Colonization and Pidginization on the Ubangi River
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When Peace Is Not Peaceful : Violence Against Women in the Central African Republic
The programme ‘Empowering Women for Sustainable Development’ of the European Union in the Central African Republic When Peace is not Peaceful : Violence against Women in the Central African Republic Results of a Baseline Study on Perceptions and Rates of Incidence of Violence against Women This project is financed by the The project is implemented by Mercy European Union Corps in partnership with the Central African Women’s Organisation When Peace is not Peaceful: Violence Against Women in the Central African Republic Report of results from a baseline study on perceptions of women’s rights and incidence of violence against women — Executive Summary — Mercy Corps Central African Republic is currently implementing a two-year project funded by the European Commission, in partnership with the Organization of Central African Women, to empower women to become active participants in the country’s development. The program has the following objectives: to build the capacities of local women’s associations to contribute to their own development and to become active members of civil society; and to raise awareness amongst both men and women of laws protecting women’s rights and to change attitudes regarding violence against women. The project is being conducted in the four zones of Bangui, Bouar, Bambari and Bangassou. For many women in the Central African Republic, violence is a reality of daily life. In recent years, much attention has been focused on the humanitarian crisis in the north, where a February 2007 study conducted by the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs highlighted the horrific problem of violence against women in conflict-affected areas, finding that 15% of women had been victims of sexual violence. -
Cover Page the Handle Holds Various Files of This Leiden University Dissertation. Author: Lima
Cover Page The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/85723 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation. Author: Lima Santiago J. de Title: Zoonímia Histórico-comparativa: Denominações dos antílopes em bantu Issue Date: 2020-02-26 729 ANEXO 1: TABELA RECAPITULATIVA DAS PROTOFORMAS Nas protoformas provenientes do BLR (2003) e nas reconstruções de outros autores (majoritariamente, Mouguiama & Hombert, 2006), as classes nominais em negrito e sublinhadas, são sugestões da autora da tese. Significados Reconstruções Propostas Propostas do BLR e de de correções (De Lima outros autores Santiago) *-bʊ́dʊ́kʊ́ °-bʊ́dʊ́gʊ́ (cl. 9/10, 12/13) °-cénda (cl. 12/13) Philantomba °-cótɩ́ monticola (cl. 12/13) *-kùengà > °-kùèngà (cl. 11/5, 7/8) °°-cécɩ/ °°-cétɩ (cl. 9/10, 12/13) *-pàmbı ́ °-pàmbɩ́ (cl. 9/10) °-dòbò Cephalophus (cl. 3+9/4, nigrifrons 5/6) *-pùmbɩ̀dɩ̀ °-pùmbèèdɩ̀ (cl. 9/10, 9/6) 730 Significados Reconstruções Propostas Propostas do BLR e de de correções (De Lima outros autores Santiago) *-jʊ́mbɩ̀ (cl. 9/10, 3/4) °°-cʊ́mbɩ (cl. 9/10, 5/6, 7/8, 11/10) *-jìbʊ̀ °-tʊ́ndʊ́ Cephalophus (cl. 9/10) (cl. 9/10) silvicultor °°-bɩ́mbà °-bɩ̀mbà (cl. 9/10) °-kʊtɩ (cl. 9, 3) *-kʊ́dʊ̀pà/ °-bɩ́ndɩ́ *-kúdùpà (cl. 9/10, 7/8, (cl. 9/10) 3, 12/13) Cephalophus dorsalis °°-cíbʊ̀ °-pòmbɩ̀ (cl. 7/8) (cl. 9/10) °°-cʊmɩ >°-cʊmɩ́ °-gindà (cl. 9) Cephalophus (cl. 3/4) callipygus °°-cábè >°-cábà (cl. 9/10, 7/8) °°-bɩ̀jɩ̀ (cl. 9) 731 Significados Reconstruções Propostas Propostas do BLR e de de correções (De Lima outros autores Santiago) *-bengeda >°-bèngédè °-cégé (cl.9/10) (cl. 9/10) °°-àngàdà >°-jàngàdà Cephalophus (cl. -
Repupublic of Congo
BE TOU & IMPFONDO MARKET ASSESSMENT IN LIKOUALA – REPUBLIC OF CONGO Cash Based Transfer Market This market assessment assesses the feasibility of markets in Bétou and Assessment: Impfondo to absorb and respond to a CBT intervention aimed at supporting CAR refugees’ food security in The Republic of Congo’s Likouala region. The December report explores appropriate measures a CBT intervention in Likouala would 2015 need to adopt in order to address hurdles limiting Bétou and Impfondo markets’ functionality. Contents Executive Summary: ............................................................................................................................... 4 Section 1: Introduction and Macro-Economic Analysis of RoC .............................................................. 5 1.1: Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 5 1.2: The Economy ................................................................................................................................... 6 Section 2: Market Assessment Introduction and Methodology ............................................................. 9 2.1: Market Assessment Introduction .................................................................................................... 9 2.2: Market Assessment Methodology ................................................................................................... 9 Section 3: Limitations of the Market Assessment ............................................................................... -
