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Linguistics for the Use of African History and the Comparative Study of Bantu Pottery Vocabulary
LINGUISTICS FOR THE USE OF AFRICAN HISTORY AND THE COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BANTU POTTERY VOCABULARY Koen Bostoen Université Libre de Bruxelles1 Royal Museum for Central Africa Tervuren 1. Introduction Ever since African historical linguistics emerged in the 19th century, it has served a double purpose. It has not only been practiced with the aim of studying language evolution, its methods have also been put to use for the reconstruction of human history. The promotion of linguistics to one of the key disciplines of African historiography is an inevitable consequence of the lack of ancient written records in sub-Saharan Africa. Scholars of the African past generally fall back on two kinds of linguistic research: linguistic classifi- cation and linguistic reconstruction. The aim of this paper is to present a con- cise application of both disciplines to the field of Bantu linguistics and to offer two interesting comparative case studies in the field of Bantu pottery vocabulary. The diachronic analysis of this lexical domain constitutes a promising field for interdisciplinary historical research. At the same time, the examples presented here urge history scholars to be cautious in the applica- tion of words-and-things studies for the use of historical reconstruction. The neglect of diachronic semantic evolutions and the impact of ancient lexical copies may lead to oversimplified and hence false historical conclusions. 2. Bantu languages and the synchronic nature of historical linguistics Exact estimations being complicated by the lack of good descriptive ma- terial, the Bantu languages are believed to number at present between 400 and 600. They are spoken in almost half of all sub-Saharan countries: Camer- 1 My acknowledgement goes to Yvonne Bastin, Claire Grégoire, Jacqueline Renard, Ellen Vandendorpe and Annemie Van Geldre who assisted me in the preparation of this paper. -
Islam and the Abolition of Slavery in the Indian Ocean
Proceedings of the 10th Annual Gilder Lehrman Center International Conference at Yale University Slavery and the Slave Trades in the Indian Ocean and Arab Worlds: Global Connections and Disconnections November 7‐8, 2008 Yale University New Haven, Connecticut Islamic Abolitionism in the Western Indian Ocean from c. 1800 William G. Clarence‐Smith, SOAS, University of London Available online at http://www.yale.edu/glc/indian‐ocean/clarence‐smith.pdf © Do not cite or circulate without the author’s permission For Bernard Lewis, ‘Islamic abolitionism’ is a contradiction in terms, for it was the West that imposed abolition on Islam, through colonial decrees or by exerting pressure on independent states.1 He stands in a long line of weighty scholarship, which stresses the uniquely Western origins of the ending slavery, and the unchallenged legality of slavery in Muslim eyes prior to the advent of modern secularism and socialism. However, there has always been a contrary approach, which recognizes that Islam developed positions hostile to the ‘peculiar institution’ from within its own traditions.2 This paper follows the latter line of thought, exploring Islamic views of slavery in the western Indian Ocean, broadly conceived as stretching from Egypt to India. Islamic abolition was particularly important in turning abolitionist laws into a lived social reality. Muslim rulers were rarely at the forefront of passing abolitionist legislation, 1 Bernard Lewis, Race and slavery in the Middle East, an historical enquiry (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990) pp. 78‐84. Clarence‐Smith 1 and, if they were, they often failed to enforce laws that were ‘for the Englishman to see.’ Legislation was merely the first step, for it proved remarkably difficult to suppress the slave trade, let alone slavery itself, in the western Indian Ocean.3 Only when the majority of Muslims, including slaves themselves, embraced the process of reform did social relations really change on the ground. -
Inst. Roy. Colon. Belge Biographie Coloniale Belge, T. II, 1951, Col
