Upper Nile State SOUTH SUDAN

COMMUNITY CONSULTATION REPORT Upper Nile State SOUTH SUDAN

Bureau for Community Security South Sudan Peace and Small Arms Control and Reconciliation Commission

United Nations Development Programme Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands The Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms Control under the Ministry of Interior is the Gov- ernment agency of South Sudan mandated to address the threats posed by the proliferation of small arms and community insecurity to peace and development.

The South Sudan Peace and Reconciliation Commission is mandated to promote peaceful co-existence amongst the people of South Sudan and advises the Government on matters related to peace.

The United Nations Development Programme in South Sudan, through the Community Security and Arms Control Project, supports the Bureau strengthen its capacity in the area of community security and arms control at the national, state and county levels.

The consultation process was led by the Government of South Sudan, with support from the Govern- ment of the Netherlands’ Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Cover photo: A senior chief from Upper Nile. © UNDP/Sun-ra Lambert Baj

COMMUNITY CONSULTATION REPORT Upper Nile State South Sudan

Published by

South Sudan Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms Control

South Sudan Peace and Reconciliation Commission

United Nations Development Programme

MAY 2012 JUBA, SOUTH SUDAN

CONTENTS

Acronyms ...... i Foreword ...... ii Executive Summary ...... iv

1. Introduction ...... 1 2. Background on Upper Nile State ...... 2 3. Methodology 3.1. PRA training of facilitators ...... 4 3.2. County consultation process ...... 4 3.3. The Validation Meeting ...... 6 4. Summary of Findings Nature of insecurity ...... 6 Insecurity dynamics ...... 7 Conflict affecting women ...... 9 Causes of insecurity ...... 9 5. County-Specific Findings 5.1. Akoka County ...... 11 5.2. Bailet County ...... 14 5.3. Fashoda County ...... 18 5.4. Longochuk County ...... 21 5.5. Maban County ...... 24 5.6. Maiwut County ...... 27 5.7. Makal County ...... 29 5.8. Manyo County ...... 32 5.9. Melut County ...... 35 5.10. Nasser County ...... 38 5.11. Panyikang County ...... 41 5.12. Renk County ...... 44 5.13. Ulang County ...... 47 6. Observations and Conclusions ...... 51 7. Next Steps ...... 53

Maps Map of Upper Nile State ...... 3 Seasonal grazing areas ...... 8

Annex 1. Summary of Proposed Conflict-Sensitive Projects in Upper Nile ...... 54

ACRONYMS

BCSSAC Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms Control CAP Community Action Plan CPA Comprehensive Peace Agreement CRMA Crisis Risk and Mapping Analysis CSAC Community Security and Arms Control DDR Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration FAO Food Agricultural Organization GoSS Government of South Sudan HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus IDP Internally Displaced Person NGO Non- Governmental Organization JIU Joint Integrated Units PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal RCO Resident Coordinator’s Office RRA Rapid Rural Appraisal SAF Sudan Armed Forces SPLA/M Sudan People’s Liberation Army/Movement ToT Training of Trainers UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNMISS United Nations Mission in South Sudan UNS Upper Nile State WFP World Food Programme

FOREWORD

At the core of peacebuilding and development in South Sudan is the achievement and sustainability of security among communities who stand to benefit most from peace dividends. However, small arms and light weapons (SALW) continue to proliferate amongst civilians, posing a threat to community safety and largely, to the political stability and economic development of the country.

The Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms Control (BCSSAC) is addressing this threat by mobilising and building bridges between communities and the government towards peaceful disarmament. The Bureau also leads the process of formulating small arms control policies and regulations as well as develops rule of law and conflict-sensitive development measures to address the root causes of community insecurity. The Bureau works in partnership with the United Nations Development Programme’s (UNDP) Community Security and Arms Control (CSAC) Project and other regional and international bodies to foster a collective action that will address the larger issues around the illicit proliferation of small arms.

The Bureau has been leading the process towards conducting community consultations, with technical and financial assistance from UNDP. This approach is part of our long-term agenda of creating an enabling environment within communities, by extending state authority to the grassroots. The consultations allow the Bureau to effectively gather communities’ knowledge and opinions of community security in 55 counties thus far, thereby facilitating for an evidence-backed process for programming and policy formulation. Going down to the county level provides communities most affected by insecurity the opportunity to voice their concerns. In turn, it provides authorities inroads to the perception and attitudes of their communities. County authorities and community members are empowered to identify the root causes of conflict and create a county action plan that will address these issues.

The Bureau subscribes to this dynamic, bottom-up approach which is a proven methodology that brings the Government to the people and has the ability to triangulate the governance, security and socio-economic aspects of conflict in South Sudan. We are therefore pleased to disseminate the outcomes of community consultations to other stakeholders, decision-makers and policy-makers.

The Bureau recognizes the valuable partnership it has with UNDP through the CSAC Project, the South Sudan Peace and Reconciliation Commission (SSPRC), other UN agencies and programmes, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), state and county governments, and most of all the community members who were actively involved in the consultations.

Major General Daniel Deng Lual Chairperson Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms Control Ministry of Internal Affairs South Sudan

iii

FOREWORD

Following South Sudan’s independence in July 2011, communities most affected by conflict have made security their chief priority. The Government and communities recognized that security is a pre-requisite for service delivery, economic activity and growth. In the process of state-building, it is equally important that the Government interface with communities to understand their needs and concerns.

The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in South Sudan supports the country’s statebuilding process by focusing, among others, on peacebuilding and community security efforts. We work with the Government and communities to ensure that conflict sensitivity and responsiveness are mainstreamed into state and county planning.

The Community Security and Arms Control (CSAC) Project is the cornerstone of UNDP’s peacebuilding efforts. Since 2009, CSAC has supported the Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms Control (BCSSAC) and the South Sudan Peace and Reconciliation Commission (SSPRC) to address the root causes of armed violence and implement conflict-sensitive development projects and peacebuilding measures at the county level. CSAC supports the extension of state authority by supporting county consultations to understand the needs of the community and give the local government the opportunity to deliver services that meet these needs, thus undermining the demand or civilian use of small arms.

UNDP has supported the Government address the security priorities that communities identified during the consultations, through conflict-sensitive projects being implemented in six states in South Sudan. While current CSAC projects on the ground are limited to address the communities’ top-most security needs, these projects complement other government initiatives whose programmes have been supporting conflict prevention at the state and county levels.

UNDP fully supports the Government’s key priorities as it moves forward to establishing community security and development. We value our partnerships with our national counterparts and will continue to support their initiatives towards providing greater stability for communities most affected by conflict.

George Conway Country Director, a.i. United Nations Development Programme South Sudan

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Following the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) in January 2005, the Government of South Sudan has focused on peacebuilding, conflict prevention and recovery. The United Nations Develop- ment Programme (UNDP) supports the Government and national partners secure peace and stability through targeted crisis prevention and recovery projects. UNDP’s Community Security and Arms Control (CSAC) Project works with the state agencies, namely the Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms Control (BCSSAC) and the South Sudan Peace and Reconciliation Commission (SSPRC) to conduct extensive consultations in counties across the states.

The consultations support conflict-sensitive initiatives identified at the county level. The strategy is tailored to enhance the visibility and legitimacy of government especially at lower levels. By fostering extensive dialogue and engagement between the communities and the state government, both parties can find solutions to existing insecurity.

Community consultations in Upper Nile State were conducted to identify key insecurity issues and priorities, as well as assess the challenges of county governments in addressing insecurity. Most importantly, the exercise aimed to identify a wider peacebuilding and stabilisation framework for Upper Nile.

The Upper Nile region bore the burden of violence during the civil war primarily due to militia groups living and operating in the area. It has become one of the most marginalised states in South Sudan; humanitarian aid started to increase only in 2006. Despite a number of private oil companies in the state, Upper Nile’s development indicators remain negligibly low for education, health, sanitation and access to clean drinking water. Further, communities in the southwestern border suffered from violence following elections and the political defeat of the renegade army commander George Athor, later captured and killed by the Sudan Peo- ple’s Liberation Army (SPLA). Upper Nile State also faces external threats from the bordering Gambella region in Ethiopia which is dominated by armed groups and plagued with inter-communal disputes and competition for scarce natural resources.

The consultation process employed Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) methods to collect data, i.e. community mapping, seasonal calendars, trend lines and semi-structured interviews in each of the 13 counties. Consultations were held in May 2010 to get an in-depth understanding of community members’ perceptions on the different security issues affecting their respective counties. To facilitate a more open discussion, respondents were at times consulted in different groups, namely women, youth, traditional leaders/elders, security organs/law enforcement teams and county administrators.

In summary, participants identified economic and sociocultural influences, land and/or boundaries, and arms trading as the key causes of conflict across Upper Nile. Majority of the participants expressed that cattle raiding stems from both the economic need and the desire for prestige. Closely related to this is conflict from unclear land demarcation between counties or between a county and its neighboring states. As pastoralists herd their cattle, crossing borders can become violent as herders and communities fight over their historical territories, or over scarce water and pastureland. Clashes also occur between communities that use land for agriculture and those that use land for cattle grazing.

Community participants perceived that the presence of gangs possessing small arms are crucial to their safety. Communities particularly cited the marginalized and disenfranchised youth “who have no tribal affiliations and operate across tribes” as a threat to their security.

Detailed findings were documented per county, including a conflict analysis matrix, prioritisation of security issues and a Community Action Plan. These are presented in detail in Section 5. Findings from the consultations were used to feed into state government projects, with support from CSAC, which will address the top-most insecurity priorities of communities. A map of Upper Nile on Section 7 illustrates the various locations of these projects. The findings will also serve as an important base information for Government programming and policy making, as well as for other organizations working towards building community security in South Sudan.

1. INTRODUCTION

The Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) signed in January 2005 marked a critical juncture for Sudan, and especially for South Sudan, the area most affected by Africa’s longest running civil war. The prolonged conflict has left South Sudan with development conditions among the lowest to be found anywhere in the world, as measured by almost any indicator. Some of the challenges include enormous and urgent social and economic recovery as well as the need to mitigate the risks of both man-made and natural crises further impacting the development prospects of the region.

UNDP, through its Crisis Prevention and Recovery Unit (CPRU), carries out programmes that support national partners to secure peace and stability. More specifically, UNDP implements targeted crisis prevention and recovery projects. Localized conflicts, internally displaced people and the mass return of refugees illustrate that continued efforts to promote peace and stability in South Sudan are essential.

The Community Security and Arms Control (CSAC) Project supports the Government to strengthen its capacity in the area of community security and arms control at the national, state, and county levels. Government leadership or engagement in all activities is essential in all CSAC projects.

CSAC works through the Government agencies, the CSSAC Bureau and the SSPRC, formerly the Ministry of Peace and CPA Implementation. Since 2009, CSAC has been providing capacity building support to both agencies, as well as to state and county governments to conduct extensive consultations in counties across six states in South Sudan, including Eastern Equatoria, Jonglei, Lakes, Unity, Upper Nile and Warrap. The consultations support conflict prevention initiatives identified at the county level. Through a developed strategy of engagement between state-civil actors, a process is initiated where communities have an opportunity to voice their concerns and set priorities that feed into decisionmaking and state planning. The ‘force multipliers’ are conflict-sensitive projects which are implemented based on the Community Action Plans and priorities set by community members during the consultations.

Consultations done in Upper Nile in May 2010 aimed to determine the causes of conflict and develop action plans that would address these issues, as prioritised by members themselves. Specifi- cally, the consultations aimed to:  Identify key insecurity concerns affecting community members with a focus on key priorities in addressing and mitigating insecurity;  Provide information on the trends and levels of community insecurity and conflict in a regional state;  Identify components of a wider peacebuilding and stabilisation framework for the regional state; and  Identify priority areas based on consultation with local communities, which can then feed into the eventual state and county planning process.

2. BACKGROUND ON UPPER NILE STATE

Upper Nile State is located in South Sudan’s north-eastern region. It has a total area of 77,283 sq km and an estimated population of 964,353.1 The state is composed of 13 counties which include Akoka, Bailet, Fashoda, Longochuk, Maban, Maiwut, Makal, Manyo, Melut, Luakpiny/Nasser, Panyikang, Renk and Ulang. The state’s dominant tribe is Shilluk but also has residents from the Nuer and Dinka tribes, the Bari-speaking groups as well as Arabs.

The Upper Nile region is among the areas that bore a disproportionate burden of violence and unrest during Sudan’s civil war due to the preponderance of militia groups living and operating in the region. Upper Nile State has since become one of the most marginalised and devastated regions in South Sudan because of the presence and activities of militias, harsh environmental conditions and the state’s proximity to the cultural and military population of the North. Perhaps due to these seemingly insurmountable difficulties, the region only began to experience a significant increase in the presence of humanitarian agencies in 2006.

Agriculture is the primary economic activity in Upper Nile. People are nomadic agro-pastoralists who engage in both agriculture and the rearing of livestock, primarily cattle. Local farmers are particularly susceptible to the vagaries of the area’s unpredictable weather patterns, a factor which greatly affects their productivity from year to year. Even when rains come, its patterns are unreliable and sparse, making it difficult for farmers to plan effective crop rotations. Combined with other environmental deterrents such as the outbreak of pests, disease and flooding, farming in Upper Nile has become a complex and difficult endeavour with little promise of a successful crop yield or food security. Floods have become particularly pronounced in recent years. Farmers have refused to plant in some areas, especially in the lowlands, for fear of loss of agricultural capital.