Le Développement Des Langues De La République Du Congo : État Des Travaux
Le développement des langues de la République du Congo : État des travaux par Simon Leblanc (compilateur), avec la collaboration de Annette Harrison, Pauline Linton, Angi Ngumbu, Ruth Raharimanantsoa et ... SIL Groupe Afrique centrale – Congo 18 ave Foch, B. P. 1067 Brazzaville, République du Congo Octobre 2012 Première version (1.6) Le développement des langues de la République du Congo : État des travaux Table des matières Introduction...................................................................................................................................................... 5 Début et étapes de développement..............................................................................................................5 Regroupement............................................................................................................................................. 6 Tableaux...................................................................................................................................................... 6 Abréviations...................................................................................................................................................... 8 Langues congolaises........................................................................................................................................ 13 Langues nationales..................................................................................................................................... 13 Kituba............................................................................................................................................. -
Central African Republic: Sectarian and Inter-Communal Violence Continues
THE WAR REPORT 2018 CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC: SECTARIAN AND INTER-COMMUNAL VIOLENCE CONTINUES © ICRC JANUARY 2019 I GIULIA MARCUCCI THE GENEVA ACADEMY A JOINT CENTER OF Furthermore, it provided that Bozizé would remain in HISTORY OF THE CONFLICT power until 2016 but could not run for a third term. The current violence in the Central African Republic However, the Libreville Agreement was mainly (CAR), often referred to as the ‘forgotten’ conflict, has its negotiated by regional heads of state while the leaders of most recent roots in 2013, when the warring parties in CAR and Muslim rebels from the Seleka The current violence in the Central the African Union (AU) itself umbrella group organized a African Republic (CAR), often played a marginal role.4 Thus, coup d’état seizing power in a referred to as the ‘forgotten’ conflict, its actual implementation Christian-majority country.1 has its most recent roots in 2013, immediately proved to be a From the end of 2012 to the when Muslim rebels from the Seleka failure and the reforms required beginning of 2013, the Seleka umbrella group organized a coup under the transition were coalition, mainly composed d’état seizing power in a Christian- never undertaken by Bozizé’s of armed groups from north- majority country. government.5 This generated eastern CAR, including the frustration within the Seleka Union of Democratic Forces for Unity (UFDR), Democratic coalition, which decided to take action and, by 24 March Front of the Central African People (FDPC), the Patriotic 2013, gained control over Bangui and 15 of the country’s Convention for the Country’s Salvation (CPSK) and 16 provinces. -
Dissolved Major Elements Exported by the Congo and the Ubangui Rivers
Journal of Hydrology, 135 (1992) 237-257 237 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam [21 Dissolved major elements exported by the Congo and the Ubangi rivers during the period 1987-1989 Jean-Luc Probst a, Renard-Roger NKounkou ~', G6rard Krempp ~, Jean-Pierre Bricquet b, Jean-Pierre Thi6baux c and Jean-Claude Olivry d ~Centre de G~ochimie de ia Surface (CNRS), I. rue Blessig, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France bCentre ORSTOM, B.P. 181, Brazzaville, Congo ~Centre ORSTOM. B.P. 893, Bangui. Central dfrican Republic OCentre ORSTOM, B.P. 2528. Bamako. Mali (Received 20 September 1991; accepted 6 October 1991) ABSTRACT Probst, J.-L., NKounkou, R.-R., Krempp, G., Bricquet, J.-P., Thi6baux, J.-P. and Olivry, J.-C., 1992. Dissolved major elements exported by the Congo and the Ubangi rivers during the period 1987-1989. J. Hydrol., 135: 237-257. On the basis of monthly sampling during the period 1987-1989, the geochemis:ry of ~he Congo and the Ubangi (second largest tributary of the Congo) rivers was studied in order (I) to understand the seasonal variations of the physico-chemical parameters of the waters and (2) to estimate the annual dissolved fluxes exported by the two rivers. The results presented here correspond to the first three years of measurements carried out for a scientific programme (Interdisciplinary Research Programme on Geodynamics of Peri- Atlantic lntertropical Environments, Operation 'Large River Basins' (PIRAT-GBF) undertaken jointly by lnstitut National des Sciences de l'Univers (INSU) and Institut Fran~ais de Recherche Scientifique pour ie D6veloppement en Coop6ration (ORSTOM)) planned to run for at least ten years. -