710 d'encerclement par les Arabes était à ce gnait la colonne Dhanis, et les forces conju- moment conjuré. Les bornas de Rumaliza guées des troupes de l'État remportèrent une MOHUN (Richard-Dorsey-Loraine), Consul avaient été enlevés par les forces de l'État. brillante victoire. des États-Unis à l'État Indépendant du Congo Hinde fut alors chargé par Dhanis de repren- Mohun acheva son terme le 31 octobre 1901. (Washington, 12.4.1864-décédé vers 1935). dre les hommes de Bauduin et d'aller avec En 1907, nous le retrouvons à nouveau, quit- Il était depuis 1881 dans la marine de guerre Mohun, qui en exprimait le désir, faire une tant Anvers le 30 mai, à la tête d'une mission américaine, où il avait conquis les galons de expédition de reconnaissance au Tanganika, de recherches pour la Société Forminière. Sa lieutenant, en 1889, quand il fut nommé agent champ d'action de Rumaliza. Ils devaient mission dura deux ans. Rentré en Amérique, consulaire des États-Unis à Boma. Il s embar- suivre le Lualaba et la Lukuga, examiner leur il y mena pendant plusieurs années une vie qua à Anvers le 6 avril 1892. Pendant un navigabilité jusqu'au lac, y faire rapport sur très active et mourut vers 1935 (?). Il peut premier terme de plus de deux ans, se décou- l'occupation arabe, aller jusqu'à Mpala, et être compté comme un grand ami de la vrant des goûts d'explorateur, il visita plusieurs dresser la carte, de Kasongo au lac. Sur les Belgique. rivières du district du Lualaba et s'empressa 65 soldats que Hinde emmenait, bien peu Il était chevalier de l'Ordre royal du Lion de communiquer toutes ses cartes et ses tra- avaient quelque valeur; la plupart ne savaient (29 septembre 1894) et décoré de l'Étoile de vaux au chef du district. -
Les Américains Dans L'état Indépendant Du Congo (EIC)
Les Américains dans l’État Indépendant du Congo (EIC). Armor Samuel- Glascow est né dans l’état d’Ohio aux Etats Unis en 1867 et est décédé à Kilonga- Longa en 1896. En 1886 il entre à l’Ecole de médecine de Brooklyn à Long Island et en sort diplômé docteur en médecine en 1891. Il fut successivement attaché à l’hôpital de Long island Collège, puis à l’hôpital de Nrw York. En 1893 il est admis au service de la marine brésilienne en qualité de médecin-chirurgien puis revient à New York s’établir à son compte. En 1906, il offre ses services à l’EIC où il est engagé comme sous-intendant et désigné pour les Stanley-Falls. Il mourut à Kilonga-Longa après quelques mois de présence. Ball Charles Godard né à Louisville dans le Kentucky en 1891 est décédé à Boma en 1897 Employé tout d’abord dans une maison commerciale durant deux années, il entra ensuite au service de la Société de géographie américaine pour laquelle il effectua une randonnée de deux ans comme explorateur sur le fleuve Amazone. En 1896 il est engagé par l’EIC comme commis de troisième classe et désigné pour les Stanley Falls, puis pour la région de Nyangwe. Revenu à La Romée comme commis de 1e classe, en 1897, il est atteint de dysenterie et meurt la même année à Boma. Burke Lindsay Gaines est né à la Nouvelle Orléans en 1870 et est décédé à Goie Kabamba en 1897. Il s’était engagé à Washington au service de l’EIC comme sous-lieutenant de la Force publique et avait été affecté en 1896 au poste de Nyangwe sous les ordres du commandant Michaux qui venait de recevoir la mission de reprendre les opérations contre les révoltés du camp de Luluabourg qui menaçaient de reprendre Gandu. -
A History of Nairobi, Capital of Kenya
....IJ .. Kenya Information Dept. Nairobi, Showing the Legislative Council Building TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Preface. