDELINGEN TABLE DES MÉMOIRES CONTENUS DANS LE TOME XIX. 1. Les formes d’asservissement dans les sociétés indigènes du Congo belge (184 pages, 1 carte hors-texte, 1949); par E. D e J onghe (avec la collaboration de J. V an H ov e). 2. Vers un paysannat indigène. Les lotissements agricoles au Congo belge (92 pages, 5 planches hors-texte, 1949); par G. M alengreau. 3. La grande pitié des juridictions indigènes (128 pages, 1949); par F. G r é v is s e . 4. La négation dans les langues congolaises (71 pages, 1950); par le R. P. G. H ulstaert. 5. La carte linguistique du Congo belge (67 pages, 1 carte hors- texte, 1950); par le R. P. G. H ulstaert. INSTITUT ROYAL COLONIAL BELGE Section des Sciences Morales et Politiques MÉMOIRES KONINKLIJK BELGISCH KOLONIAAL INSTITUUT Sectie voor Morele en Politieke Wetenschappen VERHANDELINGEN ln-8° - XIX - 1950 Avenue Marnix, 25 Marnixlaan, 25 BRUXELLES B R U SS E L CARTE LINGUISTIQUE DU CONGO BELGE PAR G.
    [Show full text]
  • Subject and Object Pronominal Agreement in the Southern Bantu Languages: from a Dynamic Syntax Perspective
    Subject and Object Pronominal Agreement in the Southern Bantu Languages: from a Dynamic Syntax Perspective Anna McCormack Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement for the Degree of Dr. of Philosophy September, 2007 School of Oriental and African Studies University of London ProQuest Number: 10672997 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10672997 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 Abstract One of the most distinguishing aspects of the Bantu languages is the use of pronominal agreement markers. This thesis examines the nature of these agreement markers, focus­ sing primarily the object marker, with Setswana being the primary language used for illustration due to the unusual feature of it allowing multiple object marker construc­ tions. This thesis is comprised of seven chapters. The first chapter is the introduction and lays out the rest of the thesis with an explanation of what will be achieved in each chapter. The second chapter is an introduction to the Bantu languages and is primarily concerned with their structure, though there is also a discussion on the languages and the speakers themselves.
    [Show full text]
  • Colonization and Pidginization on the Ubangi River
    1982 Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 4: 1-42 (1982) Colonization and Pidginization on the Ubangi River WILLIAM J. SAMARIN The genesis of Sango,1 pidginized in the 19th century, involved too many factors to allow it to fit neatly into any one of the numerous scenarios proposed for pidgins. One of these I disallowed soon after my first en- counter with this language (Samarin 1955). Sango, I said, could not possibly be accounted for in the way Bloomfield (1933) did when he wrote about how pidgins came into existence. There was no evidence of anything like a plantation system where a dominated population tried but failed to arrive at native-like command of the dominant language. That was a possible explanation for pidgins based on European languages, but Sango was African. That causal explanation did not disappear (witness, for example, Nida and Fehderau 1970 and Bouquiaux 1978: 21). And in the meantime, with the tremendous increase in speculation about pidginization, ex- planations have become more nuanced and linguistically more sophisti- cated. Nonetheless, because critical sociohistorical studies like those by Reinecke for Hawaiian Pidgin (1969) are still scarce, Sango fits no one's speculative history. The present study is a sketch of principal aspects of Sango's history, with emphasis being placed on presenting the earliest attestations. While my methodology consists of determining the linguistic sources for words * My research on the topic of this paper began around 1970 and has been pursued until the present on an occasional basis, with the exception of the academic year of 1979-1980, which was entirely devoted to this purpose.
    [Show full text]
  • Phonetics and Phonology of Ikalanga: a Diachronic and Synchronic Study
    Phonetics and Phonology of Ikalanga: a diachronic and synchronic study Joyce Thambole Mogatse Mathangwane B.A. (University of Botswana) 1985 M.A. (Leeds University, England) 1988 M.A. (University of California at Berkeley) 1994 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics in the GRADUATE DIVISION of the UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY Committee in charge: Professor Larry M. Hyman, co-Chair Professor John J. Ohala, co-Chair Professor Sharon Inkelas Professor Alan Timberlake 1996 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. The dissertation of Joyce Thambole Mogatse Mathangwane is approved: 1 Y l* u/ .fe3 . / ? ? £ Date "7 L c£T % N. HU corOhair ' Date Date pm# m Date University of California, Berkeley 1996 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Phonetics and Phonology of Ikalanga: a diachronic and synchronic study Copyright © 1996 b y Joyce Thambole Mogatse Mathangwane Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. To the memory of my mother, Baluki Mathangwane May your soul rest in peace. iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................ 1 1.1 Influence of Tswana .................................................................. 5 1.1.1 Vocabulary Borrowing ................................................... 5 1.1.1.1 Lexical Borrowings with Ejectives .................... 6 1.1.1.2 Borrowings with Velar Fricatives ..................... 7 1.1.1.3 Borrowings from other Cultures ....................... 7 1.1.2 Borrowing of the Diminutive Morpheme ...................8 1.1.3 Use of the Lateral /l/ from Proto-Bantu *d ..................10 1.2 Goals and Organization of the Dissertation ............................
    [Show full text]