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Central African Republic: Sectarian and Inter-Communal Violence Continues

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Central African Republic: Sectarian and Inter-Communal Violence Continues THE WAR REPORT 2018 CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC: SECTARIAN AND INTER-COMMUNAL VIOLENCE CONTINUES © ICRC JANUARY 2019 I GIULIA MARCUCCI THE GENEVA ACADEMY A JOINT CENTER OF Furthermore, it provided that Bozizé would remain in HISTORY OF THE CONFLICT power until 2016 but could not run for a third term. The current violence in the Central African Republic However, the Libreville Agreement was mainly (CAR), often referred to as the ‘forgotten’ conflict, has its negotiated by regional heads of state while the leaders of most recent roots in 2013, when the warring parties in CAR and Muslim rebels from the Seleka The current violence in the Central the African Union (AU) itself umbrella group organized a African Republic (CAR), often played a marginal role.4 Thus, coup d’état seizing power in a referred to as the ‘forgotten’ conflict, its actual implementation Christian-majority country.1 has its most recent roots in 2013, immediately proved to be a From the end of 2012 to the when Muslim rebels from the Seleka failure and the reforms required beginning of 2013, the Seleka umbrella group organized a coup under the transition were coalition, mainly composed d’état seizing power in a Christian- never undertaken by Bozizé’s of armed groups from north- majority country. government.5 This generated eastern CAR, including the frustration within the Seleka Union of Democratic Forces for Unity (UFDR), Democratic coalition, which decided to take action and, by 24 March Front of the Central African People (FDPC), the Patriotic 2013, gained control over Bangui and 15 of the country’s Convention for the Country’s Salvation (CPSK) and 16 provinces. As a result, Bozizé fled to Cameroon while the Convention of Patriots for Justice and Peace (CPJP), the Seleka leader, Michel Djotodia, proclaimed himself strongly opposed President François Bozizé for his failure President of CAR and suspended the constitution. ECCAS to implement the disarmament, demobilization and called for the creation of a Transitional National Council reintegration programme2 in the northeast, investigate aimed at creating a new constitution and organizing rebel and government crimes that had occurred since 2005, elections within 18 months; Djotodia was eventually when Bozizé was officially elected, and for the general lack selected as Interim President on 13 April 2013. In May, his of governance in the region. After gaining control over government seemed to take a positive step by indicting some strategic towns in early 2013, it soon became clear Bozizé for crimes against humanity allegedly committed that the Seleka’s purpose was to seize the capital, Bangui; during his time in office;6 however, he was soon criticized nonetheless, neighbouring Chad along with the Economic at the international level as his Seleka fighters were also Community of Central African States (ECCAS) managed to accused of serious crimes (i.e. the recruitment of child persuade the Seleka to negotiate with Bozizé’s government.3 soldiers) allegedly committed while overthrowing Bozizé’s The negotiations led to the Libreville Agreement of January government but were not brought to justice. 2013, establishing a three-year power-sharing agreement. In September 2013, President Djotodia officially called for the dissolution of the Seleka coalition, stating that anyone acting in its name would be punished.7 Nonetheless, violence continued and, in response, many civilians decided to form primarily Christian self-defence militias known as the anti-Balaka (‘anti-machete’), loyal to former president Bozizé, as a means of counterattack.8 Inter-communal clashes between former Seleka fighters and the anti- Balaka began in late September 2013 and quickly escalated. According to a Human Rights Watch report issued in December that year, the anti-Balaka specifically targeted ©ICRC 4 See Council on Foreign Relations, ‘The Growing Crisis in Central African Republic’, 20 March 2013, https://www.cfr.org/blog/growing-crisis-central-african-republic (last accessed 9 August 2018). 1 ‘Central African Republic Country Profile’, BBC News, 1 August 2018, https://www.bbc. 5 ICRtoP, ‘Crisis in the Central African Republic’. co.uk/news/world-africa-13150040. 6 ‘Central African Republic Issues Arrest Warrant for Ex-President’,Chicago Tribune, 31 May 2 The disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programmes for former combatants 2013, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2013-05-31/news/sns-rt-centralafrica-presidentwarra formed part of the peace deals known as the Birao Peace Agreement and the Libreville ntl5n0ec39h-20130531_1_michel-djotodia-seleka-crimes. Comprehensive Peace Agreement, respectively signed in 2007 and 2008, between the government of CAR and several rebel groups. 