Despite the number of private industry-based oil drilling sites in Upper Nile, the region remains extremely poor with negligible service levels in basic development indicators such as education, health, sanitation, and access to clean drinking water. The meager and contractually obligated community development initiatives carried out by Petrol Dar, one of the area’s most prominent oil companies, have done little to affect the quality of life of local communities. Instead, these initiatives generally benefit the local militias which have reportedly terrorized the regional communities and perpetuate patterns of forced displacement.2

There has been some violence in the communities along Upper Nile’s southwestern border following elections and the political defeat of the renegade army commander George Athor. Despite his electoral loss in 2009, he continued to challenge the ruling party and the South Sudan army by de- manding that the then-elected state Governor and now the President of South Sudan, and the man who bested him in the election, Salva Kiir Mayardit, step down while issuing both threats to attack and somewhat fatuously offering to negotiate further. Athor was later captured and killed by the SPLA in December 2011.

In addition to internal disputes, Upper Nile faces external threats. After years of war and instability, many areas of the state’s border with the Gambella region in Ethiopia are prone to security issues and are dominated by armed groups, unresolved inter-communal disputes, multiple waves of displacement, and competition for land, water, services and citizenship.

1 5th Sudan Population and Housing Census 2008. In Statistical Yearbook for Southern Sudan 2010. Southern Sudan Cen- tre for Census, Statistics and Evaluation, p. 16. 2 “Oil and Violence in Sudan Drilling, Poverty and Death in Upper Nile State.” European Coalition on Oil in Sudan (ECOS). 2006. http://www.ecosonline.org/reports/2006/OilandViolenceinSudanDrillingPovertyandDeathinUpperNileState.pdf

During the dry season, local water sources dry up and the area’s various ethnic groups, including the Nuer-Lao, Nuer-Jikany and the Muerle, drive their cattle toward the Sobat and Pibor rivers in Akobo County. The seasonal concentration of cattle, combined with the multitude of tribes and armed groups in a small area often results in increased tension and inter-ethnic fighting, con- tinuing well into the rainy season, until the Muerle moves south toward their rainy season pastures.

There are also issues in the region’s constantly shifting cattle raiding practices.3 As stated by an officer in charge of Ulang County, “Traditional cattle raiding have always taken place, but we have traditional ways of dealing with that. What we are see- ing now are youth gangs with no tribal affiliation and are operating across tribal affiliations – we refer to them as the ‘Niggas.’”

According to the majority of the region’s traditional mores, women must carry out solely reproductive and domestic roles in the community rather than political ones. This perception is shared by the majority of the population – including the women themselves - and undermines efforts to increase their representation and participation in politics. The conservative attitudes of both men and women, coupled with a general lack of female education, information about female rights, limited advocacy initiatives for female empowerment and the general dearth of self-confidence and self-esteem hinder women’s capacity to participate in local politics. Thus far, this has resulted in the marginalisation, if not the complete exclusion of women from decisionmaking processes.

Participants in the consultations often referred to the political initiatives which influence violence and insecurity in their communities as an area of primary concern. This state of affairs is mostly the result of the ingrained concentration of power along ethno-military lines using political structures as a vehicle for domination. This tendency has been employed to support groups such as the so-called ‘Niggas’ mentioned earlier at the expense of all other state residents. Such an ill-conceived policy further divides communities along an ideological fault line based on political ideologies. This divi- sive pattern has been modelled on the power dynamics of political actors in Juba and has been propagated by those in positions of power at all levels of government.

3 Ulang Administrative Officer

3. METHODOLOGY

3.1. PRA training of facilitators

A four-day Training of Trainers (ToT) workshop on Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) program methodology was conducted for UNDP staff, Government staff members and volunteers participating in the consultations from 30 April - 3 May 2010. County consultations were subsequently held on 04-16 May 2010. The overall objective of the training was to increase the knowledge and skills of all participating field staff, partner representatives and county community representatives in applying PRA methods and techniques to better inform both consultation leaders and members of the local government in the PRA dynamics. This training was geared toward preparing local teams to facilitate county consultations, identify community security needs and key conflict-sensitive projects that the local communities believe would reduce instability in the 13 counties of Upper Nile State.

Key tools discussed in the workshop included:

 Community mapping: enables participants to identify conflict and areas of insecurity in their respective counties, as well as local level insecurity issues, parties involved and possible conflict-sensitive projects to address the problems identified.

 Trend lines: allow PRA facilitators to explore changes in security dynamics and the evolving incidence of violence in the years since the signing of the CPA, directly address factors that influenced the increase and decrease in county security, analyse community perceptions of security issues, and encourage the exploration of possible interventions to prevent and/or manage instability.

 Seasonal calendars: map out the seasonality of security issues, enables discussions on the factors contributing to conflict patterns and the exploration of possible interventions to prevent or manage insecurity.

 Data organisation tools: allow for the presentation of all emerging security issues and suggests solutions to prepare for the participating stakeholders’ validation process. The data in this specific study was compiled in a cause/effect matrix.

 Prioritisation process: allows county stakeholders to identify the most pressing instability issues, opportunities for increased diversity of priorities by gender (men, youth and women) and an understanding of the rationale behind the different rankings by participants in each of the above categories.

 Semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions: enable participants and stakeholders to cross-check issues which emerge as a result of utilising the various PRA tools discussed above.

3.2. County consultation process

The county consultation process was designed to be as inclusive as possible and brought together community representatives and key stakeholders such as members of the Government on the local and county levels, and regional interest groups. Makal County, by virtue of being the host, was the first to undergo the county consultation process and proved to be an excellent venue for pre-testing

the facilitators’ newly learnt PRA methodology. Consultation leaders from the UN and its government counterparts were divided into four groups and each had an opportunity to visit three counties.

The team proceeded with the consultation process through the following phases:

Phase 1: Setting the pace Teams were introduced to participating community members and the objectives of the county consultations were shared. This was to refresh everyone on the purpose of the discussion and create a common understanding.

Phase 2: Isolation and mapping out of conflict issues and areas Participants used the appropriate PRA tools including community mapping, seasonal calendars, and trend lines to map out what they believed to be areas of insecurity and conflict areas. They identified and described the dynamics of specific issues and the parties involved, and discussed the causes of those insecurities more fully in a shared forum.

Participants also sketched a county map to identify the critical issues which affect stability to capture evidence-based concerns. The map was sketched on the ground in an open space, using locally available materials. These critical issues were translated to a set of priorities, or ‘key issues,’ ana- lysed and put in the context of localised patterns of insecurity.

Phase 3: Semi-structured interviews PRA facilitators conducted semi-structured interviews with leaders/county administrators, chiefs, youth and women. Situations and results differed from county to county.

Phase 4: Data organization and presentation The PRA team reviewed, summarized, presented and confirmed the results with community members before sharing them to the state and national governments. Based on the conclusions from the focus groups, communities were able to build consensus on conflict issues and assign a priority level to each, analyzing the causes, primary actors, and effects/impact each has on community life.

Phase 5: Preference ranking Communities identified the most integral needs to their safety and quality of life, using the preference ranking tool, one being the highest priority.

Phase 6: Community Action Plan (CAP) This was the most tangible result of the community consultations and is intended to delineate the following:

 Development priorities as agreed upon by the community;  Proposed actions and requirements;  Duties and responsibilities of individuals and groups, work schedules;  Identification of areas where the community requires external assistance.

Phase 7: Steering committees Participants created a county steering committee in each county with representatives from the local youth, women, elders, chiefs, security forces and the Government. Steering committees are responsible for initiating project coordination to managing projects in the community.

3.3. The Validation Meeting

The validation meeting, held two days after the consultations, brought together community members, state government representatives, county commissioners, members of the SSPRC, the CSSAC Bureau, Upper Nile State security personnel, NGOs, donors and UN technical staff including UNDP, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS). The meeting intended to share the outcomes of the comprehensive county-level consultations widely to all relevant authorities and stakeholders. The meeting was also an opportunity to validate the agreements made with the communities to ensure that their priorities would be addressed.

4. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

This section provides an overview of the key findings and discussions which emerged from the county consultations.

Outcomes from the CSAC consultations are complemented by results from community consultations on socioeconomic threats and risks, through the Crisis Risk and Mapping Analysis (CRMA) Project of UNDP, in partnership with the South Sudan Bureau for National Statistics. CSAC and CRMA collaborated in developing their methodologies and information to provide a layered and in- depth community perception database. As such, some of the CRMA socioeconomic risks and threats data complement the issues discussed in this report, as a context for the conflict drivers identified in the CSAC consultations.

Nature of insecurity in Upper Nile

The specific nature of insecurity varied from county to county. Despite their localised contexts, all of the participating counties expressed consistently recurring issues, underscoring major security problems in the state. Below is a summary of the observations made by the consultation team.

 Youth are considered to be a major determin- ing factor in the stability of individual communities. If disenfranchised, they can be a destabilizing threat. Many also participate in conflicts either in self-defence or to avenge attacks on their communities.  Boundary/land disputes remain a key security issue common to almost all the counties visited.  The presence of military barracks within the township posed a number of security problems for women and girls with reported cases of rape and harassment allegedly conducted by drunken soldiers.  The lack of water during the dry season and cattle raiding are inter-related. Cattle-raiding peaks during the dry season when nomads migrate to river banks in search of water and pasture for their animals. Competing for such limited resources often led to clashes. Cattle raiding was also often done for quick inflow of capital and to pay high dowries.

 Differing political ideologies increased security concerns in some counties which were considered to be strong bases for the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement-Democratic Change (SPLM-DC). Clashes occur between supporters of SPLM-DC and the more centralized SPLM, and often go unreported in the international community.  Violence against women occurs regularly but gets little attention. Women are responsible solely for domestic concerns and are often violated when performing actions related to these roles.  The so-called ‘Niggas,’ or the marginalised and disenfranchised youth on the margins of society, are the primary threat to community security. These youths are seen as lawless and are often distinguished by their distinct dress code adopted from neighbouring countries and movies. They are associated with the majority of rape and theft cases.  Uncontrolled natural wildlife is a security threat to a number of communities. Snakes and lions are a significant concern to daily productivity, especially among women and girls who search for firewood and water.  Border issues and the competition for resources have become increasingly problematic, especially in the southwestern counties like Ulang County bordering Jonglei State. The Nuer- Luo ethnic group also occupy land used by Nuer-Jikany along the Sobat River.

Insecurity dynamics

Upper Nile is something of a unique entity when compared to the rest of states in South Sudan. Having been under the control of the Government of Sudan for many years, and due to its location bordering South Sudan and Ethiopia, it has constantly been under siege from some hostile threat. As a consequence, it has adopted a multi-dimensional and complex outlook on the nature and dynamics of instability. Over the course of the two civil wars in Sudan (from 1956–1972 and from 1983– 2005), Upper Nile has experienced a multitude of parallel local conflicts, the legacies of which still impact human security today. It continues to suffer from ongoing violence, with organised rebels, ethnic militias, and bandits responsible for the bulk of the violence.

Despite that consultation participants routinely acknowledged that the state is part of South Sudan, facilitators observed a divided loyalty between the two regions and conflicted perceptions which, if not well managed, indicate a serious possibility of increased current and future conflicts. There was a strong sense of neglect among the participants, as well as lack of assurance from the Government, both at the state and national levels, which could easily become a sense of profound alienation and anger.

Chronic underdevelopment in Upper Nile, the lack of investment in state infrastructure, and the influx of large numbers of returnees have led some residents to react violently to the uncontrolled unrest in their areas and the subsequent increased competition over resources. A closer inspection of the causes of insecurity at the county, payam and boma levels reveal an increased pressure on individual actors to meet their own basic needs, making local residents more desperate. The changes in demographic profiles at this level might mask more complex political dimensions.

The level of civilian small arms possession remains extremely high in the post-CPA period. Wide- spread access to arms is undeniably a fundamental factor in the high levels of fatal violence and general insecurity in the region. Any attempts at civilian disarmament would be unrealistic in the region’s current state, as the size of the task, local insecurities, cross-border threats and conflicts and the earlier failure of previous accords (Addis Ababa and 1997 Khartoum Peace Agreement4) would make such interventions both ill-conceived and close to impossible. In fact, following a more recent

Seasonal grazing areas—Upper Nile

attempt at disarmament accomplished very little; instead of surrendering their weapons, many locals hid them to retain as a security measure.

Conflict affecting women

Women were affected twice as much by security issues. Most local women were widowed during the protracted war and have been con- spicuously marginalised by traditional practices. The persistent pres- sures from drought have also wors- ened the food security situation and adversely affected the ease of “female work.” In most of the communities in Upper Nile, women were seen as hunters and gatherers, responsible for providing for their families. Whenever the female household heads were unable to provide, the incidence of domestic violence greatly increased, primarily Semi structured interview with women in Fashoda County. © UNDP wife beating. Most of the groups highlighted increased food production as a priority area which would address the issue of insecurity.

Causes of insecurity

Insecurity in Upper Nile is multi-faceted and constantly evolving. Violence is far more complicated, prevalent and threatening than mere cattle rustling, as is common in other areas. Violent clashes are still fuelled by quarrels over resources but also remain bound in historical group issues and hostili- ties. The main causes of the conflicts include:

Economic and sociocultural influence

Cattle and resources The main threats to security in Upper Nile are killings, robbery, and loss of livelihoods through loot- ing or crop theft. Most incidents are connected to cattle rustling, a source of relatively easy income for many of the area’s pastoralist inhabitants. Cattle are a highly valued commodity: ‘They are our bank account,’ said one resident. Cattle rustling is not only an expression of economic need but also of inter-tribal rivalry over resources and grazing.