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 Chapter I. Pre-colonial Background • • • • • • • • • • 4 II. The Nairobi Area. • • • • • • • • • • • • • 29 III. Nairobi from 1896-1919 •• • • • • • • • • • 50 IV. Interwar Nairobi: 1920-1939. • • • • • • • 74 V. War Time and Postwar Nairobi: 1940-1963 •• 110 VI. Independent Nairobi: 1964-1966 • • • • • • 144 Appendix • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 168 Bibliographical Note • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 179 Bibliography • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 182 iii PREFACE Urbanization is the touchstone of civilization, the dividing mark between raw independence and refined inter dependence. In an urbanized world, countries are apt to be judged according to their degree of urbanization. A glance at the map shows that the under-developed countries are also, by and large, rural. Cities have long existed in Africa, of course. From the ancient trade and cultural centers of Carthage and Alexandria to the mediaeval sultanates of East Africa, urban life has long existed in some degree or another. Yet none of these cities changed significantly the rural character of the African hinterland. Today the city needs to be more than the occasional market place, the seat of political authority, and a haven for the literati. It remains these of course, but it is much more. It must be the industrial and economic wellspring of a large area, perhaps of a nation. The city has become the concomitant of industrialization and industrialization the concomitant 1 2 of the revolution of rising expectations. African cities today are largely the products of colonial enterprise but are equally the measure of their country's progress. The city is witness everywhere to the acute personal, familial, and social upheavals of society in the process of urbanization. -
My African Travels
CAMBRIDGE LIBRARY COLLECTION Books of enduring scholarly value History The books reissued in this series include accounts of historical events and movements by eye- witnesses and contemporaries, as well as landmark studies that assembled significant source materials or developed new historiographical methods. The series includes work in social, political and military history on a wide range of periods and regions, giving modern scholars ready access to influential publications of the past. My African Travels Published in 1886, My African Travels is a succinct record of British American explorer Henry Morton Stanley’s adventurous African expeditions during 1871-1884 and the results of his travels. Stanley, was commissioned by New York Herald to undertake a secret mission to find and rescue the Scottish missionary DavidLivingstone, who was lost in the midst of the African jungle. Stanley describes his journey through the forests and rivers of Africa and his encounters with the African wildlife, tribespeople, and Arab settlers and traders amidst the variegated beauty of places such as Unyamwezi, Usagara, Ukawendi, and Tanganika districts. Ranging over such events such as Stanley’s historic rescue of Livingstone to Livingstone’s death and Stanley’s further expeditions in Africa and his exploration and development of the Congo state, My African Travels is the saga of a passionate explorer with graphic descriptions of the vicissitudes of an African journey. Cambridge University Press has long been a pioneer in the reissuing of out-of-print titles from its own backlist, producing digital reprints of books that are still sought after by scholars and students but could not be reprinted economically using traditional technology. -
Inventory of the Henry M. Stanley Archives Revised Edition - 2005
Inventory of the Henry M. Stanley Archives Revised Edition - 2005 Peter Daerden Maurits Wynants Royal Museum for Central Africa Tervuren Contents Foreword 7 List of abbrevations 10 P A R T O N E : H E N R Y M O R T O N S T A N L E Y 11 JOURNALS AND NOTEBOOKS 11 1. Early travels, 1867-70 11 2. The Search for Livingstone, 1871-2 12 3. The Anglo-American Expedition, 1874-7 13 3.1. Journals and Diaries 13 3.2. Surveying Notebooks 14 3.3. Copy-books 15 4. The Congo Free State, 1878-85 16 4.1. Journals 16 4.2. Letter-books 17 5. The Emin Pasha Relief Expedition, 1886-90 19 5.1. Autograph journals 19 5.2. Letter book 20 5.3. Journals of Stanley’s Officers 21 6. Miscellaneous and Later Journals 22 CORRESPONDENCE 26 1. Relatives 26 1.1. Family 26 1.2. Schoolmates 27 1.3. “Claimants” 28 1 1.4. American acquaintances 29 2. Personal letters 30 2.1. Annie Ward 30 2.2. Virginia Ambella 30 2.3. Katie Roberts 30 2.4. Alice Pike 30 2.5. Dorothy Tennant 30 2.6. Relatives of Dorothy Tennant 49 2.6.1. Gertrude Tennant 49 2.6.2. Charles Coombe Tennant 50 2.6.3. Myers family 50 2.6.4. Other 52 3. Lewis Hulse Noe and William Harlow Cook 52 3.1. Lewis Hulse Noe 52 3.2. William Harlow Cook 52 4. David Livingstone and his family 53 4.1. David Livingstone 53 4.2. -
