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Marking Nuer Histories

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Marking Nuer Histories Marking Nuer Histories Gender, Gerontocracy, and the Politics of Inclusion in the Upper Nile from 1400 – 1931 By Noel Stringham Department of History University of Virgnia 1 February 2016 0 Table of Contents Table of Contents Page 1 Dating System Table of Historical Age-Sets/Marriage-Sets Page 2 List of Maps Page 4 Orthographies, Spellings, and Translations Page 5 Acknowledgements Page 8 Introduction Marking the Past: Page 10 Indigenous Epistemologies of History, “the Nuer”, and Africanist Historians Chapter 1 History as Exogamous Kinship: Page 33 Agro-Pastoralist Mobility, Pulling Teeth, and Ethnogenesis After 1400 Chapter 2 Marking Marriageability: Page 76 Reconstructing a Gendered History of the Era of “Turning-Hearts (1790s – 1828) Chapter 3 Marking Costly Assimilations Page 110 Loosing Battles, Recruiting Bachelors, and Erosion of Moral Community (1828 – 1860s) Chapter 4 Marking the Prophet’s Rod: Page 154 From Chaos to Syncretistic Community (1870s – 1896) Chapter 5 Marking Militarization: Page 196 From the Prophet’s Rod to Firearms on the Abyssinian Frontier (1896 – 1920s) Conclusion History as Additive: Page 245 Achieving and Archiving Change through Combination and Accumulation Bibliography Page 253 1 Table of Historic Age-Sets / Marriageability-Sets Cohorts of the Eastern Jikäny and other nei ti naath until 2003 Ric (thok naath) Age-Set / Marriage-Set Name (English) Initiation Date - Early Sets (Bul and Jikäny) 1 – Riɛk 2 Alter Pole Unknown Jɔk 3 Earth-Spirit / Disease Unknown - Sets with Gaar (Jikäny, Lak, Thiaŋ, Jagɛi, Lɔu, and Gaawäär) 4 - Cɔt-Bör 5 [Sacrificial] Hornless-White [Steer] circa 1800 Gɛɛr-loic Turning-Heart (winning hearts and minds) circa 1810 Yuac Pulling Out (era of exodus) pre-1828 Yilbith 6 Gushing wound [from a] Fishing-spear (fleeing a battle) post-1828 Ŋɔm-piny 7 Copulating-Ground (sexual frustration or territorial conquest) 1830s Cuët-Cuor 8 Eagle’s Cry (after many warriors slaughtered) circa 1840 Lajak [Steer] with a White Body and a Yellow Head late 1840s Thut 9 Flatulating (during initiation rites) 1850s Boi-loic White (Bör) – Heart (plague of bovine pleuropneumonia)10 1860s 1 By 2013, Eastern Jikäny elders had no memory of these sets, which may been fairly mythical even when Stigand (1915) and Jackson (1922) heard of them (see citations below). In most contemporary Eastern Jikäny traditions the first set is remembered as Röök though Cieŋ Laaŋ maintain a separate account of “Eight Boys” (Dhol Badek). 2 Stigand’s list named the oldest set as Riägh among the Jikäny. Jackson gave Riar as the very first set for the Bul. Gabriel Giet Jal has suggested that Riäk (actually a word in thok naath) was what those Englishmen misheard. Chauncey Hugh Stigand, “Warrior Classes of the Nuers” Sudan Notes and Records (1918) p. 224-226. Henry Cecil Jackson, “The Nuer of Upper Nile Province” Sudan Notes and Records (1923) p. 59-190. Edward Evans-Pritchard, “Nuer Age-Sets” Sudan Notes and Records (1936) p. 247. Gabriel Giet Jal, “The History of the Eastern Jikany Nuer before 1920” PhD diss. (University of London School of Oriental and African Studies, 1987) p. 383. 3 Again, Stigand listed the second oldest Jikäny set as Juok while Jackson listed Juuk as the second Bul set. Both are similar to the work Jɔk which Giet Jal proposed as the correct name. After these two (possibly mythical) sets the Bul, who use a different scarification style, began giving their sets entirely independent names. 4 Almost certainly included the Lëëk as well. The Dɔk also probably used the same names as the Gaawäär at this time. No source has yet reported the names of early sets farther south among the Nyuɔŋ confederation. 5 Cɔt Bör is the first set linked to particular historic events. In 2013, elders disagreed wildly on the sequence of various other named sets from this early era, including Wëë and Möth. Named in various local songs and colonial- era lists, these sets certainly existed, but I have not included them in this list. 6 A reference to fleeing a battle without having time to bandage one’s wound. 7 One Eastern Jikäny interpretation of this name is that it reflected the sexual frustration of physically mature males who “made holes in the ground” because they had long been denied initiation and the chance to marry. 8 A feast for the carrion birds after a profound military defeat by the jaaŋ (that is “Dinka”). 9 Eastern Jikäny circulate two narratives about this name. Some claim that it was the elder’s insult, calling their offspring mere excrement. Others that the name arose after one initiate fluctuated during his initiation. 