Land and boundary conflicts Land is a major concern throughout South Sudan as a whole and Upper Nile is not an exception, as land issues remain at the heart of tensions between bordering communities. Traditionally, land has been owned by communities and administered under customary law, but there is currently no clear framework for dealing with these issues following the CPA. The Land Act, aimed at establishing a framework for land administration and mandating the South Sudan Land Commission, has yet to be

4 Brief history of modern Sudan. Valentino Achak Deng Foundation. Accessed May 2012. http://www.valentinoachakdeng.org/history_of_sudan.php

passed into law. According to community members, the set boundaries in the state remain hotly contested such that new county boundaries have threatened to cause havoc.

Participants claimed that land-related conflicts emerge primarily as a result of 1) the constant migration of pastoralist communities in search of water and pasture, 2) competition over land use for agricultural versus grazing Upper Nile State Consultation Validation Meeting. © UNDP purposes, and 3) the drying up of wells and water points, which are perceived as a threat among neighbouring communities. Arab nomadic goat herders had reportedly set fire to neighbouring fields to ease the movement of their animals while on their seasonal migrations, delay- ing harvests by the local Shilluk (Chollo) farmers. In the past, this has caused many groups to migrate in search of water points and has often led to collision and violence.

Competition over water The dearth of clean water sources remains a central concern for nearly all of the participating communities. Attempts to access and use potable water have led to intense conflicts and security problems among bordering communities in Upper Nile.

Social factors There are multiple social factors that have either caused or led to escalating insecurity including widespread alcoholism and the pervasive appeal of social groups such as the so-called ‘Niggas.’

Local and international boundaries

Upper Nile has a high number of both national and international boundaries which permit the proliferation of small arms from multiple sources, making it difficult to control arms flow into the state. Counties bordering Ethiopia and Sudan are particularly unstable. Widespread access to arms remains a fundamental factor in the high levels of fatal violence and the general levels of insecurity in this region.

In addition, armed barracks located along inter-county and international borders often caused more harm than good to domestic security. Barracks are strategically located to best cope with external insurgence yet they threaten the domestic safety of the very states which they are supposed to protect.

Arms trading

Small arms are prevalent across borders and among pastoral communities. They are widespread and a major deterrent to local safety. These arms are typically in the unsafe hands of thugs and criminals who terrorize villages and communities, causing fear and unrest. Their discursive role in society has become so widespread that both community members and security personnel freely acknowledged that these malcontents would deal arms in public forums and were responsible for arms prevalence throughout Upper Nile and other states of South Sudan. Others reportedly rent out their weapons to earn a living.

5. COUNTY-SPECIFIC FINDINGS

All 13 counties in Upper Nile were visited for the consultation: Akoka, Bailet, Fashoda, Longochuk, Maban, Maiwut, Makal, Manyo, Melut, Luakpiny/Nasser, Panyikang, Renk and Ulang. The summary of each county provided here is based on the analysis of problems and priorities collected and discussed during each consultation.

The Community Action Plan for each county was developed to include the priorities established during the plenary presentation of the consultations. It is then intended to inform the Government's conflict-sensitive projects with support from UNDP.

5.1. Akoka County

Akoka is the newest county in Upper Nile and is composed of four payams. Despite the presence of a number of powerful oil drilling companies in the area, the county is underdeveloped and the environment is highly polluted. Agricultural activities have been affected by the residual effects of pollution and local residents have associated an increased number of health problems with the oil industry’s practices, including a high level of miscarriages in pregnant women.

The lack of clean drinking water is also a major concern in Akoka County. Boreholes and water points are limited and there are often clashes over limited available clean drinking water, especially among the women who are responsible for providing for their families and grow the crops. Some community members claimed that some people lost body parts in Mayom Payam after drinking polluted water.

The main economic activities in Akoka are rearing animals and growing crops such as maize and sorghum using traditional agricultural farming methods.

Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions - Akoka

Conflict Causes Actors Effects Possible solutions issues Border  Land ownership  SPLM –DC  Loss of lives and property  Disarm the Shilluk disputes  Revenue collec-  Government of  Constant fear  Clear demarcation of borders tion Sudan  Cattle raiding  Government protection for civil-  Akoka community  Diseases ians  Hunger  Reconciliation after GoSS has disarmed the Fashoda people

Lack of clean  Few water points  GoSS  Diseases  Construct more dams and bore- drinking  Drought  UNS  No harvests holes water  Far distance from  Akoka community  Hunger

the Nile  Loss of animals  Migration

Diseases  Lack of potable  GoSS  Death  Provide clean water (calazar) water  Akoka community  Disability  Establish health centres

 Few and inade-  Animals  Poverty  Provide drugs and trained medical quate health cen- personnel tres  Sun flies Cont...

Cont...Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions—Akoka County

Conflict Causes Actors Effects Possible solutions issues

Competition  Petrol Dar  Loss of lives, animals and  Compensate the community over agricul-  Chinese plants  Petrol Dar should put the so- tural land  Canadians  Incidence of miscarriage cial and environmental aspects

 Malazianes  Soil pollution of their drilling into consideration or the practice should be  Indians  Disabilities (in Mayom people stopped  Akoka lost body parts after using  polluted water) Petrol Dar should be sued in  Water pollution court  Diseases, e.g. cancer Police posts  No funds to con-  GoSS  Insecurity due to increased  Construct more police posts struct posts  UNS crime levels  Increase the number of police  Inadequate police  NGOs  Reduced law and order personnel personnel  Communication equipment  Lack of communication equipment

Cattle  Acquire wealth  Akoka community  Loss of lives and property  Establish police posts in the raiding  Tribal clashes  Fashoda community  Constant fear among the area  Dowry people  Disarm the Fashoda  Border disputes

Unemploy-  Poor education  Youth  Crime  Vocational training for youth ment  Few jobs  Women  Poverty and women

 No NGOs and pri-  Men  Street children

vate firms to offer  GoSS  Insecurity jobs  UNS  Tribal conflicts Education  Lack of qualified  GoSS  Poverty  Construct schools teachers  UNS  Unemployment  Employ more teachers  No educational  Community  Illiteracy  Improve meals in schools infrastructure  Youth  Underdevelopment  Poor meals in  Children schools Transporta-  Poor roads  Akoka community  Loss of lives due to inability  Construct roads tion infra-  Very few vehicles  GoSS to rescue  Establish passenger transport structure  Unable to access basic ser- companies vices such as health centres

Prioritisation of security issues – Akoka

Security issue Women Youth Elders Authority Total Rank 1-Highest 9-Lowest Lack of clean drinking water 2 3 3 4 12 1 Diseases 3 2 5 3 13 2 Police posts 6 6 1 2 15 3 Education 5 1 4 8 18 4 Competition over pastoral land 4 4 2 9 19 5 Transport issues 1 8 6 7 22 6 Border disputes 7 5 9 1 22 7 Cattle raiding 8 7 7 5 27 8 Unemployment 9 9 8 6 32 9

Community Action Plan – Akoka

PROBLEM 1: Lack of clean drinking water

Project Action/resources Possible partners Start date Follow up actors

Construction  Land  Local Govern- December 2010  GoSS of boreholes  Construction ment  UNS materials  Donors  County council  Hire a water  GoSS  Community leaders drilling com-  NGOs  Local steering company  UNDP mittee

PROBLEM 2: Diseases

Construction of  Land  Local Government December  GoSS health centres  Building mate-  GoSS 2010  UNS rials  Donors  County council  Hire a con-  UNDP  Community leaders struction com-  UNS  Local steering company  NGOs mittee

5.2. Bailet County

Bailet County is approximately 25,000 sq km in size and has six payams. It borders Panyikang, Makal, and Fashoda Counties to the west; Manyo and Melut Counties to the north; Maban, Lon- gochuk and Nasser Counties to the east; and Jonglei State and the Ulang and Nyirol Counties to the south. Bailet City is the capital of the county and its most populous area. The county has an estimated population of 48,010.5 There are 11 different sub-clans from the Ngok, Lual and Yak-Dinka.6

The main economic activities in Bailet are growing crops and fishing – all areas typically deemed to be in the realm of male work.

Security issues facing Bailet are based on external threats. Coupled with the area’s lack of development, community members revealed their lack of confidence in the Government and its ability to disburse resources and implement projects at the grassroots level.

Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions – Bailet

Conflict Causes Actors Effects Possible solutions issues Land  Friendship (freeloaders)  Politicians (from  Displace-  Government intervention disputes  Competition over water Shilluk) ment  Peace conference  Lack of respect for borders  Communities  Killing  Unity among the politi-  Migration of cattle  Militia  Hunger cians  Attempts to prevent others  Arab politicians  Fear  Border demarcation access to water during dry season  Displacement  Diseases  Poverty Cattle  Wealth  Lou-Nuer  Loss of  Deploy enough police on raiding  Food  Jikany-Nuer property cattle raiding routes  Presence of firearms  Matia  Death  Government-created job  Dowry  Youth  Insecurity opportunities  Compensation  Men  Constant  Create water points in  Tax payments fear ‘their’ places, e.g. Lou  Business  Bring perpetrators of  Death/fighting crimes to justice  Scattered families  Identify raiders through  Broken relationships community reporting  Cause insecurity  Public death sentence for  Poverty criminals (shoot in front of people) Poor  War  Sudan Armed  Preventable  Deploy qualified doctors health  Few doctors and nurses Forces (SAF) deaths  Government must build  No lab equipment or medical  SPLA  High death hospitals, wards and storage facilities  Tribal and clan rates accommodation for doc-  No ambulance or transport for clashes  Miscarriages tors patients  Government and among  Provide drugs and medi-  No salary for medical person- state women cal equipment nel  Malnutrition  Peace within the commu-  No GoSS or state budget for  Decrease in nity building and maintaining hos- population pitals  Poor food  No hospital beds production  High incidence of maternal death and disease 5 Ibid, p. 16. Cont... 6 Upper Nile State Strategic Plan 2009-2010

15 Cont...Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions—Bailet County Conflict Causes Actors Effects Possible solutions issues  Migration  Large number of disabled people  Death of youngest generation  Poverty  Maternal health Poor  War  SAF  High illiteracy  Build schools education  No teachers, school build-  SPLA  Unemployment  Deploy teachers ings, offices or residences to  Government  High dropout  Ensure salaries and attract potential teachers rates workers  Lax parents  Increase in  Construct boarding  Remote locations criminal gangs schools with provided  Criminals and activities meals  Lack of development  Early marriages  Migration  Lack of skilled manpower

Inadequate  Lack of stability and secu-  State government  High crime  Provide prison buildings law en- rity  Community rates and custodies forcement  No well-trained police  Convicts  Fear  Construct offices and  No prisons and custodies  Injustice residences for legal con-  Few police transportation  Killing sultants and police vehicles  Abduction of  Transport and communi-  No judge or court structures girls cation infrastructure for  Frustration  Early/forced police  No equality, justice marriage  Community can help  High abuse of build houses with gov- women rights ernment assistance  Drunkards  Child abuse  Lack of trust  Insecurity

Lack of  Government (State)  MOTC  Lack of access  Provision of new net- communi-  Ministry of Transport and  County authority to correct infor- works such as Zain cation Communication (MOTC)  Zain Company mation facilities  County authority  Mistrust

Violence  Women not doing house-  Women and men  Divorce  State government and against work or tending to children  Unemployed  Killing GoSS should provide jobs women  Male lack of responsibility  Drunkards  Fighting  Family and marriage  Polygamy  Relatives  Trauma laws  Drinking wine (men and  Distrust  Prevent the making of women)  Hopelessness alcohol  Little respect between cou-  Illiteracy  Increase dialogue be- ples  Poor health tween community mem-  Prostitution (women)  Miscarriages bers  Laziness (men) among women  No participation of women in reproductive in county structures (CPA ages 25%)

Cont...

Cont...Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions—Bailet County

Conflict Causes Actors Effects Possible solutions issues Unem-  No job opportunities  Youth  Food insecurity  Create an agricultural ployment  No laws for unemployed youth  Women and men  Cattle raiding scheme  Nepotism and clanism (sector)  State government  Youth gangs  Government-created job  No local companies, industries,  GoSS activities opportunities (for those factories or businesses  Ministry of Labor  Fighting/killing having certificates)  Thieves, cattle raiding, crimi-  Children not  Legal process for labor nals, robbery going to school office (selection process)  Drunkards  Poor health  Vocational training  Prostitution  Early/forced schools  Hunger marriages  Create laws governing  Death unemployment  Early marriage  Provide opportunity for investment in communities

Competi-  Lack of water in some areas,  Lou Nuer  Fighting  Government should pro- tion over such as for the Lou Nuer  Cattle keepers  Killing vide water to communi- water  The river  Jikany  Cattle raiding ties  Grazing  Seasonal mi-  Raiders should be dis-  Theft gration armed  Violence and death  A meeting should be  Fear of losing crops conducted between com-  Presence of small arms and munities light weapons (SALW)  Clean water for all  Poverty payams  Activities in conflict areas  Community issues should be resolved with government intervention  Complete disarmament

Child  Causes are not fully known by  Murle  Trauma  Government should take abduction community  Killing care of children and solve  Childless parents  Displacement this problem  Depression and hard feelings  Community will go to  Discomfort in the family the Murle to resolve the  Caretakers for elderly issue as the government  Death, suicide does nothing

Early or  Girls and women  Boys and girls  Death during  Mothers should super- forced  No forced marriage in Bailet child birth vise their daughters and marriage  Not responsible to themselves  Trauma sons  Mothers not taking care of their  High rate of  Government should pass daughters illiteracy laws regulating marriage  Delivery is hard and the mother  Unstable fami- and give six months and child often die lies/fighting prison for violators  No respect for customary laws  Divorce  Boys and girls should not in the new generation  Poverty be allowed out at night  Silence in community about (curfew) issue although well known

Prioritisation of security issues – Bailet County

Security issue Women Youth Elders Authority Total Rank 1-Highest 10-Lowest Cattle raiding 1 5 1 4 11 1 Unemployment 5 1 6 1 13 2 Health 3 3 5 2 13 3 Lack of law enforcement 6 2 2 6 16 4 Land disputes 2 4 3 7 16 5 Communication 4 7 4 3 18 6 Competition over water 7 6 7 5 25 7 Child abduction 9 8 8 10 35 8 Early or forced marriage 10 9 9 8 36 9 Violence against women 8 10 10 9 37 10

Community Action Plan – Bailet

PROBLEM 1: Insecurity Project Action/resources Possible partners Start date Follow up actors

Cattle raiding  Deploy police and army along strategic  GoSS 1 June  UNDP border areas (create police posts)  Community 2010  Community  State  GoSS  County  County  State Unemployment  Agricultural tools  GoSS 1 June  UNDP (agricultural and  Manpower  Community 2010  Community vocational train-  Engineers  State  GoSS ing)  Fencing and barbed wire  County  County  Water pumps  State  NGOs

Health  Hospitals  GoSS 20 June  UNDP (improving health  Doctors  Community 2010  Community service)  Technicians  State  GoSS  Ambulance  County  County  Vehicles  NGO  State  Medical instruments  NGO  Training of medical assistants and mid- wives  Drugs

Lack of law  Offices and accommodations  GoSS June 2010  County enforcement  Government should provide trained  State  GoSS (judicial and legal personnel  Community  State advisors)  Transport  Trained judiciary

5.3. Fashoda County

Fashoda County borders Manyo, Akoka and Makal Counties, as well as the Southern Kordofan State in Sudan. It is composed of three payams and has a population of approximately 36,518.7 Its ethnic groups are primarily the Shilluk, Dinka, Nuer and the Arab tribes from Southern Kordofan.