Marking Nuer Histories
Marking Nuer Histories Gender, Gerontocracy, and the Politics of Inclusion in the Upper Nile from 1400 – 1931 By Noel Stringham Department of History University of Virgnia 1 February 2016 0 Table of Contents Table of Contents Page 1 Dating System Table of Historical Age-Sets/Marriage-Sets Page 2 List of Maps Page 4 Orthographies, Spellings, and Translations Page 5 Acknowledgements Page 8 Introduction Marking the Past: Page 10 Indigenous Epistemologies of History, “the Nuer”, and Africanist Historians Chapter 1 History as Exogamous Kinship: Page 33 Agro-Pastoralist Mobility, Pulling Teeth, and Ethnogenesis After 1400 Chapter 2 Marking Marriageability: Page 76 Reconstructing a Gendered History of the Era of “Turning-Hearts (1790s – 1828) Chapter 3 Marking Costly Assimilations Page 110 Loosing Battles, Recruiting Bachelors, and Erosion of Moral Community (1828 – 1860s) Chapter 4 Marking the Prophet’s Rod: Page 154 From Chaos to Syncretistic Community (1870s – 1896) Chapter 5 Marking Militarization: Page 196 From the Prophet’s Rod to Firearms on the Abyssinian Frontier (1896 – 1920s) Conclusion History as Additive: Page 245 Achieving and Archiving Change through Combination and Accumulation Bibliography Page 253 1 Table of Historic Age-Sets / Marriageability-Sets Cohorts of the Eastern Jikäny and other nei ti naath until 2003 Ric (thok naath) Age-Set / Marriage-Set Name (English) Initiation Date - Early Sets (Bul and Jikäny) 1 – Riɛk 2 Alter Pole Unknown Jɔk 3 Earth-Spirit / Disease Unknown - Sets with Gaar (Jikäny, Lak, Thiaŋ, Jagɛi, Lɔu, -
Swahili-English Dictionary, the First New Lexical Work for English Speakers
S W AHILI-E N GLISH DICTIONARY Charles W. Rechenbach Assisted by Angelica Wanjinu Gesuga Leslie R. Leinone Harold M. Onyango Josiah Florence G. Kuipers Bureau of Special Research in Modern Languages The Catholic University of Americ a Prei Washington. B. C. 20017 1967 INTRODUCTION The compilers of this Swahili-English dictionary, the first new lexical work for English speakers in many years, hope that they are offering to students and translators a more reliable and certainly a more up-to-date working tool than any previously available. They trust that it will prove to be of value to libraries, researchers, scholars, and governmental and commercial agencies alike, whose in- terests and concerns will benefit from a better understanding and closer communication with peoples of Africa. The Swahili language (Kisuiahili) is a Bantu language spoken by perhaps as many as forty mil- lion people throughout a large part of East and Central Africa. It is, however, a native or 'first' lan- guage only in a nnitp restricted area consisting of the islands of Zanzibar and Pemba and the oppo- site coast, roughly from Dar es Salaam to Mombasa, Outside this relatively small territory, elsewhere in Kenya, in Tanzania (formerly Tanganyika), Copyright © 1968 and to a lesser degree in Uganda, in the Republic of the Congo, and in other fringe regions hard to delimit, Swahili is a lingua franca of long standing, a 'second' (or 'third' or 'fourth') language enjoy- ing a reasonably well accepted status as a supra-tribal or supra-regional medium of communication. THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA PRESS, INC. -
Maasai Identity in the 21St Century Allison Marie Kotowicz University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
University of Wisconsin Milwaukee UWM Digital Commons Theses and Dissertations August 2013 Maasai Identity in the 21st Century Allison Marie Kotowicz University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.uwm.edu/etd Part of the African Studies Commons, and the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Kotowicz, Allison Marie, "Maasai Identity in the 21st Century" (2013). Theses and Dissertations. 