THE DOUBLE-FRANKING PERIOD ALSACE-LORRAINE, 1871-1872 by Ruth and Gardner Brown
WHOLE NUMBER 199 (Vol. 41, No.1) January 1985 USPS #207700 THE DOUBLE-FRANKING PERIOD ALSACE-LORRAINE, 1871-1872 By Ruth and Gardner Brown Introduction Ruth and I began this survey in December 1983 and 1 wrote the art:de in November] 984 after her sudden death in July. I have included her narre as an author since she helped with the work. 1 have used the singular pro noun in this article because it is painful for me to do otherwise. After buying double-franking covers for over 30 years I recently made a collection (an exhibit) out of my accumulation. In anticipation of this ef fort, about 10 years ago, I joined the Societe Philatelique Alsace-Lorraine (SPAL). Their publications are to be measured not in the number of pages but by weight! Over the years I have received 11 pounds of documents, most of it is xeroxed but in 1983 they issued a nicely printed, up to date catalogue covering the period 1872-1924. Although it is for the time frame after the double-franking era, it is the only source known to me which solves the mys teries of the name changes of French towns to German. The ones which gave me the most trouble were French: Thionville, became German Dieden l!{\fen, and Massevaux became Masmunster. One of the imaginative things done by SPAL was to offel' reduced xerox copies of 40, sixteen-page frames, exhibited at Colmar in 1974. Many of these covered the double-franking period. Before mounting my collection I decided to review the SPAL literature to get a feeling for what is common and what is rare. -
The Central African Republic Diamond Database—A Geodatabase of Archival Diamond Occurrences and Areas of Recent Artisanal and Small-Scale Diamond Mining
Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Agency for International Development under the auspices of the U.S. Department of State The Central African Republic Diamond Database—A Geodatabase of Archival Diamond Occurrences and Areas of Recent Artisanal and Small-Scale Diamond Mining Open-File Report 2018–1088 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Cover. The main road west of Bambari toward Bria and the Mouka-Ouadda plateau, Central African Republic, 2006. Photograph by Peter Chirico, U.S. Geological Survey. The Central African Republic Diamond Database—A Geodatabase of Archival Diamond Occurrences and Areas of Recent Artisanal and Small-Scale Diamond Mining By Jessica D. DeWitt, Peter G. Chirico, Sarah E. Bergstresser, and Inga E. Clark Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Agency for International Development under the auspices of the U.S. Department of State Open-File Report 2018–1088 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior RYAN K. ZINKE, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey James F. Reilly II, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2018 For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment—visit https://www.usgs.gov or call 1–888–ASK–USGS. For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit https://store.usgs.gov. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also may contain copyrighted materials as noted in the text. -
PDF Description
THE BIBLE COLLECTION 1 . 2 . THE BIBLE COLLECTION Large collection of missionary publications in ca. 100 languages. West Africa, India, etc., 1681–1991. Significant collection of 333 bibles, expositions, scriptural lessons, biblical school primers, and other extremely rare products of missionary presses. Many items unre- corded in Darlow & Moule, and several important 19th century works unrecorded in the OCLC database of worldwide libraries. The collection’s main strengths lie in 19th and early 20th century publications produced for/in Africa and India (some 89 Indian and 58 African works) as well as hundreds of 20th century works in almost 80 further languages, ranging from Rarotongan to Miskito. Generally in original or pe- riod bindings and often with ownership markings of missionary societies, the collec- tion paints a fascinating picture of missionary efforts of the 19th and 20th centuries. Highlights include an extremely rare edition of the New Testament printed in Tranquebar, South India in the Tamil language in 1758 by a Danish missionary, Bar- tholomaeus Ziegenbalg (this very copy fetching nearly $4000 at Sotheby’s in 2000), and a wonderful colour-illustrated edition of Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress translated into the Niger-Congo (Dualla) language in 1885. More than simply offshoots of the colonial enterprise, missionary movements set up their own presses in colonies such as Cameroon and Calcutta and began printing ti- tles such as the present ones, usually in runs of 1000 copies or less. These publications often represent the first appearance of native languages in print form, shaping future efforts at graphic and textual representation of mainly spoken languages. -
Nilo-Saharan’
