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s u G I A Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika Herausgegeben an den Universitâten Kôln und Bayreuth Band 6 1984/85 Helmut Buske Verlag Hamburg AFRIKANISTIK im HELMUT BUSKE VERLAG HAMBURG HEINE, B./SCHADEBERG, TH. C./WOLFF, E. (Hg).: Die Sprachen Afrikas. Ein Handbuch. 1981. 665 S. m. 26 Karten u. zahlr. Tabellen DM 124.- ISBN 3-87118-433-0 -: Die Sprachen Afrikas. Studienausgabe Band 1: DE WOLFF/MÔHLIG/SCHADEBERG: Niger-Kordofanisch. 1981. XVI, S. 45-128 DM 16.- ISBN 3-87118-488-8 -: - Band 2: SASSE/STÔRK/WOLFF: Afroasiatisch. 1981. XVI, S. 129-262 mit 7 Karten DM 22.- ISBN 3-87118-489-6 -: - Band 3: SCHADEBERG: Nilosaharanisch. 1981. XVI, S. 263-328 mit 6 Karten DM 14.- ISBN 3-87118-490-x -: - Band 4: WINTER: Khoisan. 1981. XVI, S. 329-374 DM 10.- ISBN 3-87118-491-8 -: - Band 5: GERHARDT/HEINE/VOSSEN/MÔHLIG: Sprachvergleichung. 1981. XVI, S. 375-478 mit 3 Karten DM 18.- ISBN 3-87118-492-6 -: - Band 6: ROTTLAND/VOSSEN/REH: Sprache im Kontext. 1981. XVI, S. 17-44 + 479-630 mit 5 Karten DM 29.80 ISBN 3-87118-493-4 AFRICAN LINGUISTIC BIBLIOGRAPHIES (ISSN 0721-2488) edited by Franz Rottland & Rainer VoGen Vol. 1: REH, M.: Problems of Linguistic Communication in Africa. 1981. 230 pp with 2 maps DM 42.- ISBN 3-87118-509-4 Vol. 2: LAMBERTI, M.: Somali Bibliography. 1985. ca. 124 pp. ISBN 3-87118-707-0 KUSCHITISCHE SPRACHSTUDIEN - CUSHITIC LANGUAGE STUDIES (ISSN 0721-4340) edited by Hans-Jurgen Sasse Vol. 1: SASSE, H.-J.: An Etymological Dictionary of Burji. 1982. XIV, 256 pp DM 48. - ISBN 3-87118-561-2 Vol. 2: HAYWARD, D.: The Arbore Language: A First Investigation. Including a Voca- bulary. 1985. XIV, 468 pp with 1 map. DM 78.- ISBN 3-87118-647-3 Vol. 3: SAEED, J. I.: The Syntax of Focus & Topic in Somali. Based on a doctoral diss, presented at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) in London 1982. 1985. 234 pp. DM 38.- ISBN 3-87118-672-4 Vol. 4: OWENS, J.: A Grammar of Harar Oromo (Northeastern Ethiopia). Including a Text and a Glossary. 1985.282 pp. DM48- ISBN 3-87118-717-8 SPRACHE UND GESCHICHTE IN AFRIKA SUGIA. Herausgegeben am Institut fur Afrikanistik der Universitat zu Kôln von B. Heine, Wilh. J. G. Môhlig, E Rottland, R. Vossen, J. C. Winter (ISSN 0170-5946) SUGIA 1 - 1979. 227 S., 4 Karten DM 36.- ISBN 3-87118-378-4 SUGIA 2 - 1980. 335 S., 3 Karten DM 48.- ISBN 3-87118-432-2 SUGIA 3 - 1981. 359 S., mit 14 Tab. und 40 Karten 4- Klarsichtfolie DM 54.- ISBN 3-87118-486-1 SUGIA 4 - 1982. 276 S. mit 7 Karten und 2 Abb. DM 42- ISBN 3-87118-564-7 SUGIA 5 - 1983. 240 S. mit 7 Karten DM 38.- ISBN 3-87118-656-2 SUGIA - Beihefte 1: SCHADEBERG, TH. C.: A survey of Kordofanian I: The Heiban Group. 1981. 199 pp with 2 maps DM 30.- ISBN 3-87118-461-6 SUGIA - Beihefte 2: SCHADEBERG, TH. C.: A Survey of Kordofanian II: The Talodi Group. 1981. 175 pp with 2 maps DM 28. - ISBN 3-87118-498-5 SUGIA - Beihefte 3: HINNEBUSCH, THOMAS J./NURSE, DEREK/MOULD, MARTIN: Studies in the Classification of Eastern Bantu Languages. 1981. XII, 261 pp with 3 maps + 30 tables DM 44- ISBN 3-87118-511-6 Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika 6 (1984/85) 309-373 COMMUNICATION BY UBANGIAN WATER AND WORD by Wi11i am J. Samari n University of Toronto CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. Colonial objectives 3. Steamboats and early exploration: 1883-1888 4. French expeditions 5. Belgian expeditions 6. Difficulties with the people around Bangui 6.1. Population around Bangui 6.2. Relations with indigenous population 7. The Gbanziris and canoes 7.1. Description of canoes 7.2. Gbanziri canoes 8. Development of Sango peoples 8.1. The Marchand expedition 8.2. Factors in recruitment 9. Yakomas become whites ~ 10. The Yakoma language becomes less and more 310 WILLIAM J. SAMARIN 1. Introduction The contact situation in which Pidgin Sango (PS) emerged and developed in the Ubangi basin consisted of a very limited number of kinds of interaction between the indigenous population and the foreigners coming into the territory. Most of them, if not all, can be comprehended under the rubric of what these people needed or wanted. The natives were happy to acquire the material goods which they had never seen before or those they had seen but had acquired with great difficulty. They were happy also to be associated with such impressive and powerful people (as long as their own neighbors did not have the same oppor- tunity) and to have their "protection". Indeed, they were crafty enough to entertain ideas about exploiting the foreigners. (Actual events bear out the last supposition.) The Whites coming up the Ubangi river had greater needs - desperate needs one can even say. They