715. https://dc.uwm.edu/etd/715 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by UWM Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UWM Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MAASAI IDENTITY IN THE 21 ST CENTURY by Allison Marie Kotowicz A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Anthropology at The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee August 2013 ABSTRACT MAASAI IDENITTY IN THE 21 ST CENUTRY by Allison Marie Kotowicz The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 2013 Under the Supervision of Professor Dr. Cheryl Ajirotutu The Maasai people of East Africa have managed to retain much of their culture and traditions in the face of colonialism and increasing internal and external pressures. The Maasai have been viewed by many as the iconic, traditional representation of Africa. This representation affects perceptions and ideas about what it means to be Maasai. However, a person or group’s identity is not a static, singular phenomenon, but composed of multiple identities and layers which are constantly changing. In today’s world, the Maasai are faced with changes and challenges from processes such as globalization and modernity. -
CONGO, Leopoldvlle, Bolobo , Equateur Par Ch
LIEBRECHTS ,Charles (Anvers, 7 mai 1858 – Bruxelles, 14 juillet 1938), secrétaire général du Département de l’Intérieur de l’État indépendant du Congo (ÉIC). Fils de François Liebrechts et de Marie Huybrechts, Charles Liebrechts s’engage au sein de l’armée à l’âge de seize ans et entre, quatre ans plus tard, à l’École militaire. Il se destine aux armes spéciales et plus particulièrement à l’artillerie. À la même époque, l’envoi de canons pour les besoins de ce qui est toujours considéré aux yeux du monde comme l’Association internationale africaine incite Léopold ii à engager un artilleur. Le roi sollicite le général Nicaise, l’un de ses proches collaborateurs militaires, afin de dénicher un candidat idéal. Le futur inspecteur général de l’artillerie convoque Liebrechts à la fin 1882 et le recommande pour cette mission. Ayant directement reçu ses instructions du souverain, le jeune lieutenant s’embarque avec le nouvel armement pour le transférer sur le Haut-Congo. La situation de l’expédition est alors loin d’être brillante et depuis son retour en Afrique, en novembre 1882, Stanley remet de l’ordre dans toutes les stations. Arrivé à Léopoldville, l’explorateur anglais s’occupe à réunir un large équipage en vue de la fondation de deux nouveaux postes. Présent sur place, Liebrechts est embarqué dans le périple ainsi que l’une des pièces d’artillerie dont il a la charge. Arrivé à Bolobo, Stanley doit résoudre un conflit qui a surgi entre le personnel de la station et un chef local. Une fois le différend réglé, il décide de confier le poste à Liebrechts, qui s’est acquis une réputation grâce à une démonstration dissuasive du canon Krupp. -
The Congo for Christ
THE CONGO FOR CHRIST ·~be $tor\? of. tbe <tongo ·, !ll)ission BY JOHN BROWN MYERS (ASSOCIA'riON SECRETARY BAPTIST MISSIONARY. SOCIET\.') A~THdR OF "THOMAS J. COl\lBER ;" ."wiLLIAM cAREv," -ETc. NEW EDITION, LONDON I s. W. PARTRIDGE & c:o. 8 & 9 PATERNOSTER. Row PREFACE. UMEROUS inq';liries pave been made for' 1!'. .. concise history of the Congo Mission, br()Ught ·. N up to date: With the view of meeting this demand the present volume has J:>,een written •. The late esteemed Treasurer of the Baptist Mission• ary Society, Mr. Joseph Tritton,' published "-r:he Rise and Progress ()f the Congo Mission'' in r:885, whiCh. publication has Jar some time been out of print, and during the ·last ten years the Miss~o11 ha$ greatly d<;!veloped:, Considerable information 1 ·.is also t<;> be .found in the Mem~ir of Thomas J. Camber; appearing i~ this. Series, but that work· is necessarily restriCted· by its biographical character. The story of ~~is remarkable Mission has been -told in.· such. leisure. moments ·as. the writer could· command,· ancl, m'ay therefore, on that account, as also on account ofth~ limited space a~ disposal, be inadeqt:iately told.. It.is, however, confidently believed no one can read these: pages without being led to thank God for ~he: greif V vi PREFACE. w'6rkwhich has been accomplished, and for the heroic, Cliri~t-like spirit displayed by those who have served, and suffered, and died in the prosec11tion ofit. The. records of the Baptist Missionary Society have . largely contri\;mted to the matt~r, as also its woodcuts to th~ illustration of the.