The county’s most lucrative economic activities include agriculture through traditional methods, pastoralism, fisheries whose products are exported to Sudan, and the harvesting of gum Arabic. In terms of trade, most shops are owned by Arabs and very few South Sudanese participate in such organized commercial endeavours.

Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions – Fashoda

Conflict Causes Actors Effects Possible solutions issues Land  Political manipulation  Shilluk and  Distrust  Disarmament disputes  Lack of respect for individual Dinka (from  Displacement  Respect for individual right to rights by the government Akoka County)  Fighting property  Tribalism  Killing  Clear border demarcation for  Presence of arms  Loss of prop- counties  No social co-existence erty  Peace and reconciliation con-  Migration  Restriction of ferences  Armed clashes movement  Fear  Food insecurity

Border  Unclear border demarcation  Shilluk and  Fighting  Border demarcation for coun- disputes  Extension of territories Dinka (from  Killing ties  Occupation policy Akoka County)  Displacement  Peace and reconciliation con-  Insecurity  Distrust ferences  No social co-existence  Establish mutual respect be-  Migration tween the two tribes  Armed clashes

Competi-  Lack of enough water  Community  Food insecu-  Provision of water sources tion over  Seasonal migration by the  Arab nomads rity water and Arab nomads  Fighting pasture  Armed conflicts  Killing  Migrations, general instabil-  Cattle raiding ity  Seasonal migration

Unemploy-  Lack of institutions to em-  Primarily the  Early/forced  Creation of developmental ment ploy disenfranchised youth youth marriages projects  Low salary scale offered by  Women  Youth gangs  Improve security at the river GoSS discourage youth from  Street chil-  Migration to other parts of contributing to legal activi- dren South Sudan ties  Drunkards  Establish vocational centres  Insecurity  Intensify formal education  Arabic education  Establish small scale industries

Cont...

7 Ibid, p. 15.

Cont...Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions—Fashoda County

Conflict Causes Actors Effects Possible solutions issues

 Alcohol abuse  Cattle raiding  Need for jobs  Food insecurity  Migration to north  Violence against  Slow repatriation from women the north  Prostitution

Alcohol abuse  Peer influence  Youth  Fighting  Create employment opportu-  Cultural inheritance  Women  Divorce nities  Lure of imported alco-  Men  Death  Prohibit alcoholic drinks in hol (beer)  Lawlessness the county  Unemployment  Poor health  Encourage self-discipline  Family breakdowns  Poverty

Violence against  Alcoholism  Youth  Early/forced mar-  Employ youth women  Cultural influence (‘Niggas’) riages  Sensitize community on the  Polygamy  Armed ex-  Polygamy issue of female education  Early and forced mar- soldiers  Divorce  Polygamy should be discour- riage  Prostitution  Fighting aged  Poverty  Traditional  Killing  Policy on drinking – it should  Poor health male attitudes  Poor health be discouraged  Divorce  Malnutrition  Broken families  Anaemia  Trauma  Raping

Military barracks  SPLA leadership deci-  SPLA soldier  Raping  Relocate military barracks located within sion  Civilians  Fighting outside town the civilian popu-  Clashes with civilians  Killing  Encourage mutual respect lation  Prostitution between soldiers and civilians  Abuse of alcohol  Soldiers should not carry guns  Distrust in public places such as mar-  Fear kets

Violent youth  Western influence  Youth  Killing  Create laws to ban these groups (‘Niggas’)  Unemployment  Fighting groups  Peer pressure  Raping  Parental guidance  Fear  Vocational centres  Insecurity  Sensitize youth to pertinent  Stealing issues  Trauma  Illiteracy

Prioritisation of security issues – Fashoda

Security issue Youth Women Elders/ Total Rank admin 1-Highest 9-Lowest Land disputes 2 3 1 6 1 Competition over water 3 1 4 8 2 Border disputes 1 2 9 12 3 Alcohol abuse 6 6 2 14 4 Location of military barracks 5 8 3 16 5 Violence against women 7 4 5 16 6 Unemployment 4 7 6 17 7 Competition over water (pasture) 9 5 7 21 8 Violent youth groups (‘Niggas’) 8 9 8 25 9

Community Action Plan – Fashoda

PROBLEM 1: Insecurity Project Action/resources Possible partners Start date Follow up actors

Establish four  Community mobilization  County authority 1 June 2010  GoSS police stations  Community can provide  Community leaders  County authority land  GoSS  County steering com-  Provide local materials  UNDP mittee  Provide building materials  UNDP  Labor Create an  Community mobilisation  County authority 1 June 2010  GoSS agricultural  Land  Community leaders  County authority scheme and  Tractors  GoSS  County steering com- fishing project  Fishing supplies: boats,  UNDP mittee nets, hooks  UNDP Create nine  Mobilisation of the commu-  County authority 1 June 2010  GOSS water stations nity  Community leaders  County authority  Site allocation  GoSS  County steering com-  Building materials  UNDP mittee  Labor  UNDP  Pipes

5.4. Longochuk County

Longochuk County stretches 6,972 sq km and is bordered by Ethiopia and five counties in South Su- dan: Bahet, Nasir, Malut, Maban and Maiwut. It is composed of seven payams, namely Malual, Guelguk, Wudier, Dajo, Jangok, Pamach and Mathiang, the county capital. Its total population is estimated at 63,166.8 Longochuk County contains a high population of returnees from neighbouring countries and other areas. The county itself is underdeveloped with poor roads and little development of infrastructure. Respondents claimed that they preferred to stay in the capital town in Mathiang which they deemed to be better developed as it had health care facilities.

The main economic activities in Longochuk are growing crops such as maize and sorghum using traditional methods and tools.

Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions – Longochuk

Conflict Causes Actors Effects Possible solutions issues Cattle  Hunger  Youth from the Jonglei  Killings  Agriculture scheme/ raiding  Revenge State, Nasser and other  Hunger project  Recovery of dowry border countries such as  Disputes among  Deploy army/police at in case of divorce Ethiopia counties, payams the county border line  Unemployment  Former soldiers and and family mem-  Employment opportu- men from other security bers nities for the educated organs not re-integrated  Migration and schools for the into society  Prevents border uneducated  Other community mem- trade  Establish water points bers (elders inclusive) throughout the county Competition  No water points and  All community mem-  Family disputes  Construct boreholes over water catchments bers but mostly women  Diseases for people and water  Miscarriages catchments for ani-  Poor sanitation mals  Construct a canal from the River Nile to Longochuk County  Re-open the Machal stream from the Sobat river Poor roads  Newly established  Government  Humanitarian sup-  Government should county port delayed or construct roads  Political interference unable to reach its  Humanitarian donors from Northern Su- destination should support the dan  Migration to Ethio- government pia  No/reduced trade  Inaccessibility of health centres Diseases  Poor hygiene  Community members  Deaths  Government should  Little potable water  Government  Mental problems construct health cen-  Lack of food  Disabilities such as tres in each of the  Few health centres blindness, deafness payams  Consumption of and paralysis  Households should dead animals construct latrines  Early pregnancies  Education sessions on sanitation for the community

Cont... 8 Ibid, p. 16.

22 Cont… Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions—Longochuk County

Conflict Causes Actors Effects Possible solutions issues Diseases  Poor hygiene  Community members  Deaths  Government should  Little potable  Government  Mental problems construct health cen- water  Disabilities such as tres in each of the  Lack of food blindness, deafness payams  Few health cen- and paralysis  Households should tres construct latrines  Consumption of  Education sessions on dead animals sanitation for the com-  Early pregnan- munity cies Famine and  Lack of rain and  Community members  Deaths  Government should food security infrastructure to  Government  Inter-community provide tools and deal with  Natural factors fighting equipment to each drought  Alcoholism payam  Lack of tools  Migration  Construct irrigation and equipment  Lack of productiv- facilities  Laziness ity  People should involve  Insecurity  Human reproduc- themselves in agricul-  Poor roads tivity is low tural production  Government should provide security in the county Violence  Women who  Men  Divorce  Practice monogamy against refuse advances  Security personnel  Trauma  Raise awareness on women from men are  Family and com- the dangers of vio- raped munity conflicts lence against women  Presence of of-  Death  Women should seek ten violent un-  Affects children of redress in courts married soldiers the parties involved  Polygamy  Alcoholism  Family conflicts Communica-  Poor road net-  Government  Difficult to inform  Government should tion works the appropriate provide communica-  Newly estab- authorities about tions equipment lished county security issues or  Government has the outbreak of no capacity to diseases provide necessary equipment

Education  No salaries for  Government  Cattle raiding when  Government should teachers  Community people are unable pay the salaries of  No permanent to secure employ- teachers school struc- ment due to poor  Construct permanent tures education schools structures  Teachers migrate to  Community should be urban centres or involved in the con- other countries struction of the where they are paid schools.  Migration of some children to secure better education  Early marriages

Prioritisation of security issues – Longochuk

Security issue Women Youth Admin/ Total Rank elders 1-Highest 12-Lowest Competition over water 1 2 3 6 1 Poor roads 3 6 1 10 2 Famine and hunger 4 7 2 13 3 Education 2 5 7 14 4 Diseases 7 4 4 15 5 Cattle raiding 9 1 6 16 6 Unemployment 5 3 9 17 7 Communication 8 8 5 21 8 Violence against women 6 10 10 26 9 Inter-clan and tribal clashes 12 9 8 29 10 Armed robbery 10 11 11 32 11 Abductions 11 12 12 35 12

Community Action Plan – Longochuk

PROBLEM 1: Competition over water

Project Action and resources Possible partners Start date Follow up actors

Construct boreholes in  Land  Local govern- November  Local steering each of the following seven  Construction materi- ment 2010 committee payams: Jangok, Pamach, als  UNDP Dajo, Mathiang, Malual,  Contract a water  Other donors Guelguk and Udier drilling company

Construction of water catch-  Land  Local govern- November  Local steering ments for animals in each  Machinery for con- ment 2010 committee of the seven payams struction  UNDP  Fencing materials  Other donors

PROBLEM 2: Poor roads Construct roads connecting  Hire a road construc-  Government November  Local authority all of the payams tion company 2010  Local steering committee

5.5. Maban County

The name Maban derives from the designation given to the local indigenous people meaning “people of the land.” Geographically, Maban is in the northeast area of Upper Nile and stretches 11,854 sq km.9 It is bordered by the Blue Nile region to the northeast, Renk County to the west, and Maluth and Longochuk Counties to the south. It has an estimated population of 45,238 and is composed of five payams: Boung, Banshowa, Khor-Elhamer, Jin-magda and Jin-Kowata.

Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions - Maban

Conflict Causes Actors Effects Possible solutions issues Border disputes  Caused by political oppor-  Maban com-  Conflicts  Seek dialogue among tunists who want to benefit munity  Death the conflicting coun- from the chaos  Dinkas in  Prevented the ties  Some communities do not Malut and county’s last census  Establish county bor- respect established Renk  Causes the unofficial der demarcation com- boundaries (Dinkas from  Nual of Lon- change of names in mittees Malut and Renk) gochuk different areas  Bring in experts to  Need to collect more reve- throughout the assist local commit- nue by Malut and Renk county tees in officially defin- Counties  Women are in danger ing borders  Presence of gum Arabic during the disputes (Done by the Dinkas. These trees are only found in Maban.) Famine and food  Laziness  Weather  Migration  WFP should supply security  Weather fluctuations  Community  Deaths of people and food sometimes bring floods members animals  Introduce advanced  Lack of modern tools for  Food theft farming methods and agriculture equipment  Misuse of harvested food  Construct water ca-  Fires set by nomads nals for irrigation  Big families Transportation  Insufficient county budget  Children  Death, especially  Government should infrastructure for materials and ma-  Women among children construct roads and chines to construct roads  Men  Prevents accessibility bridges and bridges  Youth of health centres,  Donors should pro-  Lack of state budget to especially for preg- vide financial capital actually construct roads nant women to construct roads and and bridges bridges  Provide materials and equipment to the county to encourage local initiatives Poor Education  Untrained and unqualified  Community  High illiteracy  Government should teachers - currently work- members  Early marriage pay teachers’ salaries ing as volunteers, no sala-  Government  Poor development  Teachers should be ries able to speak English  Shortage of teachers in  Employ more teachers some payams  Laws encouraging  Inconsistencies - syllabus childhood school at- in English and teaching in tendance should be Arabic created

Cont... 9 Ibid, p. 11.