11 Linguistic Features and Typologies in Languages Commonly Referred to as ‘Nilo-Saharan’ Gerrit J. Dimmendaal, Colleen Ahland, Angelika Jakobi, and Constance Kutsch Lojenga 11.1 Introduction The phylum referred to today as Nilo- Saharan (occasionally also Nilosaharan) was established by Greenberg (1963). It consists of a core of language families already argued to be genetically related in his earlier classiication of African languages (Greenberg 1955:110–114), consisting of Eastern Sudanic, Central Sudanic, Kunama, and Berta, and grouped under the name Macrosudanic; this language family was renamed Chari- Nile in his 1963 contribution after a suggestion by the Africanist William Welmers. In his 1963 classiication, Greenberg hypothesized that Nilo- Saharan consists of Chari- Nile and ive other languages or language fam- ilies treated as independent units in his earlier study: Songhay (Songhai), Saharan, Maban, Fur, and Koman (Coman). Bender (1997) also included the Kadu languages in Sudan in his sur- vey of Nilo-Saharan languages; these were classiied as members of the Kordofanian branch of Niger-Kordofanian by Greenberg (1963) under the name Tumtum. Although some progress has been made in our knowledge of the Kadu languages, they remain relatively poorly studied, and there- fore they are not further discussed here, also because actual historical evi- dence for their Nilo- Saharan afiliation is rather weak. Whereas there is a core of language groups now widely assumed to belong to Nilo- Saharan as a phylum or macro- family, the genetic afiliation of families such as Koman and Songhay is also disputed (as for the Kadu languages). For this reason, these latter groups are discussed separately from what is widely considered to form the core of Nilo- Saharan, Central Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. -
Goals Roles and Language Skills.Pdf
Reprinted From Anthropological Linguistics Winter 1982 GOALS, ROLES, AND LANGUAGE SKILLS IN COLONIZING CENTRAL EQUATORIAL AFRICA* William J. Samarin University of Toronto Abstract. Accounts of explorations in the Congo and Ubangi River basins in the nineteenth century obscure the fact that Europeans had very little competence in either the contact lan- guages or indigenous languages and that they had to rely on their own Black personnel for most of the communication with the indigenous populations. Understanding colonization socio- linguistically gives a different perspective to this event and contributes to the description of the emergence of the pidgin- ized lingua francas. 0_. Introduction. There is an engraving from the nine- teenth century that is dramatic in its misrepresentation of the way Whites and Blacks made contact in equatorial Africa. It shows Count Savorgnan de Brazza standing in the midst of a num- ber of Africans (Paris, Musée de la Marine, No. B.2918). They are gazing at him with attention, as if following his every word, for he appears to be making a discourse. One arm is ex- tended, accompanying some strong statement. Brazza is appar- ently involved in a palaver, working out some negotiation or some treaty, perhaps. He is surely not merely recruiting por- ters.1 The content of that discourse or of many similar ones is now part of African history and of Brazza1 s contribution to it. What is still ignored in African history is the medium of that discourse. In what language was he speaking? How was he able to communicate with Africans at all? That visual picture is not merely a datum of African his- tory. -
Annex A: Democratic Republic of Congo
Annex A. Summary of the Early Grade Reading Materials Survey in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Geography and Demographics 2,344,858 square Size: kilometers (km2) Population: 79 million (2015) Capital: Kinshasa Urban: 43% (2015) Administrative Divisions: 26 provinces Religion: 70% Christian 10% Kimbanguist 10% Muslim 10% Other Source: Central Intelligence Agency (2015). Note: Population and percentages are rounded. Literacy Projected 2013 Primary School 2015 Age Population (aged 11 million Literacy a a 6–11 years): Rates: Overall Male Female Adult (aged 2013 Primary School 77% 89% 66% 113%, up from 53% in 1999 >15 years) GER:a Youth (aged 2013 Pre-primary 86% 92% 80% 4%, up from 1% in 1999 15–24 years) School GER:a Mean: 17.5 (boy)/23.5 (girl) Language: French correct words per minute When: 2014 Oral Reading Standard deviation: Fluency: 2.4 (boy)/2.0 (girl) Sample (formerc) Equateur Where: EGRA Province Results:b 30% zero scores Fewer than 5% reading with ≥80% Reading comprehension Who: 208 students in P4 Comprehension: 69% zero scores Note: EGRA = Early Grade Reading Assessment; GER = Gross Enrollment Rate; P4 = Primary Grade 4. Percentages are rounded. a Source: UNESCO (2015). b Source: RTI International (2015). c In June–July 2015, the country’s 10 provinces were subdivided into 26 provinces. This was the name of the province at the time of data collection. Language Number of Living Languages:a 210 Major Languagesb Estimated Populationc Government Recognized Statusd French 6,080,000 (L2) (2007)e “Official” language 60 DERP in Africa—Reading