7 ‘CAR President Djotodia Bans Former Seleka Rebel Backers’, BBC News, 13 September 2013, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-24088995. 3 International Coalition for the Responsibility to Protect (ICRtoP), ‘Crisis in the Central African Republic’, http://www.responsibilitytoprotect.org/index.php/crises/crisis-in-the- 8 ‘Briefing: Who Are the Anti-Balaka of CAR?’, IRIN, 12 February 2014, http://www.irinnews. central-african-republic (last accessed 7 August 2018). org/analysis/2014/02/12/who-are-anti-balaka-car. 2 | THE WAR REPORT 2018 | CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC: SECTARIAN AND INTER-COMMUNAL VIOLENCE CONTINUES Muslim communities and committed widespread abuses, personnel, which became operational on 15 September particularly in Ouham province, north of Bangui.9 In 2014. On 30 May 2014, the Government of CAR referred retaliation, the ex-Seleka forces attacked Christian residents the situation in its territory since 1 August 2012 to the in the area.10 The fighting fuelled longstanding rivalries International Criminal Court (ICC).17 between the Christian majority and the Muslim minority In July 2014, ex-Seleka factions and anti-Balaka in CAR, thus adding a sectarian element to a conflict already representatives signed a ceasefire agreement in Brazzaville characterized by lawless competition for natural resources leading, by the end of the year, to a de facto territorial among different armed groups.11 partition of CAR with the Seleka controlling the north and On 10 January 2014, Djotodia resigned over criticism of anti-Balaka militias the south. Accordingly, hostilities slowly his failure to stop the increasing violence and instability. A decreased but government control outside of the capital, week later, Catherine Samba-Panza, former mayor of Bangui, Bangui, was very limited. In August, in the wake of this deal, took over as Interim President. A 2014 United Nations the Muslim politician Mahamat Kamoun was appointed report, found that Chadian citizens and peacekeepers were the first Muslim prime minister of CAR by President also responsible for mass killings in the country12 and for Samba-Panza; his appointment, however, was rejected by facilitating Seleka regroupings in northeastern CAR.13 In the Seleka group itself as he was not a Seleka member.18 addition, Amnesty International Ex-Seleka fighters formed new also accused international In April 2014, the UN Security Council militias, often fighting each peacekeepers of having failed (UNSC), through Resolution 2149, other, and on 14 December 2015 to prevent the ethnic cleansing established the UN Multidimensional the rebel leader Noureddine of Muslim civilians carried Integrated Stabilization Mission in Adam declared the autonomous out in the western part of the the CAR (MINUSCA) acting under Republic of Logone,19 which country by anti-Balaka militias.14 Chapter VII of the UN Charter. was immediately denounced In response, the interim by CAR’s interim government. government arrested 11 anti-Balaka officers and charged General elections were held in December 2015 and them with war crimes. By March 2014, more than 650,000 former prime minister Faustin-Archange Touadéra people had been internally displaced, with more than was elected President in February 2016. The elections 232,000 in Bangui alone.15 Over 290,000 people had also fled marked the return to constitutional order after two years to neighbouring Cameroon, Chad, the Democratic Republic of transitional government, and the newly appointed of Congo (DRC) and the Republic of Congo.16 In April 2014, government immediately emphasized the importance the UN Security Council (UNSC), through Resolution of the disarmament, demobilization, reintegration and 2149, established the UN Multidimensional Integrated repatriation, and the security sector reform processes as Stabilization Mission in the CAR (MINUSCA) acting well as the need to set up the Special Criminal Court (SCC).20 under Chapter VII of the UN Charter. This transformed However, the appointment also led to discontent within the previous AU–led International Support Mission to the Muslim community and among armed groups because the Central African Republic, known as MISCA, into a of their insufficient representation in the institutions; the UN peacekeeping mission composed of 10,000 military security situation in Bangui deteriorated significantly from June 2016 onwards.21 9 Human Rights Watch (HRW), ‘They Came to Kill’: Escalating Atrocities in the Central African Republic, 18 December 2013, https://www.hrw.org/report/2013/12/18/they-came-kill/ At the end of 2016, tensions erupted in Bambari and escalating-atrocities-central-african-republic (last accessed 7 August 2018). the surrounding region of Ouaka within the Seleka group, 10 Ibid. divided into two main branches: on one side, the Ali Darassa 11
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