Cont… Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions—Maban County

Conflict Causes Actors Effects Possible solutions issues  No teacher accommoda-  Community  High illiteracy  Boarding schools tion members  Early marriage should be created for  Few to no preschools and  Government  Poor development students from distant female teachers communities  Few available teaching  Construct more materials schools within the  Little adult education payams for easier  Parents prevent their chil- access dren from attending school  Form parent-teacher associations to moni- tor progress in schools

Violence against  Common traditional prac-  Men  Divorce  Mass sensitization to women tices such as polygamy  Women  Death the rights of women  Women who refuse the  Affects the children  Encourage gender advances of men are raped of the involved par- mainstreaming  Presence of many unmar- ties  Encourage female ried men education  Women are beaten for re-  Encourage good male- fusing to support men and female relationship by complete domestic tasks promoting communication in the home  Raise awareness of women’s rights and issues surrounding violence against women

Unemployment  Few jobs  Youth  Crimes increase -theft  Provide loans to  Lack of education and ex-  Women  Increased drunken- youth perience in general public  Employers - ness  Establish vocational  Tribalism determines hir- oil compa-  Beggars and poverty training centres ing practices nies  Hunger  Create environments  No budget allocation for  Men  Family conflicts conducive to encour- employment by county  Local au- aging outside invest-  Illiteracy especially among thorities ment and thus pro- women vide job opportunities  Create income generating activities Poor health ser-  State government does not  Government  Death  Government should vices supply drugs  Community assign medical per-  Few students enroll in sonnel and lab techni- medical school cians to county health  NGOs are not actually centres supplying drugs as man-  Construct drug stor- dated age facilities  Lack of coordination be-  Government should tween the community and supply necessary state on medical issues drugs  Establish a medical training centre in mid- wifery

Prioritisation of security issues – Maban

Women Youth Admin/ Total Rank Security issue elders 1-Highest 8-Lowest Famine/food security 2 1 1 4 1 Competition over water for people 3 2 3 8 2 and animals Education 4 3 2 9 3 Border disputes 1 6 6 13 4 Health 5 5 5 15 5 Transportation infrastructure 6 7 4 17 6 Unemployment 8 4 7 19 7 Violence against women 7 8 8 23 8

Community Action Plan – Maban

PROBLEM 1: Famine/ food security Project Action/Resources Possible partners Start Date Follow up actors Advanced agricul-  Agricultural materials:  Community August 2010  Local govern- tural farming prac- seeds, pesticides, tools,  State ment tices in Jinmada irrigation, tractors, land  GoSS  Local steering and Bugaya and labor  UNDP committee  Agricultural experts to  Donors teach improved farming methods PROBLEM 2: Competition over water for animals and people Construction of  Land  Local govern- November 2010  Local govern- boreholes in each  Contract a water drilling ment ment of the four payams company  UNDP  Local steering  Other donors committee Construction of  Land  State water catchments  Machinery for construct- for animals in each ing the catchments of the five payams  Fencing materials PROBLEM 3: Poor education Construction of  Construction materials:  Local govern- November 2010 boarding schools in land, labor ment each of the five  Contract a construction  Community payams company  UNDP  Other donors  State PROBLEM 4: Border disputes Dialogue meeting  Mobilization of delegates  Local govern- November 2010 for conflicting  Transportation ment counties (to take  Accommodation  UNDP place in Malakal)  Meals (cows)  Other donors

11Koch commissioner, Police commissioner, South Sudan Wildlife service, South Sudan People’s Liberation Army, and South Sudan People’s Liberation Movement secretary

5.6. Maiwut County

Maiwut County is located in the eastern area of the Upper Nile State. Its total population is estimated at 45,238 and has a surface area of approximately 3,788 sq km10 and shares borders with Ethiopia and Maban, Nasir and Longochuk Counties. Maiwut has nine payams: Maiwut, Jotome, Wuor, Malek, Uleng, Kigile, Pagak, Turnur and Jekow.

Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions – Maiwut

Conflict Causes Actors Effects Possible solutions issues Cattle raiding  Hunger  Ethiopians  Killings  Increase the number of  Lack of water  Sudanese police stations in all nine  Presence of arms payams (one station in (Ethiopians) each payam)  Peace talks between Ethiopia and Sudan

Competition  No boreholes  Migration  Construct boreholes for over water  Little to no rainfall  Family disputes people and water catchments for animals Crime (theft  Competition for fertile  Community  Loss of lives and  Construct police posts and homicide) land members property with prisons in each  Poverty payam  Revenge  Vehicles  Provide communication equipment Poor roads  Wars in Sudan de-  Government  Deaths by ani-  Government should con- stroyed roads  Community mal attack struct roads  Government’s refusal  Little to no busi- to construct roads in ness the county  Accessibility difficult in times of invasion

Violence  Lack of water, leading  Men  Loss of lives  Construct water points, against women to women being raped  Animals  Unwanted preg- such as boreholes with when they go in search nancies distribution networks of water  Poor roads which lead to women being am- bushed

Unemploy-  No jobs  Youth  Crime increases  Provide loans to youth ment  Lack of qualifying edu-  Women (theft)  Establish vocational train- cation  Employers (oil  Drunkenness ing centres  Tribalism companies)  Beggars  Create environments con-  No budget allocation with tribalistic  Hunger ducive to encouraging for counties to employ practices  Family conflicts outside investment that locals  Men provides job opportuni-  Illiteracy, especially  Local authorities among women ties (tribalism),  Create income-generating  Little job experience especially at activities. county level

10 Ibid, p. 15.

Prioritisation of security issues – Maiwut

Security issue Women Youth Admin/ Total Rank elders 1-Highest 9-Lowest

Unemployment 1 1 2 4 1 Poor roads 2 2 1 5 2 Competition for water 3 3 4 10 3 Diseases 4 4 3 11 4 Cattle raiding 7 5 5 17 5 Lack of clarity on who governs 6 6 7 19 6 the county Crime 8 7 6 21 7 Violence against women 5 9 9 23 8 Wild animals 9 8 8 25 9

Community Action Plan – Maiwut

PROBLEM: 1 Unemployment Project Action/resources Possible partners Start date Who will follow up

Construction of voca-  Construction materials: la-  Government November 2010  Government tional training centres bour, bricks, sand, roofing  Community  County council in each payam materials, cement, metal bars,  UNDP  Community leaders poles, general equipment and  Other donors  Local steering com- tools mittee  Salaries for instructors  Instruction in vocational skills: tailoring, weaving, ma- sonry, carpentry, soap making, pottery, metal works PROBLEM 2: Poor Roads Construction of road  Contract a road construction  Government November 2010  Government network from company  Local leaders Mathiang Fagak  Community Maiwut, to include all payams PROBLEM 3: Competition for water by animals and people Construction of two  Land  Local govern- November 2010  Government water catchments in  Machinery for construction ment  Local leaders each payam for ani-  Fencing materials  UNDP  Community mals  Other donors

Construction of bore-  Land  Local govern- November 2010  Government holes and water dis-  Labour ment  Local steering com- tribution networks in  Construction materials  Community mittee each payam  UNDP  Other donors PROBLEM 4: Diseases Establishment of  Land  Government health centres in each  Labour payam  Construction materials  Drugs  Hospital equipment  Health personnel

5.7. Makal County

Makal County contains the capital of Upper Nile State, Malakal. It has a surface area of 737 sq km and a total population of 126,483.11 It is composed of five payams: Lelok, Central and the Northern, Eastern and Southern payams. The presence of SPLA in the south, SAF in the north and the Joint Integrated Unit (JIU) in the central payams poses a number of security concerns for the local community. The presence of arms is widespread throughout all levels of society from civilian to soldier and has led to a high level of violence and death in the county. There are often conflicts between civilians and soldiers in the Malakal markets.

Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions – Makal

Conflict Causes Actors Effects Possible solutions issues Competition over  Widespread  All members  Loss of human  Water dams water water short- of the commu- life and prop-  Water catchments, ages nity are in- erty  Boreholes  One particular volved  Women and  Attempt reconcilia- community  Youth children ab- tion between the Lou does not have  Elders ducted and Jikany so that its own source  Men the Lou can peace- of water fully graze their cattle in the Jikany area

Small arms  Attacks on  Lou Nuer  Loss of human  Peaceful disarma- Jikany during  Youth life in conflicts, ment with the in- the dry season  Men especially volvement of those because of youth and who own weapons their natural men  Government and water sources  Abduction of community involve- children ment, responsibility  Loss of assets

Tribal clashes  Ownership of  Dinka and  Loss of human  Mobilize and educate land contested Shilluk tribes life and prop- people on the issues  Improper use  Residents of erty surrounding of land Akoka,  Destruction of boundaries  Perceived ab- Fashoda, Me- relationships  Lobby the Upper sence of re- lut, Manyo,  Animals and Nile State and GoSS spect for land Bailet and homes de- authorities to re- boundaries Panyikang stroyed define and delineate Counties boundaries

Boundary  Land disputes  Dinka  Displacement conflicts and tribal con-  Collo/Shilluk  Death flicts  Fear, food  Use of force/ security power  No free movement

11 Ibid, p. 11.

Prioritisation of security issues - Makal

Security issue Women Youth Admin/ elders Total Rank 1-Highest 10-Lowest Presence of firearms 1 1 1 3 1 Child abduction 11 10 11 32 2 Border disputes 10 2 5 17 2 Unemployment 5 4 8 17 3 Competition over water 2 3 12 17 4 Presence of ‘Niggas’ 3 5 9 17 5 and street children Cattle Raiding 7 9 3 19 6 Land disputes 8 6 6 20 7 Violence against 4 7 10 21 8 women Tribal clashes 6 12 4 22 9 Presence of land mines 9 8 7 24 10

Community Action Plan –Makal

PROBLEM 1: Army barracks Project Action/resources Possible partners Start date Follow up actors Construction of Construct new barracks  Council for 1 Nov GoSS army barracks  Defence of 2010 State government out of town Arms County council  State Community lead-  GoSS ers  USA  Community PROBLEM 2: Militias Disarmament of  Awareness mecha- 1 June  GoSS small armies and nism 2010  All Army militias  Policies on disarma-  JUIC (Joint ment and disposal Defence Force)  County committee

Cont...

Cont… Community Action Plan –Makal County

PROBLEM 3: Land Border/land  Government should  State authority 1 Nov  State authority demarcation set clear boundaries  University 2010  Local admini- through maps  Administration stration  Form dispute manage- officers ment committee  UNDP  Transport  Money  Sign post Agricultural  Tractors  UNDP 15 June  County com- project  Seeds  Agriculture 2010 mittees  Workers  Community  Ministry of  Land  GoSS Agriculture  Tree clearing  UNDP  Spare parts  NGOs  Tools  Water pumps Vocational  Carry out survey/  GoSS 1 Nov  Local authority training centre assessment  UNDP 2010  County council  Trainees  Teachers  Land around indus- trial area  Building materials: iron sheets, generator, machines, equipment, generator and diesel  Money for a computer centre PROBLEM 4: Water Extension of  Water station in east-  Water coopera- 1 June  Water coop- water pipes ern towns tion 2010 eration  Survey for establish-  State  County com- ing the extension prac- mittees tically  NGOs  Water drawing times  Chiefs defined by each station  Pipes  Generator

5.8. Manyo County

Manyo County is bordered by the White Nile to the north and Southern Kordofan State to the east. It is composed of five payams: Wadakona, Kak, Magenis, Athidhway, and Kwalo. The population of the county is approximately 38,01012 people, the majority of whom are of the Shilluk (Chollo) ethnic group. There are also members of the Arab tribes originating from the White Nile and Southern Kor- dofan States, the Nuer, the Dinka and the Brun.

The area’s primary economic activities are fishing, agriculture, charcoal burning, gum Arabic production and the rearing of livestock.

Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions – Manyo

Conflict Causes Actors Effects Possible solutions issues Border disputes  Unclear border demar-  Instability  Politicians  Conferences be- cation  GoSS tween the three  Conflicts over limited  Upper Nile State states resources  Southern Kordofan  Newer demarcation  White Nile State of borders than the previous decision of January 1956 Land disputes  Encroachment into  Death  Dinka  Meetings should be others’ territory  Conflicts  Shilluk (Chollo) held between the  Rivalry over resources elders of the two warring tribes Competition over  Water scarcity  Migration  Nomads  Dig boreholes, water  Drought and the subse-  High cost of wa-  Citizens hand pumps, dams quent movement of ter and reservoirs nomads  Disease  Water stations  Pollution Competition for  Scarcity of pasture and  Conflicts between  Nomads  Fire lines pasture grass farmers and no-  Farmers  Enlighten nomads  Setting fire to fields mads  Hunters  Farmers in tree  Late harvest of crops  Deaths of animals  Charcoal makers control  Migration  Awareness of issues

Cattle theft  Unemployment  Loss of property  Some members of  Issue passes and  Hunger  Poverty the youth permits  Greed  Conflicts  Butchers  Cattle raiding  Death  Cattle traders  Institute check-  Frustration points at the border

Armed robbery  Presence of arms cul-  Violence  Ex-combatants  Creating security ture  Insecurity apparatus  Fear  Disarmament  Hunger  Patrolling

Land mines  War  Death  SAF  De-mine through-  Danger  SPLA out the county

Cont...