required transportation, guides, workers, property, and material for the construction of their buildings. They required also food, not so much for them- selves initially (and for some time only in a small degree), but for the Black personnel they brought with them. The other needs of the Black expatriates we can imagine. One of these - not irrelevant to the use of language at that period - was attributed to these latter by a number of Whites. It was their opinion that sex was easily satisfied; of their own similar activities they are discreetly silent. The means of satisfying these needs was, of course, by re- ciprocating favors (frequently based on ritual blood-brother- hood) and by trade. The use of force by Whites may not have « occurred frequently in the initial contacts, but was resorted to more and more as they took possession of the territory. The expatriate Blacks, on the other hand, always exploited their relationship with the Whites at the disadvantage of the natives. But we cannot tarry with these topics, although the nature of the relationships between the natives and the foreigners bears directly on how language was used (see below). UBANGIAN WATER AND WORD 311 This study is restricted to the topic of transportation. Native guides are treated in connection with the topic of inter- preters (Samarin 1984b). Workers in general, including the re- lationship between native and foreign Blacks, are discussed in a comprehensive treatment of the topic elsewhere (Samarin, in preparation). Transportation is critical to the linguistic aspect of the history of the Ubangi basin because it involved the largest number of natives coming in contact in a prolonged and intimate manner with the foreigners. When we add spatial and chronologi- cal factors to that of numbers and ethnic diversity, we have variables whose interaction we can evaluate with considerable ease of interpretation. Besides, there is more information about how transportation needs were met than about other topics: for example, that of acquiring rations for the exploratory forces. As one can see in Henry M. Stanley's account of the exploration of the Congo basin,1 this was a continual and major - at times desperate - problem. With respect to the history of PS this study of transporta- tion will support my thesis that the speakers of Vernacular Sango (VS) could not have played an important role in the cre- ation of the first jargons during initial contacts, that is, in the Lower Ubangi and at the bend of the Ubangi (in the area where Bangui is located). This study does demonstrate, however, how it was that VS came to be the basis of an eastern jargon and then spread over the whole Ubangi basin.2 Transportation here is restricted to that which took place on the Ubangi river itself. When goods and equipment were trans- ported inland, away from thè Ubangi, porters were usually nec- essary. These were usually, and in the greatest numbers, natives who agreed to move within their ethnic territory. In any case, they are discussed elsewhere. Some rivers were navigable, of course - at least during some periods of the year - and it would appear that Ubangian canoers were used to explore these rivers. We therefore do not need to set these explorations up in a 312 WILLIAM J. SAMARIN separate category. Furthermore, we concentrate on the use of canoes. They were the means by which foreigners came into direct contact with the greatest number of Ubangian people. Steamboats very soon came up to and then travelled beyond the rapids at Bangui (at that time called the Zongo rapids). But these must have had a role in Ubangian linguistic history entirely different from that of canoes. Their most important characteristic is that they were manned by downriver, therefore, for the most part, Bantu-speak- ing, personnel or by foreign Blacks who must certainly have been speaking a Bantu contact language. These would have reinforced the contributions made by the "resident" personnel in French and Belgian employ. The boats, having to stop nightly to take on firewood, would, of course, have brought many people in touch with each other. This would also have been done by taking on passengers all along the river, mixing up the various ethnic groups to a greater degree than was accomplished by canoe, whose passengers could much more easily be controlled by the ethnic owners or canoers. There is therefore some merit in looking at this steamboat.transportation. 2. Colonial objectives It would be useful, however, to first characterize the nature of the activities that the Whites were involved in. They are comprehended today by the single term "colonialism" and all of the Whites are therefore called "colonialists".