2 - Uniquely Eastern Sets (Lɔu and Eastern Jikäny) – Makɛr Steer with Black body and White stomach 1876 (circa) Daŋ-Goŋa 11 Prophet’s Rod – (after the prophet Ŋundεŋ Boŋ) 1896 (circa) Car-Boic 12 Black [Steer] – Laughter 1905 (circa) Lith-Gaac Grey [Steer] - Surprised (for Gaac Jaaŋ, the ritual leader) 1913-1922 13 Cayat Butter (given to recovering initiates) 1925-1928 14 Rial-Mac 15 Black and White [Steer] - Gun 1931 (circa) Koryom (Gaa-jiok)16 Locusts (a plague, prophet Lual Nyathɔn begins his career) 1935 Reaŋ-Gaac Many Colored [Steer] - Surprise (the speared Steer’s reaction) 1937 (circa) Dëëyien Yellow (yien) Goat (dëël) [used for sacrifice] 1940 Lith-Jaaŋ Grey [Steer] - ‘Dinka’ (a reference to Gaac Jaaŋ’s lineage) 1944 (circa) Thok-Thok Decorative Armlet (worn at dances) 1953 Dëëkɔl (Dëël-Kɔl) Multi-colored Goat [used for sacrifice] 1955 Sudan Sudan (commemorating independence) 1957 Jagaac (Jak-Gaac) [Steer with] White body and Yellow head– ‘Surprise’ 1960 (circa) Tuitui Water Hyacinth (caused floods, blocked canoe traffic) 1964 - Initiated in the Era of Fissure and Decline – Lökɛlet 17 Reject Back-Fat (Lual Nyathɔn curses Cieŋ Kuëk) late 1960s Pan-Dɛŋ 18 Dɛŋ Descends (Tuŋ Kuac begins prophetic career) 1972 Puɔt-Cɔt-Gɛɛr Hornless Steer (with a Bell) Turned [when speared] 1973-4 Nyaŋlɛk 19 Striped and Brindled Colored [Steer] 1976 Wee-Jaaŋ 20 Sacrificial Steer-‘Dinka’ (Attempt to reassert the Jaaŋ lineage) 1979 Thiɛlɛ ɣɔɔw Niɛn (Gaa-Guoŋ) 21 No Leftovers (food scarcity) 1981 Mawumbith 22 Consumed right off the Fishing-Spear (fish not shared at home) 1983-4 10 Many contemporary nei ti naath interpret this name as “Laughing Hearts” since böy means “laughter” but Stigand’s informants explained it as a shortening of bor (white) which referred to a symptom of this plague. 11 Often simplified to Goŋa among the Gaa-jak. Roughly equivalent to the Gaawäär set Daŋ (1900) which reflected a similar sentiment toward their prophet, a certain Dɛŋ Laka. 12 Often named as Luac (“Heart”) among the Lɔu. 13 Gaac Jaaŋ apparently opened this ric before dying in 1913. Major Stigand personally attended a Lith-Gaac initiation in 1915, and Lith-Gaac was originally multiple sets. In 1928, American missionaries were describing Lith- Gaac in tot (“smaller”) as 20-25 years old and Lith-Gaac in dit (“larger” or “older”) as a few years older. 14 Missionary records date this set to 1925 and list various other names for sets marked in 1925 and 1926 (Wum Kolɔŋ and Tuck Lercni) which were subsumed within Cayat. In 2013, elders dated this set to the year Guek hid among the Cieŋ Laaŋ section of the Gaa-jiok (1928). 15 The Gaa-jak call this set Rial-Ŋuen. 16 Gaa-jak communities did not join this set or revere this prophet. 17 The Gaa-jak never accepted Lual Nyathɔn’s divinity and name this set Tharkɔl after a sacrificed steer’s color. 18 Some Gaa-jak call this set Yualwau, meaning “Stirring Cud” 19 Some in Nasir County name this set as Luoŋɛ. 20 The Gaajiok generally call this set Ruan-Lual, meaning “Year-Red” in reference to sacrificial steer. 21 Some in Nasir County name it Nyathuɔl. 3 Milica (Cieŋ Nyalith) Militia (recruited for the civil war) 1984-5 Doguicɛ 23 Offspring of Tiny Fish (eaten out of desperation) 1986 Mayɔtil 24 Front-teeth, Nile Minnows (another flesh of last resort) 25 1989 Cär-Kuoth 26 Black [Steer]-Divinity (a reference to swearing by god falsely) 1993 Jithɛdɔw (Gaa-Jak) Fruitful Pumpkin Vine (a bumper crop) 1997 Pɛn-Kiir (Gaa-Guoŋ) Kiir Descends (Dɔkor Kun Thɔal inherits his father’s divinity) 2003 List of Maps Map 1.0 The Nile River Basin Page 36 Map 1.1 The Upper Nile Region and the “Sudd” Page 37 Map 2.0 Nei Ti Naath Homeland in the North-Central Sudd Page 77 Map 3.0 Nei Ti Naath Migrations in the Sudd Page 111 Map 3.1 Malɔu, Yom, the Machar Marshes, and the Sobat Before 1828 Page 114 Map 3.2 Cieŋ of the Eastern Jikäny by 1930 Page 142 Map 4.0 Eastern Nei Ti Naath and their Neighbors Page 154 Map 4.1 Divisions of the Eastern Jikäny in 1930 Page 155 Map 5.0 Borderlands of the Anglo-Egyptian and Abyssinian Frontier Page 199 22 The Cieŋ Laaŋ refer to this set as Nyabor, a kind of river flower used to make decorative armlets. 23 The Gaajiok did not recognize this set. 24 Also known as Ruan Kuɔn, “Year of the Rats” [who consumed the crops] among the Gaa-Guoŋ. 25 Only children who had not yet had their lower incisors pulled could eat these tiny fish without first breaking them up with their hands. 26 Gaa-jak prefer the names Cär-Gaac or Cär-Jaaŋ in honor of the lineage of Gaac Jaaŋ Win. 4 Orthographies, Spellings, and Translations Until the late twentieth century, people who spoke “Nuer” simply called the language “the mouth of the people” (thok naath), a term I have not capitalized because it was not used as a proper noun.
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