12 Ibid, p. 15

Cont… Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions– Manyo County

Conflict Causes Actors Effects Possible solutions issues Presence of Sudan  No implementation of  Instability  SAF  Demobilization Armed Forces Security Protocol  Fear  Border demarcation (SAF) Agreement

Conflicts between  Agriculture  Conflicts  Farmers  Fire lines farmers and cattle  Lack of pasture  Death  Nomads  Demarcate farming owners  Fire  Insecurity areas with input of  Gum Arabic elders and chiefs Disputes related to  Tax collection  Overlapping ad-  Administration of  Border demarcation taxes ministration be- three states: Upper  Joint taxation teams tween counties Nile, White Nile and Southern Kor- dofan Presence of popu-  Strengthen the posi-  Social instability  NIF/Government of  Disarmament lar defense forces tions of Arab nomads Sudan  Border demarcation (Northern Sudan)  Silem Tribe  Awlad Hamid Presence of fire-  Tribal conflicts  Fear  Arab tribes  Disarmament arms  Political manipulation  Death  Formulation of  Instability laws controlling the ownership of weapons Competition over  Wealth  Little production  Owners and traders gum Arabic  Natural Scarcity

Prioritisation of security issues – Manyo

Security issue Women Youth Admin/ Total Rank elders 1-Highest 9-Lowest Border disputes 1 2 1 4 1 Presence of armed groups 2 1 2 5 2 Competition over water 6 3 4 13 3 Land/border disputes 3 8 3 14 4 Violence against women 4 5 9 18 5 Tribalism 5 9 5 19 6 Presence of landmines and 7 6 6 19 7 UXOs Tax/revenue disputes 8 4 7 19 8 Conflict over gum Arabic 9 7 8 24 9

Community Action Plan – Manyo

PROBLEM 1: Water and security infrastructure Project Action/Resources Possible partners Start date Follow up actors

Establish fifteen  Mobilization of com-  Community May 2010  Community water stations munity elders and  Local steering (water pumps,  Map water points chiefs committee  Provide materials,  Engineers boreholes and res- tools and equipment  GoSS ervoirs)  Labor  State  Machines for drilling  County  UNDP Build 10 police  Land  Community May 2010  Community posts  Local building mate-  County  Local steering rials  State committee  Engineers  UNDP  Government  Law enforcement, police  Labor PROBLEM 2: Agriculture Agriculture  Land  State May 2010  Community scheme  Tractors and equip-  County  Local steering ment  Community committee  Bulldozers  Government  Tippers  Local leaders  Puklin  Irrigation pumps

PROBLEM 3: Land Fire lines and/or  Survey  GoSS June 2010  Community roads for cattle  Dig boreholes  State  Local steering  County committee  Community  Local leaders  UNDP  GoSS  County Construction of  Land  Local govern- November 2010  Local steering schools in the fol-  Labour ment committee lowing locations:  Construction materi-  State  Government Jangok, Pamach, als Dajo, Mathiang,  Contract a construc- Malual, Guelguk, tion company and Udier payams

PROBLEM 5: Health Construction of  Land  Community November 2010  Local govern- health centres in  Labour  Local government each payam  Contract a construc- ment  Local steering tion company committee  Drugs  Salaries for medical personnel

5.9. Melut County

Melut County has a total surface area of 6,950 sq km and an estimated population of 49,242.13 The city of Maluth is the largest and most populous in the county. The region is bordered by Manyo County to the west, Renk County to the north, Maban and Longochuk Counties to the east and Bailet County to the south. Melut is composed of six payams and a total of 39 bomas. The area’s ethnic structure is 90 percent Dinka, 3 percent Cholluk, 2 percent Nuer and 5 percent are from other tribes. The county’s economic activities include fishing, agriculture, charcoal burning, gum Arabic production and livestock raising.

Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions– Melut

Conflict Causes Actors Effects Possible solutions issues Border and  Land ownership  The Arabs  Loss of lives  Separate the North and land disputes  Need 2% from oil  Petrol Dar company  Constant fear South revenue  Melut community  Displacement  Promote unity within the  Arabs offer large  Government of Su-  No unity within the South quantities of money dan community  Train people in conflict to buy grazing land  SPLM- DC and security issues  Presence of nomads  GoSS should close or ex- in the area pel the Petrol Dar company Police posts  No funds to con-  GoSS  Constant fear  Construct more police struct posts  UNS  Increased crime posts  No communication  Melut County ad-  Little to no law en-  Increase the number of equipment or vehi- ministration forcement police personnel cles  Melut community  Lack of development  Outfit police with com-  Constant insecurity munication equipment and vehicles  Organize training work- shops for police in the fields of conflict management, resolution and transformation Tax/revenue  Need to increase  Melut County  Displacement  Strengthen laws govern- collection revenue in a number  Maban County  Instability ing tax collection disputes of counties  Akoka County  Reduced economic  Create a clear revenue  No clear demarca-  Renk County activity collection policy tion of borders  Respect and implement  Little border control the CPA  Abuse of power Pollution  Harmful practices of  Petrol Dar  Loss of lives, crops  Compensate the commu- the Petrol Dar Com-  Chinese and animals nity for damages pany, especially in  Canadians  High incidence of  Petrol Dar should con- Gakbeny, Mayom,  Malazianes miscarriages sider the social and envi- Pabuny and  Indians  Soil pollution ronmental aspects of their Nyangeu  Community  Disabilities - in the activities or be expelled Mayom Payam people  Petrol Dar should be sued lost body parts after in court using polluted water  Water pollution  Diseases such as cancer

13 Ibid, p. 15

Cont… Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions– Melut County

Conflict Causes Actors Effects Possible solutions issues Presence of  The SAF barracks  Melut County com-  Death  Relocate the JIU army JIU in town are currently located munity  Theft outside the town limits in the town limits  SAF  House burning  Separate Northern and Southern Sudan  SAF and SPLA should also be in barracks located outside of the town

Cattle raiding  Presence of nomads  Arab nomads  Death  Establish police posts in in the county  County  Loss of property the area  Acquisition of  Community  Constant fear  Disarm Arab nomads wealth

Poor roads  Heavy vehicles car-  Petrol Dar  Low economic activity  Government and Petrol rying oil destroy the  UNS  Increased accidents Dar should construct roads  Melut County  Increased insecurity roads for civilian use  Petrol Dar has not  GoSS  Inaccessibility of basic constructed roads services, such as according to their health centres CPA obligations  GoSS did not establish roads as priority in Melut County

Presence of  Dug by companies  Road construction  Diseases  Pits should be covered pits dug by in need of soil, did companies  Loss of lives - both  Compensation should be road construc- not cover the pits  Melut County people and animals given to those injured by tion compa- when finished with  Community  Disabilities the presence of the pits nies their projects

Competition  The most utilized  Melut County  Local unrest  Provide adequate clean for clean wa- river is far from the  Community  Diseases water for community ter by people area  Petrol Dar  Migration members and animals and animals  Borehole water is  Animals salty due to presence of oil  Few vehicles to transport water

Decision to  Loss of land  Melut County  Conflict between the  Petrol Dar should ade- demand com-  Loss of fields  Community community and Petrol quately compensate the pensation  Diseases caused by  Petrol Dar Dar company community for damages from offend- pollution  Government of Su-  Destruction of Petrol caused by their presence ing compa- dan Dar property and work nies (petrol,  Loss of lives in the road construc- course of violence tion etc.) Mistreatment  Marginalization of  Melut County  Poverty common in  Promote equality of county people in South  Community the Melut community  Compensate those af- residents by  Deliberate denial of  Petrol Dar  Fighting between the fected and unable to gain Petrol Dar development initia- community and Petrol employment tives in the South Dar personnel  Sensitize all involved to  Constant dismissal of concepts surrounding employees from South universal human rights Sudan

Prioritisation of security issues – Melut

Security issue Women Youth Elders Authority Total Rank 1-Highest 9-Lowest Environmental pollution 1 2 6 1 10 1 Competition over clean water 4 3 2 3 12 2 Decision to demand compensation from 3 1 3 5 12 3 offending companies (petrol, road construction, etc.) Mistreatment of county community by Pet- 3 1 3 5 12 3 rol Dar Poor roads 2 4 5 2 13 4 Border/land disputes 6 7 1 7 21 5 Presence of pits dug by road construction 5 6 8 8 27 6 companies Presence of JIU in town 8 5 4 10 27 7 Dispute over collection of taxes/revenue 10 8 7 6 31 8 Cattle raiding by pastoralists 9 10 10 9 38 9

Community Action Plan – Melut

PROBLEM 1: Environmental degradation

Project Action and Possible partners Start date Follow up actors resources Water Truck Vehicles  Vehicles UNDP/ other do- July 2010 and Tankers  Tanker nors/GoSS/NGOs  Drivers

5.10. Nasser County

Nasser County is bordered by Ulang, Bailet, Longochuk, and Maiwut Counties and Ethiopia to the south. The county has a number of natural water sources, including the Sobat River which runs east to west throughout the region and the Nile which lies further north. It is composed of 15 payams and has an estimated population of approximately 700,00014 people, primarily from the Nuer ethnic group. The region’s economic activities include traditional agriculture, pastoralism, fishing and inter -county trading.

Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions – Nasser

Conflict Causes Actors Effects Possible solutions issues Border/land  Land ownership  The Arabs  Loss of lives  Separation between the disputes  The need for 2% from  Petrol Dar com-  Constant fear North and South oil revenue pany  Displacement  Promote unity among the  Arabs who offer big  Melut community  Disunity among the people in the South money to buy grazing  Government of community  Training in conflict and land Sudan security issues  Presence of nomads in  SPLM- DC  GoSS should get rid of the areas Petrol Dar company Police posts  Lack of funds to con-  GoSS  Constant fear  Construction of more struct the posts  UNS among the people police posts  Lack of equipment  Melut County Ad-  Increased crimes  Increase police personnel like communication ministration  Lack of enforce-  Equip police with com- gadgets and vehicles  Melut community ment of laws munication gadgets and  Lack of develop- vehicles ment  Organize training work-  Constant insecurity shops for the police in the field of conflict management, resolution and transformation Dispute over  The need to increase  Melut county  Instability  Strengthening the laws collection of revenue by different  Maban County  Reduced economic that govern tax collection taxes/revenue counties  Akoka county activity  Clear revenue collection  No clear demarcation  Renk county  Displacement of policy of the borders people  Respecting and imple-  Lack of border control menting the CPA  Abuse of power Environmental  Existence of the Petro-  Petrol Dar  Loss of lives of ani-  Compensate the commu- pollution leum company-Petrol  Chinese mals nity Dar especially in  Canadians  Loss of lives of peo-  Petrol Dar should put the  Gakbeny  Malazianes ple social and environmental  Mayom  Indians  Plants are de- aspects into consideration  Pabuny  The community stroyed or else it should be ex-  Nyangeu  women get miscar- pelled. riages  Petrol Dar should be sued  Soil pollution in court  Disabilities in Mayom people lost body parts after use of polluted water)  Water pollution  Diseases e.g. cancer Cont... 14 Ibid, p. 15

Cont… Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions – Nasser County

Conflict Causes Actors Effects Possible solutions issues

Presence of JIU  The barracks of SAF is  Melut community  Loss of lives  Relocate the JIU army in town in the town - SAF  Stealing  Separation between the  Burning of houses North and South  SAF and SPLA should be in barracks

Cattle raiding  The presence of no-  Arab nomads  Loss of lives  Establish police posts in mads in the county  County community  Loss of property the area  Acquisition of wealth  Constant fear  Disarming the Arab no- among the people mads

Poor roads  Heavy vehicles carry-  Petrol Dar  Low economic ac-  Government and Petrol ing oil destroy the  UNS tivity Dar should construct roads  Melut county ad-  Increases accidents roads  Petrol Dar has not ministration  Increases insecurity constructed roads  GoSS  Inaccessibility to according CPA basic services such  GoSS did not put as health centres roads as priority in Melut Presence of pits  Companies in need of  Road Construction  Diseases  Pits should be covered dug by road soil companies  Loss of lives of peo-  Compensation of the af- construction  Companies not cover-  Melut community ple and animals fected people companies ing the pits  Disabilities

Competition  The river is far from  Melut community  Fighting/ clashes in  Provision of enough over clean water the area  Petrol Dar the community clean water to community by for human  Borehole water is  Animals  Diseases and animals animal con- salty due to oil  Migration sumption  Few vehicles trans- porting water to various places

The demand for  Loss of land  Melut community  Conflict between  Petrol Dar should ade- compensation  Loss farm fields  Petrol Dar com- the community and quately compensate the from different  Diseases caused pollu- pany Petrol Dar company community companies e.g. tion  Government of  Destruction of pet- Petrol company, Sudan rol Dar property road construc-  Loss of lives in tion companies course of clashing etc.