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    A New Genus of African Loach Catfish (Siluriformes: Amphiliidae) from the Congo River Basin, the Sister-Group to All Other Genera of the Doumeinae, with the Description of Two New Species Carl J. Ferraris, Jr.1, Richard P. Vari2, and Paul H. Skelton3 Copeia 2011, No. 4, 477–489 A New Genus of African Loach Catfish (Siluriformes: Amphiliidae) from the Congo River Basin, the Sister-Group to All Other Genera of the Doumeinae, with the Description of Two New Species Carl J. Ferraris, Jr.1, Richard P. Vari2, and Paul H. Skelton3 Congo River basin catfishes previously identified as Doumea alula (Amphiliidae, Doumeinae) were found to include three species that belong not to the genus Doumea but are, instead, the sister-group to a clade formed by all remaining Doumeinae. The species are assigned to a new genus, Congoglanis. Characters delimiting the Doumeinae and the clade consisting of all members of the subfamily except Congoglanis are detailed. Congoglanis alula is distributed throughout much of the Congo River basin; C. inga, new species, is known only from the lower Congo River in the vicinity of Inga Rapids; and C. sagitta, new species, occurs in the Lualaba River basin of Zambia in the southeastern portion of the Congo River system. ATFISHES of the subfamily Doumeinae of the Congoglanis, new genus Amphiliidae inhabit rapidly flowing rivers and Type species.—Congoglanis inga, new species C streams across a broad expanse of tropical Africa. Recent studies of the Doumeinae documented that the Diagnosis.—Congoglanis includes species that possess the species diversity and morphological variability within the following combination of characters unique within the subfamily are greater than previously suspected (Ferraris Amphiliidae: the caudal peduncle is relatively short and et al., 2010).
  • HA.01.0015 Inventaire Des Archives De Frédéric Orban

    HA.01.0015 Inventaire Des Archives De Frédéric Orban

    HA.01.0015 Inventaire des archives de Frédéric Orban 1857 – 1883 Koninklijk Museum voor Midden-Afrika Tervuren, 2016 Description des archives Nom: Archives Frédéric Orban Référence: HA.01.0015 Dates extrêmes: 1881-1884, 1932 Importance matérielle: 0,23 m.l. Langues des pièces: Les documents sont rédigés en Français pour la majeure partie. Lieu de conservation: Musée royal de l'Afrique Centrale Historique de la conservation : Don au MRAC de M. Deborsu en 1929 et de M. De Suray en 1932 Context Le Producteur d'archives Frédéric Orban est né le 3 mars 1857 à Emptinne (Belgique). Sorti de l’École militaire en 1877 avec le grade de sous-lieutenant, il demande à être détaché à l’Institut cartographique militaire en 1881. C’est le 17 février de cette année-là que Frédéric Orban part en Afrique pour le compte du Comité d’études du Haut-Congo, en compagnie d’Eugène Janssen. Ils parviennent à Vivi en avril et y retrouvent Valcke. Bientôt ils sont chargés de superviser les travaux du poste d’Isanghila. En décembre 1881, Orban et Callewaert se voient confier la mission de transporter les pièces du nouveau vapeur l’AIA par voie de terre jusqu’à Léopoldville. C’est chose fait en mars 1882. Quand en novembre 1882, Hanssens fonde le poste de Bolobo, Orban est commissionné pour prendre la direction de la station. Mais sa mauvaise santé l’oblige à quitter ses fonctions en mars 1883. Il envisageait d’aller se rétablir au sanatorium de Banana mais en chemin il rencontre Stanley qui le charge de se rendre à Vivi puis au Pool avec un lot important de marchandises d’échange destinées au Haut-Congo.
  • Aspects of Multilingualism in the Democratic Republic of the Congo!

    Aspects of Multilingualism in the Democratic Republic of the Congo!

    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Repositorio da Universidade da Coruña Aspects of Multilingualism in the Democratic Republic of the Congo! Helena Lopez Palma [email protected] Abstract The Democratic Republic of the Congo is a multilingual country where 214 native languages (Ethnologue) are spoken among circa 68 million inhabitants (2008). The situations derived from the practice of a multilingual mode of communication have had important linguistic effects on the languages in contact. Those have been particularly crucial in the rural areas, where the relations between the individual speakers of different micro linguistic groups have contributed to varied degrees of modification of the grammatical code of the languages. The contact that resulted from migratory movements could also explain why some linguistic features (i.e. logophoricity, Güldemann 2003) are shared by genetically diverse languages spoken across a large macro-area. The coexistence of such a large number of languages in the DRC has important cultural, economical, sanitary and political effects on the life of the Congolese people, who could be crucially affected by the decisions on language policy taken by the Administration. Keywords: Multilingualism, languages in contact, Central-Sudanic, Adamawa-Ubangian, Bantoid, language policy 1. Introduction This paper addresses the multilingual situation currently found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The word ‘multilingualism’ may be used to refer to the linguistic skill of any individual who is able to use with equal competency various different languages in some interlinguistic communicative situation. It may also be used to refer to the linguistic situation of a country where several different languages coexist.