Discrimination  Marginalization of  Melut community  Poverty among the  Promote equality among of county people in south  Petrol Dar Melut community the people community by  Deliberate denial of  Fighting between  Compensate the affected Petrol Dar com- the south to develop the community and people. pany Petrol Dar person-  Respect the rights of the nel people  Constant dismissal of employees from the South

Prioritisation of security issues – Nasser

Security issue Women Youth Elders Authority Total Rank 1-Highest 9-Lowest Environmental pollution 1 2 6 1 10 1 Competition for clean, potable water 4 3 2 3 12 2 Decision to demand compensation 3 1 3 5 12 3 from offending companies (petrol, road construction, etc.) Mistreatment of county community 3 1 3 5 12 3 by Petrol Dar Poor roads 2 4 5 2 13 4 Border/land disputes 6 7 1 7 21 5 Presence of pits dug by road con- 5 6 8 8 27 6 struction companies Presence of JIU in town 8 5 4 10 27 7 Dispute over collection of taxes/ 10 8 7 6 31 8 revenue Cattle raiding by pastoralists 9 10 10 9 38 9

Community Action Plan – Nasser

PROBLEM 1: Insecurity

Project Action/resources Possible Start sate Follow up actors partners Water  Vehicles  UNDP July 2010  GoSS trucks  Tankers  Other  UNS and tank-  Drivers donors  County council ers  GoSS  Community leaders  NGOs  Local steering committee

5.11. Panyikang County

Panyikang County has a surface area of 5,107 sq km and an estimated population of 45,42715 people. Panyikang is composed of six payams and 40 bomas .It is dominated by members of the Shilluk (Chollo) ethnic group which constitutes the majority of the county’s population (95 percent), fol- lowed by the Nuer (2 percent), and other groups (3 percent). In general, the tribal groups in Panyi- kang have normal relations and co-exist peacefully, but on the western bank of the county’s primary river, the Shilluk (Chollo) and the Dinka fight over border and land issues. There are also clashes between county residents and those from Bentiu in Unity State, primarily over cattle raiding practices.

Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions - Panyikang

Conflict Causes Actors Effects Possible solutions issues Boundary  Lack of water and  Politicians  Conflicts arise  Create a series of confer- conflicts resources prompt-  Army generals  Instability ences for community eld- ing nomadic be-  Migration ers havior  Lack of develop-  Clearly demarcate borders  War ment  Police stations should be  Firearms  Poverty established  Taxes (local reve-  Establish women’s asso- nue collectors) ciations Land disputes  Advocacy and  Politicians  Death  Establish conferences and claim disputes  Leadership  Migration meetings on the issue  Little fertile land  Shilluk (Chollo)  Instability  Encourage role of police  Unregistered land  Dinka  Fear and local authorities  Illegal settlements  Nuer  Poverty (chiefs)  Taxes  Sickness  Clearly demarcate borders Cattle raiding  Wealth  Different tribes  Death  Employ forces to discour-  Culture  Arab animal  Instability age raiding  Marriage keepers  Poverty  Create conferences be-  Few laws actually (nomads) tween counties to address implemented the issue  Government intervention  Formulate laws concern- ing land issues  Disarmament Tribal conflicts  Politics  Politicians  Death  Community leaders  Illiteracy  Power abuse  War  Formulate appropriate  Presence of fire-  Culture  Poverty laws arms  Instability  Education  Land  Development projects  Few applicable laws Presence of  Tribal conflicts  Different tribes  Death  Disarmament firearms  Guns imported  Behaviour of  Anarchy from outside the Arab nomads  Tribal conflicts county  Militias  Insecurity  Nuer from Ben-  Border disputes tiu and Jonglei State

15 Ibid, p. 15 Cont…

42 Cont… Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions - Panyikang County

Conflict Causes Actors Effects Possible solutions issues

Violence  Polygamy  Men  Rape  Form women’s associations against women  Social norms  Women  Poor health  Encourage female education –  Forced marriage  Psychological children and adults  Economic reasons torture  Disarmament  Alcoholism  Divorce  Encourage control in alcohol  Financial insta- consumption bility  Peace and reconciliation  Social isolation  Preserve cultures and traditions  Domestic vio- of the Shilluk lence  Sensitize community to issues  Early marriage surrounding violence against women Alcohol abuse  Unemployment  Men  Poor health of  Create employment opportuni-  Poverty  Youth men, youth and ties  Illiteracy  Women women  Educate community on the  Imported alcoholic  Breakdown of dangers of alcohol beverages social and family  Formulate laws regulating alco- dynamics hol use  Loss of social status  Death  Violence Unemployment  Limited business op-  Men  Unemployment  Provide job opportunities portunities  Youth  Emergence of the  Build vocational training cen-  Few employment op- water pipe tres to teach necessary skills portunities in govern-  Theft  Agricultural projects ment and NGOs  Cattle raiding  Provide loans  The majority of the  Possession of  Politicians should not exploit population was edu- firearms youth for their own gain cated in Arabic - mak-  Alcoholism ing their qualifications irrelevant  Fishing and cattle raising has become dan- gerous  Idleness Street children  Few government-  Orphans  Government should create jobs created job opportuni-  Children for the unemployed ties  Alcoholics  Create reputable orphanages  Urbanization  Children  Develop counties and payams  Poor quality of orphan-  ‘Niggas’ economically and socially age life  Youth  Create agricultural schemes to  Lack of parental re-  The unem- encourage employment sponsibility ployed  Build vocational centres for  Children not ade-  Women women and youth quately provided for  Build schools in each of the by parents payams

Presence of  War  SAF  De-mine landmines  Farmers Competition over  Scarcity of water in  Restricted move-  Dig boreholes to assist farmers water farming areas ment in better irrigation  Difficult to effectively use land  Poor crop yields

Prioritisation of security issues – Panyikang

Security issue Women Youth Elders Authority Total Rank 1-Highest 9-Lowest Border disputes 1 2 2 1 6 1 Presence of firearms 2 1 1 4 8 2 Tribalism 3 3 4 2 12 3 Land disputes 4 5 5 3 17 4 Cattle raiding 6 8 3 6 23 5 Competition for water 9 7 6 5 27 6 Unemployment 5 9 7 7 28 7 Drunkenness 7 6 8 8 29 8 Violence against 8 4 9 9 30 9 women

Community Action Plan - Panyikang

PROBLEM 1: Insecurity Project Action/resources Possible partners Start Follow up actors date Food secu-  Agricultural tools (tractor, seeds,  Community lead- June  Community rity project pesticide) ers 2010  Local steering  Community mobilization  Community committee  Dig boreholes in each of the  GoSS  UNDP county’s six payams  State  Government  Grinding mills (appropriate ma-  County chinery)  UNDP  Land  NGOs

Build six  Community and law enforcement  Security commit- June  Community police posts mobilization tee 2010  Local steering  Land  Chiefs/elders committee  Building materials  Community  UNDP  Government  Government  UNDP Clear Lol  Movement of ferry boats, cranes  Government June  Community River and labor  Financial stake- 2010  Local steering holders committee  UNDP  UNDP  Community  Government

5.12. Renk County

Renk County has a total surface area of 10,031 sq km and an estimated population of 137,751.16 The city of Renk is the largest and most populated in the county. It is bordered by Jodah City to the north, Maban County to the east, Melut County to the south and Manyo County and the White Nile to the west. The state is composed of four payams and the majority of its inhabitants are members of the Dinka ethnic group (5 percent), the Chollo (20 percent), the Nuer (15 percent) and other groups (15 percent). The area’s most lucrative economic activities include fishing, agriculture, charcoal burning, gum Arabic production and livestock raising.

Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions – Renk

Conflict Causes Actors Effects Possible solutions issues Border/land  Need for arable land  Government of  Food security  GoSS and a border com- disputes  Conflicts over land Sudan  Social/ psycho- mission should demarcate ownership  Egyptians logical unrest the border according to  Government of Sudan  Renk County  Low economic CPA needs to create a buffer community activity  Create and strengthen a zone between north and members  Displacement new border commission south by forcefully giv-  Disregard of  Educate community on ing the border land to its CPA commit- issues surrounding the supporters from north ments CPA and its proper imple-  Little representation of mentation Renk County residents  Elect members of the Renk on the border commis- County community for the sion border commission.

Inadequate  Insufficient funds to  GoSS  Increased crimes  Construct more police police posts construct posts  UNS  Constant fear posts  No communication  Renk County  Insecurity  Increase the number of equipment or vehicles administration  Little enforce- police for police use  Renk County ment of laws  Provide the police with community  Little progress communication equipment made in devel- and vehicles opment  Organize training work- shops for police in conflict management, resolution and transformation

Taxes and  Lack of border control  Renk county,  Reduced eco-  Clear revenue collection revenue  Need to increase the Blue Nile State nomic activity policy collection revenue of different and White Nile  Instability  Strengthen laws governing disputes counties State  Internal dis- tax collection  Abuse of power  Traders placement  Respect and implement the  Government of CPA Sudan  GoSS  UNS

Cont...

16 Ibid, p. 15

Cont...Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions – Renk County Conflict Causes Actors Effects Possible solutions issues

Land  Wars in Sudan  SAF  Deaths of civil-  De-mine affected areas mines  SPLA ians  Renk County  Disabilities, community especially physical trauma  Displacement

Land  Northern Sudanese  Renk County  Loss of lives  Disarm nomads disputes residents encroaching community  Food security  Demarcate land for on Southern Suda-  Northern no-  Internal dis- grazing and cultivation nese territory mads placement  Establish police posts in  Armed nomads  Government of  Lack of devel- affected, conflict-prone Sudan opment areas

Crime  Presence of the army/  SPLA  Death  Establish police posts SPLA in town  Youth  Loss of prop-  Remove the army from  Drunkenness  Former ser- erty within the town  Unemployed former vice men  Constant fear  Frequent police night service men and  Community  Rape of patrols youth women  Trauma Poor roads  Heavy vehicles carry-  GoSS  Low economic  Local government, and com- ing oil which destroy  UNS activity GoSS, and UNS should munication the roads  Renk County  Increased acci- construct roads  GoSS has not con- administra- dents structed roads tion  Increased inse-  GoSS did not estab- curity lish new roads as a  Inaccessibility priority for Renk of basic ser- County vices, such as health centres Presence of  GoSS has not com-  Government of  Diseases  Compensate the com- electric and pensated the commu- Sudan  Pollution, es- munity for damages and petrol lines nity  Petrol Dar pecially in soil use of land in the area  Community – not for  National Elec- local use tricity Corpo- ration Disputes  Valuable grazing  Renk County  Loss of lives  GoSS should clearly de- over land community  Poor relations marcate the two coun- islands  Fishing areas  Manyo between the ties’ borders located  Arable land for culti- County com- communities  Strengthen law and or- between vation especially munity of Renk and der Renk and vegetables Manyo Coun- Manyo ties Counties  Little produc- tive economic activity

Prioritisation of security issues – Renk

Security issue Women Youth Elders/ Security Total Rank admin 1-Highest 11-Lowest Border/land disputes 1 1 1 1 4 1 Inadequate police posts, no communi- 4 2 2 2 10 2 cation equipment or vehicles Tribal clashes between Arab palatas 2 3 9 5 19 3 and the county residents regarding arable land Poor media network 5 5 7 4 21 4 Tax and revenue collection disputes 3 7 6 6 22 5 Crime 11 4 3 7 25 6 Poor roads 6 10 8 3 27 7 Dispute over islands located between 7 8 5 10 30 8 Renk and Manyo counties (potential issue for escalation of pre-existing community tensions) Land mines 8 11 4 9 32 9 Presence of petrol lines passing un- 9 6 10 8 33 10 derneath farm land - the community is requesting compensation Presence of electric lines that passing 10 9 11 11 41 11 over farm land – the community is requesting compensation

Community Action Plan – Renk

PROBLEM 1: Security

Project Action/Resources Possible Start ate Follow up actors partners Construction of  Land  Local govern- July 2010  Community leaders police posts in  Building materials: ment  County council Kumbhuer, bricks, sand, roofing ma-  Community  GoSS Tibin, Gongbar, terials, cement, metal  UNDP  Local steering com- Smara, Dung- bars, equipment and  Other donors mittee kern and Latham tools  UNS payams  Labour  Basic furniture and equipment Provide police  Communication equip-  UNPD July 2010  GoSS with communi- ment  GoSS cation tools, nec-  Vehicles  Other donors essary equip-  NGOs ment and vehicles

5.13. Ulang County

Ulang County has an estimated population of 85,044 and a surface area of 4,773 sq km.17 It is bordered by Bailet County to the north and Nasser County to the east, as well as Jonglei State’s Akobo and Nuirol Counties to the south and west, and Ethiopia to the south. The county has a number of natural water sources, including the Sobat River which runs east to west throughout the region and the Nile which lies further north. It is composed of eight payams: Kurmut, Barmach (Gonyar), Duma, Nyangora, Ulang (Joka), Yomding, Kierchot, Makak.

Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions – Ulang

Conflict Causes Actors Effects Possible solutions issues Insecurity /  Presence of armed robbers  Youth from  Loss of lives  Deploy army to patrol cattle cattle  House burnings Akobo and  Fear raiding routes raiding  Violence against women Jikany  Distrust  Disarmament  Prevalence of firearms payams  Malnutrition  Provide transport and com-  Tribal clashes which often end in  Elders  Limited move- munication equipment to death ment army and police  Incidence of psychological prob-  Deploy police units to ensure lems security  Hunger  Establish a peace initiative  Little security within the community  Pursuit of wealth  Little desire for development in community Land mines  Death  Luo (Akobo)  Food insecurity  Provide machinery to disarm and small  Theft/crime  Youth (Luo  Disable people  De-mine arms and  Internal displacement and Jikany)  No free move-  Begin a total disarmament light weap-  Tribal clashes  SPLA / SAF in ments  Soldiers should stop supply- ons (SALW)  Destruction of personal property Nyayin, Lony  Fear ing arms to civilians  No security or development and Ying bo-  Loss of life  Community initiatives  During attempted DDR, many mas should be established to re- simply hid their arms port civilians with arms to  Some communities have not authorities been officially disarmed  Politicians of the Jonglei State are to blame for the flow of weapons into the county  Chiefs must be blamed for not attempting to control the issue Land  Displacement of resources  Jonglei State  Fighting  Government, UNS and the disputes  Zones created by SPLA  Lou Nuer  Death Jonglei State should solve  Poverty (hunger)  Politicians  Hunger problems and encourage  Presence of firearms  Akobo  Displacement peace  Death  Armed groups  Distrust  Commissioner should in-  Little education  Some SPLA volve all tribes in the peace support process  Joint reports and documenta- tion  GoSS should clearly demarcate borders  Governors and police should work as one unit Cont... 17 Ibid, p. 16.

48 Cont...Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions– Ulang County

Conflict Causes Actors Effects Possible solutions issues Unemploy-  Fallout from conflicts between  Lou Nuer  Low income  Disarmament ment, street Luo and Jikany  Gajak  Hunger  Loans to local traders children  Insecurity  Malnutrition  State government, GoSS and  Displacement, leading to no food  Cattle raiding NGOS should create job op- production  Raping portunities for residents of  Increasing cooperation between  Prostitution both the Jonglei State and the criminal groups  Drunkards Upper Nile State  Bad roads limit trading  Build a school for children  Widespread disappointment due to lack of support  Hunger  Armed groups committing crimes  Drunkenness, fighting, depression, divorce  Street children Violence  Irresponsible men unable to pro-  Men  Forced /early  Control the sale of alcohol against vide for their families  Women marriages  State, GoSS and NGOs women  Unemployed women  Divorce should create job opportuni-  Male misconceptions regarding  Frequent fight- ties for unemployed commu- female responsibilities ing nity members  Depression  Polygamy  Alcoholism  Trauma  No start-up business capital

 Domestic conflicts  No basic infrastructure: hospital, school, government institutions  The Akobo routinely take neighboring lands  Fear of violence  Routine ambushing of workers  Cattle raiding  Little respect for women in traditional structures  Choose mates based on wealth No law  No police headquarters or prison  Prison  Fear  Supply community with an enforce-  Community only able to access  Police  Violence official judge and lawyers, ment traditional courts and SPLA re-  Chiefs  Injustice train chiefs to serve as offi- fuses to respect judgment from  SPLA  Human rights cial delegates in law enforce- such structures  State and local abuse ment  No cooperation between police authority  Corruption  Deploy additional police and community elders – chiefs  Power abuse forces not paid for their work, not re-  Construct a concrete prison spected by law enforcement offi-  Government should address cials the issue of cattle raiding  Corruption in law enforcement  Disarmament must be un- and prisons dertaken in all communities  Excessive use of force by army  Cooperation between tradi- and law enforcement officials tional authorities and official government should be en- couraged Cont...

49 Cont...Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions– Ulang County

Conflict Causes Actors Effects Possible solutions issues Competi-  Conflicts regarding ownership of  Lou Nuer  Seasonal migra-  Government should control tion for river bank, water, and pastures  Jikany Nuer tion water use and distribution water for grazing  State and local  Fights  A canal should be built to  Intensity of conflicts varies by authority  Loss of life supply Lou Nuer with water season  Cattle raiding  Dig boreholes near commu-  No water distribution network  Diseases nity for easier access  Conflicts especially common  Displacement between women  Displacement  Death Famine and  Fear of Lou Nuer attack  Punishment  High  Government should increase food secu-  Unemployment from God food prices the deployment of police rity  Post-conflict destruction has  Drought  Malnutrition officers increased internal displacement  War  Poor health  Training in modern agricul-  Diseases  Armed groups  Death tural methods and tools  Plant pests  Robbery  Theft should be provided by gov-  Lack of resources  State and local  Abuse of poor ernment  Few arable fields and poor agri- authority  Migration  Government should con- cultural skills struct a canal  Little industry  Encourage industry through  No peace, stability outside investment  Death  Officially separate Northern and Southern Sudan  Encourage security and stability

Prioritisation of security issues – Ulang

Security issue Women Youth Elders Authority Total Rank 1-Highest 12-Lowest Health problems 3 2 3 7 15 1 Unemployment 5 4 7 3 19 2 Presence of firearms and 9 1 1 9 20 3 mines Education 12 3 2 6 23 4 No mobile network 11 5 5 2 23 5 Land disputes 8 7 6 4 25 6 Cattle raiding 10 6 10 1 27 7 Competition for water 6 8 8 5 27 8 Hunger 2 11 4 12 29 9 No law enforcement 7 10 9 8 34 10 Violence against women 1 12 11 10 34 11 Early or forced 4 9 12 11 36 12 marriage

Community Action Plan – Ulang

PROBLEM 1: Insecurity Project Action/resources Possible partners Start date Follow up actors

Build police posts  Engineers  Government 15 June 2010  County commissioner  Identify site  NGOs  Community leaders  Construction materials: sand,  Community  UNDP roof, sheets, gravel, cement,  Women  State wood, bricks and timber  Youth  GoSS

Land and border  Engineers and surveyors  Government 15 June 2010  County commissioner demarcation (roads  Sign posts  UNDP  Community leaders and bridges)  Security to protect process  NGOs  UNDP  Community  State  GoSS  UNMIS

Education  Building materials  Government 15 June 2010  County commissioner  Human resources (teachers)  NGOs  Community  Land  UN  State  Community  Ministry of Education  UNDP

Health Facilities  Building materials  Government 15 June 2010  County commissioner  Medical equipment  NGOs  Community  Visiting doctors and nurses  UN  Government  Community  Ministry of Health  UNDP

6. OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS

 Although violence is undoubtedly a pervasive and destructive force, it is merely a symptom of the area’s true underlying instability issues. Instead, the majority of the region’s insecurity stems from its lack of natural resources – the violence being merely a manifestation of the constant bat- tle for said resources. All of the interviewed community members understood this situation clearly and aimed their suggested development projects appropriately: choosing to address the root cause of instability. Generally, the security problems from county to county are quite simi- lar and interrelated in both cause and methodology. However, despite the number of similari- ties, there are also a few features which are unique and localized in nature and justify a program of context-based and individualized conflict-sensitive projects for the benefit of the state’s counties and payams. For example, the counties that border Sudan and Jonglei State tend to require police reinforcement-oriented projects.

 The influence of the Government is almost non-existent in many parts of Upper Nile due to lo- gistical shortcomings. It has not yet reached out to the majority of the area’s counties, payams and bomas. During the interview and consultation process, a number of county authorities expressed discontent from their state government. At the county level, the South Sudan Police Ser- vice (SSPS) remains unfunded, under-equipped and under-manned and with very limited capacity to provide basic services.

 There are a number of oil fields in this state, making it a potential conflict zone.

 Traditional leadership is valued across all of the major communities in Upper Nile . Unlike the Government, their active participation in community stabilization and local conflict mitigation is seen as central to sustainable community stability. However, in eastern Upper Nile the general disquiet related to insufficient fertile land and water, which has led to a questioning of traditional ways of life, particularly amongst the youth who would prefer to explore more modern lifestyles and approaches to agriculture. Although such explorations could potentially become positive steps for these communities, their geographical remoteness makes them difficult to achieve.

 The underemployment and subsequent disenfranchisement of the state’s youth is a major concern for stability. Without incomes or the means of creating private enterprise, there is little hope for their livelihoods and potential for productively contributing to society in the short/medium term. In the consultations, it became clear that many were frustrated and unrealistically expected the referendum and possible secession to solve their problems almost immediately. A programme of public awareness should be conducted to adjust expectation and provide a basis for preparation in the communities.

 More information is needed on the reported youth groups referred to by community members as ‘Niggas,’ which were seen as a serious threat to local residents and the larger stability of the state. Their reported activities dramatically reveal the insufficient capabilities of the local police forces and challenge traditional methods of conflict mitigation.

 Pollution of water sources from oil was a significant issue in Melut County (block 3/7) and requires immediate intervention. These communities have been expected to bear an unfair burden and their livelihoods have been both threatened and degraded while oil revenue and its benefits are diverted to other communities.

 During the consultations, participating communities uniformly expressed that this was the first time they felt that their opinions had been included in governmental decision-making process. They were very positive about the nature and methodology of the consultations, particularly the consultations’ female participants, who were mostly well-represented. They were open, honest and communities had a general willingness to discuss issues affecting women.

 Throughout the consultation, participants doubted that any concrete action would be taken on their suggested reform programmes. Although many community members were thrilled to be included in the discussion of positive steps to address local security concerns, they also had trepidations about whether or not any of those suggestions would actually be implemented. Constant engagement with the communities and the timely completion of identified projects would partially address this concern. For maximum efficacy, Government stakeholders should also be checked to ensure they do not only value the information-gathering aspect of the process, but also deliver on the ground.

 Five years into the CPA, the security and conflict situation in the state still remains very fluid and potentially volatile. It has historically existed as an entity of both Sudan and South Sudan, a fact which has affected both the psychology and expectations of its inhabitants. The adjustment between the two has not been easy, particularly on the dynamics of referendum and the citizen’s need for reassurance that their concerns can be addressed under the leadership of the new Gov- ernment. Any positive action in this area must begin by addressing security issues (and their underlying causes), as well as provide access to rule of law. This is undoubtedly the most effi- cient way to begin a course of progressive and effective development programming.

7. NEXT STEPS Across Upper Nile State, communities proposed conflict-sensitive projects that will address insecurity in their respective counties.

Police posts Boreholes Schools Agriculture project Communications equipment and vehicles Water catchments Vocational training centres Food security project Water pipe extension Roads Army deployment/barracks Water truck vehicles and State capital Dialogues on border demarcation tankers Health centres

White Nile Sennar

Renk Manyo Southern Kordofan Blue Nile

Melut

Maban Fashoda

Bailet Panyikang Makal

Longochuk Akoka

Nasser Ulang Maiwut Jonglei

Ethiopia

54 Annex 1 – Summary of Proposed Conflict-Sensitive Projects in Upper Nile County Nature of project Rationale/comments

Akoka  Construct boreholes Akoka is a new county and is underdeveloped, which ex-  Construct health centres plains the highly prioritized issues of borehole construction and health centres. Bailet  Deploy police and army along strategic border areas, create police post This county borders Makal and Fashoda Counties to the  Agricultural tools, manpower, engineers, tools fencing and barbed west, Manyo and Melut to the north, Maban, Longochuk wire, and water pumps and Nasser Counties to the east, Ulang County to the south and Nyirol County in Jonglei State to the south. Due to the large number of contested borders, its residents clearly expressed the need to deal with external threats before other development projects. Fashoda  Construct four police posts on the eastern bank of the river Fashoda is one of the oldest counties. It is underdeveloped  Establish an agricultural scheme and fishing project and has no reliable source of revenue. The construction of police posts was prioritized because the county’s major  Construct nine water stations in the following locations: Akuc, Dobe, issue is the prevalence of land/border disputes with their Olam, Padekur, Abynay, Atar, Kalagany, Pabo and Oriny neighbors. Longochuk  Create water sources such as boreholes and catchments in each of the The majority of conflicts occur during the dry season. It is county’s seven payams; Jangok, Pamach, Dajo, Mathiang, Malual, hoped that if boreholes and water catchments are provided, Guelguk and Udier conflict between communities will decrease.  Construction of roads from Malut to Maiwut Counties, Mathiang and to every payam  Establish an agricultural scheme using advanced farming tools Maban  Establish an agricultural scheme using advanced farming tools in Jin- Socioeconomic factors, and livelihood considerations domi- mada and Bugaya nated in this county.  Construct boreholes and water catchments in each of the county’s five payams  Construct boarding schools in each of the county’s five payams  Dialogue meeting among conflicting counties (to take place in Malakal) and establish border demarcation committees Maiwut  Construct vocational training centres in each payam Job creation for the youth and the poor, as well as infrastruc-  Construct roads from Mathiang Fagak to Maiwut County and extend- tural development dominated discussion in this county. ing to all payams  Construct water catchments for animals - two in each payam  Construct boreholes and create a distribution network in each payam Makal  Construct army barracks out of town Persistent harassment of civilians by the military and inci-  Small army disarmament dence of armed robberies concerned most residents of this county.  Demarcate borders/land  Agricultural project  Vocational training center  Extend water pipes Manyo  Establish fifteen water stations (water pumps, boreholes and reser- Socioeconomic factors and livelihood considerations domi- voirs) nated in this county.  Build 10 police posts  Agricultural scheme  Fire lines or roads for cattle Melut  Water truck vehicles and tankers Lack of water is severe; reaching water tables is also difficult during the construction of boreholes. Nasser  Food security projects Socioeconomic factors and livelihood considerations domi-  School construction nated in this county.  Clear border/land demarcation  Establish industries, vocational training and schools  Provide meals for children Panyikang  Food security projects Socioeconomic factors and livelihood considerations domi-  Build six police posts nated in this county.

 Clearing of Lol River Renk  Construct police posts in: Kumchuer, Tibin, Gongbar, Samara, Dung- Insecurity is a major concern and the reason why police kem and Latham payams posts were requested.  Equip police with communication tools and vehicles Ulang  Construct police posts Insecurity resulting from land/border disputes and poor  Demarcate land and borders infrastructural facilities explains their prioritized issues.  Construct schools  Construct health centres

South Sudan Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms Control Hai Kuwai, Bilpam, Juba, South Sudan http://www.goss-online.org

South Sudan Peace and Reconciliation Commission http://www.goss-online.org

United Nations Development Programme UNDP Compound, Ministries Road, PO Box 410, Juba, South Sudan Phone/+211 811 820 146 E-mail: [email protected] http://ss.undp.org

Ministry of Foreign Affairs Government of the Netherlands European Union Compound Juba, South Sudan http://www.minbuza.nl http://eeas.europa.eu